RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and Destroying Stalks Partially burning pearl millet stalks immediately after harvest destroys 61-84% of the larvae and 98- 100% of the pupae of A. ignefusalis. The rate is 66-78% for larvae and 99%, for pupae when stalks are put in plastic bags (Gahukar et al. In press). These two methods, carried out carefully, do not affect the quality of stalks used for making walls, fences, or roofs. Stalks are sometimes left in fields to provide fodder for animals or to check wind erosion, but tend to support Acigona larvae during the dry season. Burning or cutting these stalks for animal feed, decreases residual populations of the pest. Planting Time Late planting of short-duration varieties reduces spike-worm infestation (CN<strong>RA</strong> 1977, Vercambre 1978, Zethner and Oliver 1984). But photoperiodsensitive, short-duration varieties flower when adult infestation is at its highest. The extent of damage is determined by the synchrony of adult peak activity with heading (NDoye 1979c). Delayed planting is an effective way to avoid pest attacks. Crop maintenance Larvae of certain defoliators such as Spodoptera spp. and grasshoppers are likely to develop on wild grasses in the field. Removal of these weeds by hoeing also improves plant development and the ability to resist pests. Fertilizer Nitrogen fertilization significantly increases plant height and improves plant growth. Heads are more vigorous and less prone to spike-worm attack (Gahukar 1985). However, 50 kg ha-» N and 30 kg ha" 1 P did not significantly influence infestation (Zethner and Oliver 1984), infact, stem-borer incidence was higher, and caused stems to break before harvest (Gahukar 1983b). Insecticides One or two applications at flowering of the following insecticides can effectively control spike worms: endosulfan 525-700 mg ha" 1 a.i. (Vercambre 1978), chlordimeform 750 g ha" 1 a.i. (CN<strong>RA</strong> 1977), Decis ULV (dimethoate + deltamethrine) 4 liters ha -1 (Gahukar 1984), and trichlorfon (dipterex + triflurmuron) 1 kg ha -1 a.i. 1 (Guevremont 1982). Similarly, a single application of Decis ULV, thuricide Bacillus thuringiensis) or dimilin (diflubenzuron) successfully checked infestation and larval populations of Raghuva (Gahukar et al. In press). Treatments applied at early heading were more effective than those at an early stage of flowering or grain filling. Certain problems are related to insecticide treatments: low economic returns, risk of lodging in the case of head treatments, phytotoxicity, application techniques, and residue in grain and stalks. Surrounding the field fires mentioned earlier with a band of HCH has decreased PsaJydoJytta vestita infestation from 17 to 8% (CLISS 1985). Decis (50 g ha -1 a.i.) was more effective than carbofuran (125- 500 g ha -1 a.i.) against blister beetles (Doumbia et al. 1984). Fenitrothion treatment effectively controlled midge infestation, but because it was hazardous to plants and beneficial parasites, phosalone was recommended instead (Coutin 1970). Varietal Resistance Several studies on varietal resistance have been conducted in the Sahelian Zone, but without artificial infestation by eggs or young larvae, because appropriate methods for mass rearing millet pests have not yet been developed. Available data chiefly concern the spike worm, Raghuva albipunctella\ the stem borer, Acigona ignefusalis; and the blister beetle complex. Screening of local and introduced germplasm provided valuable information on the mechanisms and level of spike-worm resistance of the different genotypes. The following cultivars were classified as resistant to R. albipunctella: Souna, 3/4 HK-78, ICMS 7819, ICMS 7838, IBV 8001, H24-38, Nigerian Composite, HKB-Tif, CIVT, HKP, Zongo, Nieluva, Boudouma, IBMV 8302, INMG 1, INMG 52, INMV 5001, SRM-Dori, P 3 Kolo, ITV 8001, Kassblaga, Youmee-Nini, Tass-Yombo (Gahukar 1981, 1983b, 1984; ICRISAT 1984; Guevremont 1982, 1983; Maiga 1984; CILSS 1985). This resistance is based either on ovipositional nonpreference (IBV 8001, ICMS 7838, Souna, ICMS 7819, H24-38) or on antibiosis (IBV 8001, 3/4 HK- 78). Certain genotypes (H9-127, ICMS 7819) are capable of minimizing pest damage (i.e., have toler-
ance to the pest) because of their ability to produce a large number of tillers. The synchrony of head emergence with peak activity of adults is determined by rainfall, cultivar duration, planting date, and cultural practices. For example, late varieties such as Sanio in Senegal; N K K and C N M 127 in Mali; Sadore, Torini, Haini Kirei, and their hybrids in Niger (Gahukar 1983b, Doumbia et al. 1984, I C R I S A T 1984); or the very early varieties such as Souna from Segou (SRCVO 1980), are not attacked by the spike worm (pseudoresistance). There is significant correlation between infestation rate and crop duration (r=-0.83) and time of head emergence (r=-0.70 to -0.88) (ICRISAT 1981; Guevremont 1982, 1983). Certain head characteristics could be related to R. aJbipunctella damage, e.g., length and position of bristles; and head length, compactness, and diameter. Of all these characteristics, only compactness — measured by the number of florets or grains—is correlated to pest damage (r=0.81) (Guevremont 1983, Gahukar 1984). In the Malian Souna variety, the combination of compactness and short involucre and peduncle bristles probably make it unsuitable for oviposition and larval development (Guevremont 1982). Stem-borer tolerance is found in the varieties I N M B 106, I N M B 218, and I N M B 155 from Niger (ICRISAT 1984). In Zongo, a secretion in the galleries where the larvae are lodged (NDoye 1977) may be a resistance mechanism (antibiosis). Blister beetle incidence was not related to head chracteristics (position of florets within