RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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ness against certain Phycomycetes (Reuveni et al. 1980, Bruin and Edgington 1981). Host-Plant Resistance Use of resistant cultivars is the best method to control this disease. Considerable progress has been made in the development of screening techniques, identification of sources of resistance, and breeding of resistant cultivars. Screening Techniques Field screening. A field screening technique that mainly utilizes sporangia as the infection propagules has been developed (Williams et al. 1981). This technique has three components: • infector rows (inoculum donors) planted in advance as a mixture of 2-3 susceptible genotypes; • test rows planted after 40-50% plants in the infector rows develop the disease; and • indicator rows (susceptible genotype) which indicate the level of disease pressure. Perfo-spray irrigation is applied in the early evening as needed to encourage high night-time relative humidity for sporangial production and infection, especially during early growth of test material. The technique was developed: • to provide uniform inoculum distribution, • to inoculate naturally throughout the susceptible period, • to minimize chances of escape, • to utilize both types of inocula (oospores and sporangia), and • to provide opportunities for breeding activities in the same season, field, or both. This technique is being used twice a year at the ICRISAT Center and has been adopted by many researchers in India and West Africa. Some of the resistant sources identified using this technique have been stable across hot-spot locations in India and West Africa. Laboratory Screening. To detect escapes from field screening and to conduct pathological studies, various laboratory and greenhouse inoculation techniques, have been developed. Singh and Gopinath (1985) described one such technique: potted seedlings in the coleoptile stage (90% of the susceptibility of a genotype is expressed within 15 d after inoculation. Sources of Resistance At I C R I S A T Center, 3163 accessions from the Genetic Resources Unit originating from more than 20 countries in the major millet growing areas of the world were screened. A total of 428 accessions with high levels of resistance and which flowered in 45-60 d at I C R I S A T Center, were further evaluated, and 48 single plant selections made. Progenies of these were highly resistant and agronomically acceptable. These selections will serve as the major source of DM resistance for future breeding in India. In addition, many sources of resistance have been identified in India by other workers (Chahal et al. 1975, Dass and Kanwar 1977, Chahal et al. 1978a, Deshmukh et al. 1978b, Appadurai et al. 1978, Shinde and Utikar 1978, Thakur and Dang 1985). Sources of Stable Resistance. With the help of the cooperators in India and West Africa, the I P M D M N began in 1976. Each year 45 entries from breeders and pathologists are evaluated at DM hot-spot locations in India and Africa. More than 50 sources of stable resistance, primarily originating in Nigeria, have been identified (Table 2). Utilization of Resistance At I C R I S A T Center resistant sources are being utilized, particularly in the hybrid program. SDN 503, P 7, 700516, P 310, and 700651 are being used in the pollinator project, while resistance from P 7 and 700651 is being transferred into hybrid seed parents. Figure 2 shows the basic scheme for the identification and utilization of resistance. In the population improvement project, progenies of composites are tested and selected in the DM nursery. The levels of DM resistance in the composites have increased substantially, so incorporation of resistance from other sources is currently not 166
Table 2. Downy mildew ( D M ) reactions of 26 entries and standard susceptible controls included in the I P M D M N trial for 2-9 years and at all locations of testing in India and Africa. Mean DM severity (%) Entry Origin 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 S D N 503 P 7 700251 700516 700651 Nigeria Mali Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria 1 6 3 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 1 1 1 8 9 9 7 10 9 6 6 5 6 8 6 6 3 4 1 3 4 3 3 2 3 - - - S D N 347-1 BJ 104 EB 18-3-1 IP 1930 EB 83-2 Nigeria New Delhi I C R I S A T I C R I S A T I C R I S A T 5 - - - - 3 14 - - - 4 - 2 - - 3 13 1 2 2 - 21 7 8 6 - 10 2 2 5 - 17 - 1 3 - - - 2 4 - - - 2 1 M P P 7147-2-1 E 298-2-1-8 700546 700512 S D N 714 New Delhi I C R I S A T Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 7 5 7 6 6 5 3 6 3 6 6 4 7 3 4 4 3 5 5 5 4 1 1 4 - IP 2058 P 310-17 P 472-1 P 473-4 P 2672-6 Nigeria Mali Mali Mali Niger - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - 9 - - - - 8 - - - - 5 - - - - - 1 1 3 4 - 1 2 1 3 IVC-P 78-2 IVC-P 8004-2 NELC-H79-4 ICRISAT ICRISAT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 8 I 2 (Original) SSC-BB 78-4 (Reconstituted) (B282 X 3/4 E B-100) I C R I S A T I C R I S A T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 2 3 2 -11-9-2-2 I C R I S A T - - - - - - - 6 1 (F4FC 1436-4-3-2 x J104 ST)-1-1-5) I C R I S A T - - - - - - - 8 1 Location mean for entries - 9 7 5 4 11 6 7 6 Suceptible controls 7042 J 1593 Chad Jamnagar - - - 28 - 14 58 8 63 17 68 15 44 - 64 - 44 - needed. Two open pollinated varieties, WC-C75 and ICMS 7703, have been released for cultivation in India. WC-C75 has been cultivated by Indian fanners since 1982, and is now grown in nine states on several hundred thousand ha. There is yet no report of its resistance becoming ineffective. Development of Resistance Susceptibility to DM gradually builds up if a cultivar is grown for several years. In the past, several pearl millet cultivars were withdrawn in India because of their susceptibility to D M . Research at ICRISAT Center has shown that such cultivars could be resurrected by selecting for resistance from variability within the lines. This was demonstrated in a landrace from Chad in 1982 (Singh, ICRISAT, personal communication) and also for parents of hybrid BJ 104 (Singh 1983a). Lines thus selected have shown high levels of DM resistance at several locations in India (Table 3). The selected parental lines (841A and I C M P 84814) of BJ 104 are phenotypically sim- 167
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
Page 128 and 129: Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
Page 130 and 131: 6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133 and 134: Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
Page 135 and 136: Table 2. Early released hybrids in
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Performance of third phase
Page 139 and 140: Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141 and 142: Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 143 and 144: Senegal. This source is reported to
Page 145 and 146: possible solutions to produce high
Page 147 and 148: selected from IP 2696 has recently
Page 149: Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
Page 153: Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157: Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161: Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163: 2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165: however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169: in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173: Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175: (Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177: Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 180 and 181: Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183: References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185: Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187: Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189: antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193: Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195: Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
Page 196 and 197: 184
Page 198 and 199: 186
Page 200 and 201: 188
Page 202 and 203: 190
Page 204 and 205: 192
Page 206 and 207: 194
Page 208 and 209: Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211: eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213: 200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215: Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217: References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220: Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222: located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224: They are not strong competitors in
Page 225: Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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