RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Morocco Western Sahara Algeria Libya Mauritania Cape Verde Islands Niger Dakar Gambia Guinea-Bissau R. Guinea Ivory Coast Nigeria Central African Republic Cameroon Zaire Figure 1. West African Sahelian zone. to appear on the leaves. Drought conditions only aggravate the damage as the leaves wilt and the plant finally dies. Leaf Pests Lepidopterous armyworms are important pests of millet foliage during the vegetative and reproductive stages, but their attack is sporadic. First-generation larvae of Spodoptera exigua, S. exempta, S. littoralis, and Amsacta moloneyi appear just after emergence, causing substantial, often localized damage (Ndoye 1978). The larvae migrate in gregarious bands. Mythima loreyi are found lodged in the leaf whorl; they are voracious leafeaters but their number is limited. A l l these armyworms are usually abundant in August. Pearl millet is susceptible to grasshopper attack, as are other graminaea (Launois 1978). Severe damage by OedaJeus senegalensis, O. nigeriensis, Higeroglyphus daganensis, and Chrotogonos spp. has often been recorded in Mauritania and Niger. Aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis) become active during periods of prolonged drought. Due to their parthenogenetic reproduction, aphids can produce up to 40 generations annually. The larvae and adults suck the sap from the leaf whorl, leaves, and milkstage grain, thus retarding plant development. Moreover, the aphid is a vector for viral diseases. Certain bugs (Aspavia armigera, Calidea spp., Nezara viridula, Diploxis sp.) suck the sap of young leaves, but their incidence is low. In Burkina Faso, leaf yellowing in mature plants is often caused by larvae of the spittle bug (Poophilus costalis) (Bonzi 1981). Stem Borers From 1.5 months after emergence until harvest, pearl millet is exposed to several species of borers (Gahukar 1984); the most important are Acigona ignefusalis on early varieties, and Sesamia calamistis on late varieties. The biology and ecology of these polyphagous African stem borers have been studied by Ingram (1958), Harris (1962), and Usua (1968). 196
Acigona larvae devour the leaf whorl by penetrating the main veins, then tunnel through the stems above the node level (Fig. 2) and feed on the stem pith. Subsequent dessication of the central leaves results in deadheart formation. The plant may develop axillary tillers but they are nonproductive. Sesamia larvae enter the stem directly, and are responsible for peduncle damage and plant lodging. Acigona can complete 2-3 generations during the cropping season. The adults emerge about 1 month after the first rains. A source of infestation is larvae that pass the dry season in diapause in stalks and stubble left in the field after harvest, and panels made from plant stems (Gahukar 1983a). Seasonal incidence of both larval and adult stem borers depends on several factors, such as the stage of crop development, and climatic conditions. Severe damage has been observed on landraces in Mali (Doumbia et al. 1984), Burkina Faso (Bonzi 1977), Senegal (NDoye 1977), and Niger (Maiga 1984, ICRISAT 1984). Stem borers are generally active in Aug-Sep; however, Sesamia larvae have also been observed in November (Doumbia et al. 1984) because they have no diapause and can multiply on secondary plant hosts throughout the year. Head Pests Pest damage caused between flowering and harvest has a direct effect on yield. Several types of insect pests have been reported at this stage. Five species of the millet midge: Geromyia penniseti, Contarinia sorghicola, Lasioptera sp., LestodipJosis sp., and Stenodiplosis sp., are present in West Africa (Coutin and Harris 1968). G. penniseti Figure 2. Acigona ignefusalis damage on millet stems. is the most abundant and is common throughout the Sahel. In M l i , secondary plant hosts of G. Penniseti identified by Doumbia et al. (1984) include Echinochloa stagnina, E. colonum, Pennisetum pedicellatum P. asperifolium, and Setaria pallidefusca. Damage is caused by larvae feeding on the ovary, leading to grain abortion. Glumes of the infested florets retain their flat shape. Incidence varies greatly; it is high on late varieties when grown together with varieties of different duration in the same field of within the same region. Under normal conditions the brood emerges in September. At the end of the cropping season, the larvae enter dispause and then quiescence in the spikelets, attached to the infested grain. During the cropping season the life cycle is completed in 2 weeks, allowing 4-5 generations per season. Deeming (1979) has reported the presence of a fly, Dicraeus pennisetivora, that attacks maturing grain in Burkina Faso, Senegal, and Nigeria. An early attack leads to total ovary dessication and a late attack causes lesions on the grain. Spike worms have become major pests since the 1972-74 drought. This complex includes species of the Raghuva, Masalia, and Adisura genera (Vercambre 1978, Laporte 1977, NDoye 1979b). R. albipunctella is the most destructive species in Senegal (NDoye 1979b, Bhatnagar 1984); it is also widespread in all the Sahelian countries. The young larvae perforate the glumes and devour the floret core. They can be detected by the small whitish granular excreta. Mature larvae cut through the peduncles in a characteristic spiral, inhibiting grain formation or causing grain shattering (Fig. 3). The biology of the pest has been studied by Vercambre (1978) and Guevremont (1982, 1983). The extent of damage depends on synchrony of adult buildup with early heading (NDoye 1979c), density of larval population, and plant response to pests and damage. Peak activity normally occurs in August and September (NDoye 1979a; Guevremont 1982, 1983). At the end of the cropping season, the mature larvae descend to pupate in the soil where the pupae enter diapause and remain inactive. Adults emerge 1 month after the first rains. There is only one generation per year (Fig. 4). In clayey soils the pupae lie close to the soil surface (5-15 cm deep), in sandy soils they are buried deeper (15-30 cm). Other lepidopterous pests, e.g., Heliothis armigera, Eublemma gayneri, Pyroderces spp., and Celama spp. also feed on developing grain, often cutting them into small pieces. These pests are sporadic and 197
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157: Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161: Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163: 2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165: however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169: in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173: Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175: (Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177: Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179: ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181: Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183: References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185: Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187: Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189: antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193: Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195: Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
Page 196 and 197: 184
Page 198 and 199: 186
Page 200 and 201: 188
Page 202 and 203: 190
Page 204 and 205: 192
Page 206 and 207: 194
Page 210 and 211: eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213: 200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215: Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217: References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220: Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222: located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224: They are not strong competitors in
Page 225: Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229: Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233: much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235: over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237: 224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239: The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241: 228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243: Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246: Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248: Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250: • Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252: in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254: ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256: stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257: Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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