the glumes, shape, length, direction, and rigidity of bristles) in Mali (Doumbia et al. 1984). Biological Control Risbec (1950, 1960) has listed the natural enemies (predators, parasites, pathogens) of most millet pests. Recently about 20 auxiliary parasites of Raghuva have been identified for different development stages (Table 1) (Vercambre 1978; Gahukar 1981; Guevremont 1982, 1983; Bhatnagar 1983, 1984). Among these, Bracon hebetor (Braconidae), Litomastix sp. (Encyrtidae), and Cardiochiles spp. (Chalcidiae) appear to be of major importance with parasitism of up to 48% for eggs, 95% for larvae, and 2% for pupae (Guevremont 1983, Bhatnagar 1984). Their activity has a significant effect only at the end of the cropping season, especially in dry years. The biology of these three parasites, and their subsequent use as biological control agents has been studied. B. hebetor is a very active larval ectoparasite with a life cycle of 7-10 days. But its performance can be inhibited by hyperparasites: Eurytoma sp. (Pteromalidae) and particularly Pediobus sp. (Eulophidae) which attacks up to 56% of the parasites in Niger (Guevremont 1983). B. hebetor survives on Ephestia sp., a pest of stored grain, during the dry season. Studies are underway to determine the most effective use of B. hebetor in pest control by transferring it naturally to pearl millet fields in Aug-Sep. Litomastix sp. is a polyembryonic egg parasite that remains in dispause until February when it emerges from prepupal host larvae in the soil. Up to 800 parasites have been collected from a single larva. Although parasitism can potentially reach 80-90% under favorable conditions, it has not yet exceeded 31% in the field (Vercambre 1978, Bhatnagar 1984). Cardiochiles sp. parasitized only 8% of the larvae during flowering (Bhatnagar 1984), but the number of parasites is expected to increase with crop diversification. This pest develops in Jul-Aug on Heliothis armigera in association with Acarthospium hispidium, and later appears on the same insect host as it infests maize crops in Aug-Sep. Larvae and pupae of Acigona are attacked by several parasites (Table 2) (Risbec 1950, NDoye 1977, Gahukar 1981), including Syzeuctus sp. (Ichneumonidae). This parasite is common in Senegal and Nigeria where it is reported to have reduced the larval population by up to 30% (Harris 1962, Bhatnagar 1984). Another parasite Gonozius procerae attacks only 1-2% of the diapausing larvae (NDoye 1980). Six parasites infest the larvae and pupae of the midge Geromyia penniseti: Tetyrastichus diplosidis, Platygaster sp., Aphanogmus sp., Eupelmus popa, Eupelmus sp., Tetrastichus sp. The most important is Tetrastichus sp. (Eulophidae), which represents 80% of the total pest population at the end of the season (Coutin and Harris 1968). Diptera parasites (Heliocobia sp.) were collected from Mylabris holocericea adults (CILSS 1985). The parasites are less active during the dry season when their insect hosts are in diapause and climatic conditions break the parasite-pest synchrony. Although local natural enemies of certain pests contribute greatly to reducing the insect host population, they are not capable of controlling the pests. The introduction of well-selected exotic species would be more useful. These should have a good host-location ability, specificity to the host, high 201
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163: 2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165: however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169: in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173: Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175: (Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177: Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179: ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181: Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183: References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185: Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187: Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189: antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193: Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195: Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
Page 196 and 197: 184
Page 198 and 199: 186
Page 200 and 201: 188
Page 202 and 203: 190
Page 204 and 205: 192
Page 206 and 207: 194
Page 208 and 209: Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211: eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 214 and 215: Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217: References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220: Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222: located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224: They are not strong competitors in
Page 225: Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229: Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233: much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235: over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237: 224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239: The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241: 228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243: Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246: Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248: Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250: • Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252: in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254: ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256: stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257: Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261: 919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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