RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsang, C . M . 1976. Research advances in sugarcane downy mildew of corn in Taiwan. Kasetsart Journal 10:89-93. Sundaram, N.V., Ramasastry, D.V., and Nayar, S.K. 1973. Note on seed-borne infection of downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola (SACC.) Schroet.) of pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 43:215-217. Suryanarayana, D. 1965. Studies on the downy mildew diseases of millets in India. Bulletin, Indian Phytopathological Society 3:72-78. Thakur D.P. 1980. Utilization of downy mildew resistant germplasms and other resources for increased productivity of pearl millet under arid and semi arid regions of India. Annals of Arid Zone 19(3):265-270. Thakur, D.P. 1983. Quantum of oosporic seed load of Sclerospora graminicola on pearl millet downy mildew. Pages 43-44 in Advancing frontiers: Plant Sciences 1983 : proceedings of the National Symposium on Advancing Frontiers in Plant Sciences, 26-30 Nov 1983, Jodhpur, India (Arya, H.C., Sankhla, N., Tewari, M.N., Shekhawat, N.S., and Purohit, S.D., eds.). Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India: Scientific Publishers. Thakur, D.P., and Dang J.K. 1985. Breeding for disease resistance in pearl millet. Presented at the A l l India Coordinated Millets Improvement Project Workshop, 26-29 Apr 1985, Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri, Maharashtra, India. Uppal, B.N., and Desai, M.K. 1932. Physiological specialization in Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 2:667-678. Urech, P.A., Schwinn, F.J., and Staub, T. 1977. CGA 48988, a novel fungicide for the control of late blight, downy mildews, and related soil-borne diseases. Pages 623- 631 in Proceedings of the Ninth British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference, 21-24 Nov 1977, Brighton, UK. Vol. 2. London, U K : British Crop Protection Council. Venugopal, M.N., and Safeeulla, K . M . 1978. Chemical control of downy mildews of pearl millet, sorghum and maize. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 48:537-539. Williams, R.J. 1982. Proposals on the use of pathotypes. International Working Group on Graminaceous Downy Mildews ( I W G G D M ) Newsletter 4(1):6. Williams, R.J. 1984. Downy mildews of tropical cereals. Advances in Plant Pathology 2:1-103. Williams, R.J., and Singh, S.D. 1981. Control of pearl millet downy mildew by seed treatment with Metalaxyl. Annals of Applied Biology 97:263-268. Williams, R.J., Singh, S.D., and Pawar, M . N . 1981. An improved field screening technique for downy mildew resistance in pearl millet. Plant Disease 65:239-241. Tantera, D . M . 1975. Cultural practices to decrease losses due to corn downy mildew disease. Tropical Agricultural Research Series 8:165-173. Thakur, D.P., and Kanwar, Z.S. 1977a. Internal seedborne infection and heat therapy in relation to downy mildew of Penmsetum typhoides Stapf and Hubb. Science and Culture 43:432- 434. Thakur D.P., and Kanwar, Z.S. 1977b. Infectivity of sporangia of Sclerospora graminicola on pearl millet downy mildew. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 7(1):104-105. Thakur D.P., and Kanwar, Z.S. 1977c. Reducing downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) by fungicidal seed and soil treatments. Pesticides 11(8):53-54. Thakur D.P., Kanwar, Z.S., and Maheshwari, S.K. 1978. Effect of downy mildew/green ear disease (Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet.) on yield and other plant characters of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.O Stapf & Hubb.). Haryana Agricultural University Journal of Research 8:82-85. Ullstrup, A.J. 1973. An overview of the downy mildews of corn and sorghum. Report of a workshop on the downy mildews of sorghum and corn. Technical Report, Texas Agricultural Experimental Station, Department of Plant Sciences 74-1:5-12. 172
Problems and Strategies in the Control of Ergot and Smut in Pearl Millet R.P. Thakur 1 and S.S. Chahal 2 Abstract Ergot and smut are the most important floral diseases of pearl millet. These are more serious and damaging in F 1 hybrids than in open-pollinated varieties because protection by pollination is more effective in varieties than in hybrids. Both pathogens are primarily soilborne and infect the crop at flowering through the stigmas. These diseases become more severe when flowering occurs during wet weather. The most effective and economical control of ergot and smut is host-plant resistance. Effective field-based screening techniques are available to identify resistance. Lines with high levels of resistance to smut are available. Resistance to ergot, rarely detected in accessions of the ICRISAT world collection of pearl millet, has been bred by pedigree selection. Resistance stability is determined by international multilocational testing. Stable resistant lines, for ergot and smut, and lines that have combined resistance to ergot, smut, and downy mildew have been produced. In cooperation with breeders, resistant lines are used to breed hybrids and varieties. Varieties with high levels of smut and downy mildew resistance and high grain yields comparable to standard varieties have already been bred and are under All India Coordinated Millets Improvement Project (AICMIP) testing. In the near future, high-yielding hybrids and varieties, with resistance to ergot and possibly with resistance to smut and downy mildew as well, may be bred. Euture research efforts are needed to understand more about the biology and epidemiology of the pathogens; variations in the pathogen populations and existence of different pathotypes or races; mechanisms and genetics of resistance; identification of newer sources of resistance that can be easily manipulated in resistance breeding; and multilocational testing of resistant lines, particularly in Africa. 1. Plant Pathologist, ICRISAT, Patanchcru, Andhra Pradesh, 502 324 India. 2. Plant Pathologist, Department of Plant Breeding, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141 004, India. Submitted as CP 376 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1987. Proceedings of the International Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 April 1986, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, A.P. 502324, India: ICRISAT. 173
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133 and 134: Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
Page 135 and 136: Table 2. Early released hybrids in
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Performance of third phase
Page 139 and 140: Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141 and 142: Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 143 and 144: Senegal. This source is reported to
Page 145 and 146: possible solutions to produce high
Page 147 and 148: selected from IP 2696 has recently
Page 149: Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
Page 153: Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157: Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161: Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163: 2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165: however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169: in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173: Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175: (Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177: Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179: ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181: Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183: References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 186 and 187: Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189: antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193: Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195: Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
Page 196 and 197: 184
Page 198 and 199: 186
Page 200 and 201: 188
Page 202 and 203: 190
Page 204 and 205: 192
Page 206 and 207: 194
Page 208 and 209: Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211: eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213: 200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215: Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217: References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220: Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222: located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224: They are not strong competitors in
Page 225: Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229: Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233: much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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