RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Table 4. Performance of some selected smut-resistant lines in the International Pearl Millet Smut Nursery (IPMSN) during 1978-84. Entry 1 SSC FS 252-S-4 I C I 7517-S-l 1 EBS 46-1-2-S-2 1 EB 112-1-S-1-1 1 NEP 588-5690-S-84 1 P 489-S-3 1 ICMPS 100-5-1 ICMPS 200-5-5-5 ICMPS 700-1-5-4 ICMPS 900-3-1 ICMPS 1300-2-1-2 ICMPS 1400-1-6-2 ICMPS 1500-7-3-2 Susceptible control 1 1 1 1 1 Hisar 0 0 0 38 I C R I S A T Center 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 Mean smut severity (%) 2 at Jamnagar 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 Bambey 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 .4 - 1 - - - 37 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mean 3 Downy mildew incidence (%) 1. SSC = Super Serere, Uganda; ICI = ICRISAT inbred; EB = Ex Bornu, Nigeria; NEP = Lebanon; P = Mali; ICMPS = ICRISAT Millet Pathology Smut resistant lines. 2. Based on 20-40 inoculated heads in two replications. 3. Mean of four locations: Gwalior, Hisar, Jamnagar, and ICRISAT Center. 4. Entries not tested. 2 2 49 cally diverse for various traits. Presently the I C R I - SAT Genetic Resources Unit holds about 17 000 accessions of pearl millet from different geographic Table 5. Disease reactions and grain yield of smutresistant varieties. Entry I C M V 82131 I C M V 82132 I C M S 8282 I C M S 8283 WC-C75 (Control) BJ 104 (Control) SE Mean Smut Downy severity mildew (%) 1 incidence (%) 2 4 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 13 2 52 49 Grain yield (kg ha -1 ) 3 -4 1870 - 1760 1640 - ±53 1810 1. Mean of 3 locations: Gwalior, Jamnagar, and ICRISAT in 1984. 2. Mean of 4 locations: Gwalior, Jamnagar, Hisar, and ICRISAT in 1984. 3. Mean of 11 locations in India in International Pearl Millet Adaptation Trial 1984 (IPMAT). 4. Data not received. regions. So far only a small proportion of this collection has been evaluated for disease resistance. Screening genetic resource accessions will continue to identify newer sources of resistance that could be utilized in breeding programs to further diversify the genetic resistance base in the cultivars. There is a need to understand more about the biology of the ergot and smut pathogens: their cultural, morphologic, and pathogenic variations, and existence of pathotypes or races. The epidemiology of the diseases needs to be better understood: the relative role of ascospores and conidia in ergot disease, the role of collateral hosts, and survival of ergot sclerotia, conidia, and smut teliospores under natural conditions. These factors are important to devise proper resistance-breeding procedures. Tissue-culture techniques for detection of resistance and preservation of disease-resistant stocks should be explored. Studies on genetics and resistance mechanisms should receive more attention to better understand the genetic diversity in the available resistance sources. The greater the genetic diversity and more stable the sources of resistance, the better the chances are of breeding more durable resistant cultivars. 180
References Ajrekar, S.L., and Likhite, V . N . 1933. Observations on Tolyposporium penicillariae Bref. (The Bajri smut fungus). Current Science 1:215. Andrews, D.J., King, S.B., Witcombe, J.R., Singh, S.D., Rai, K . N . , Thakur, R.P., Talukdar, B.S., Chavan, S.B., and Singh, P. 1985. Breeding for disease resistance and yield in pearl millet. Field Crops Research 11:241-258. Arya, H . C . , and Kumer, A. 1982. Ergot epidemic of pearl millet in Rajasthan. Pages 439-451 in Recent advances in the biology of micro-organisms. (Bilgrami, K.S., Vyas, K . M . , Singh, B. and Singh, M.P., eds.) Vol. 2. Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Bhatt, R.S. 1946. Studies in the Ustilaginales. 1. The mode of infection of the bajra plant (Pennisetum typhoides Stapf.) by the smut Tolyposporium pcnicillariae. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 25:163-186. Bhide, V.P., and Hegde, R.K. 1957. Ergot of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) stapf. & Hubbard) in Bombay State. Current Science 26:116. Bhowmik, T.P., and Sundaram, N.V. 1971. Control of pearl millet smut with systemic fungicides. Plant Disease Reporter 55:87-88. Chahal, S.S., and Dhindsa, H.S. 1985. Relationship between ergot severity and rainfall distribution during flowering in pearl millet. Indian Phytopathology 38:329-331. Chahal, S.S., and Kumar, K. (In press.) Moesziomyccs penicillariae the pearl millet smut pathogen. National Academy of Sciences Letters, India. Chahal, S.S., Rao, V.P., and Thakur, R.P. 1985. Variation in morphology and pathogenicity in Claviceps fusiformis, the causal agent of pearl millet ergot. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 84:325-332. Chahal, S.S., Gill, K.S., Phul, P.S., and Singh, N.B. 1981. Effectiveness of recurrent selection for generating ergot resistance in pearl millet. S A B R A O Journal 13:729-733. Gill, K.S., Chahal, S.S., and Phul, P.S. 1980. Strategy to develop ergot resistance in pearl millet. Pages 159-161 in Trends in genetical research in Pennisetums (Gupta, V.P., and Minocha, J.L., eds.) Ludhiana, Punjab, India: Punjab Agricultural University. Gupta, G.K., Rao, G.V.S., and Saxena, M.B.L. 1983. Relationship between meteorological factors and the occurrence of ergot disease (Claviceps microcephala) of pearl millet. Tropical Pest Management 29:321-324. Loveless, A.R. 1967. Claviceps fusiformis sp. nov. the causal agent of anagalactia of sows. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 50:15-18. Murty, B.R., Upadhyay, M . K . , and Manchanda, P.L. 1967. Classification and cataloguing of a world collection of genetic stocks of Pennisetum. Indian Journal of genetics and Plant Breeding 27:313-394. Natarajan, U.S., Guruswamy Raja, V.B., Selvaraj, S., and Parambaramani, C. 1974. Grain loss due to ergot disease in bajra hybrids. Indian Phytopathology 27:254-256. Nene, Y . L . , and Singh, S.D. 1976. Downy mildew and ergot of pearl millet. PANS 22:366-385. Nicholas, I. 1975. Removal of ergot from grain or seed lots of bajra by gravity separators. Seeds and Farms 1:4. Pathak, V . N . , and Sharma, R.K. 1976. Method of inoculation of Pennisetum typhoides with Tolyposporium pcnicillariae and evaluation of germplasm for smut resistance. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 6:102. Prakash, H.S., Shetty, H.S., and Safeeulla, K . M . 1980. Histology of carpel infection by Claviceps fusiformis in pearl millet. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, B 46:708-712. Prakash, H.S., Shetty, H.S., Subramanyam, S., and Safeeulla, K . M . 1981. Standardization of sclerotial germination technique and infectivity of ascospores of Claviceps fusiformis Lov. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 51:900-904. Rachie, K.O., and Majmudar, J.V. 1980. Pearl millet. University Park, Pennsylvania, USA: Pennsylvania State University Press. 307 pp. Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1971. Diseases of millets. New Delhi, India: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 152 pp. Ramaswamy, C. 1968. Meteorological factors associated with the ergot epidemic of bajra (Pennisetum) in India during the Kharif season-1967—a preliminary study. Current Science 37:331-335. Rao, K.V.S., and Thakur, R.P. 1983. Tolyposporium penicillariae, the causal agent of pearl millet smut. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 81:597-603. Reddy, K.D., Govindaswamy, C.V., and Vidhyasekaran, P. 1969. Studies on ergot disease of Cumbu (Pennisetum typhoides). Madras Agricultural Journal 56:367-377. SafeeuUa, K . M . 1977. Genetic vulnerability: the basis of recent epidemics in India. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 287:72-85. Sharma, Y.P., Singh, R.S., and Tripathi, R.K. 1983. Role of insects in secondary spread of the ergot disease of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum). Indian Phytopathology 36:131-133. Siddiqui, M.R., and Khan, I . D . 1973a. Renaming Claviceps microcephala, ergot on Pennisetum typhoides in India as Claviceps fusiformis. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 14:195-198. 181
Page 2 and 3:
Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141 and 142: Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 143 and 144: Senegal. This source is reported to
Page 145 and 146: possible solutions to produce high
Page 147 and 148: selected from IP 2696 has recently
Page 149: Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
Page 153: Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157: Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161: Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163: 2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165: however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169: in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173: Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175: (Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177: Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179: ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181: Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183: References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185: Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187: Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189: antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195: Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
Page 196 and 197: 184
Page 198 and 199: 186
Page 200 and 201: 188
Page 202 and 203: 190
Page 204 and 205: 192
Page 206 and 207: 194
Page 208 and 209: Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211: eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213: 200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215: Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217: References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220: Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222: located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224: They are not strong competitors in
Page 225: Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229: Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233: much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235: over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237: 224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239: The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241: 228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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