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ilarity between maintainers and male-sterile lines. Where the maintainers and the donor male-sterile lines (source of sterile cytoplasm) are very different, 1-2 additional backcrosses may be required to achieve acceptable phenotypic similarity between the B- and A-line. Segregation and attendant genetic variation within the progenies in backcross series are expected. This would provide an opportunity for phenotypic selection of individual plants resembling the phenotype of maintainer line. Phenotypic selection and maintaining A / B pairs during the backcrossing will accelerate the conversion process. Future Directions Breeding. Breeding early or medium-maturing malesterile lines with short plants, medium to large seeds, and a good balance between tillering and head volume should form the primary objectives in most breeding programs. Early male-sterile lines would be particularly useful to breed hybrids intended to be grown in areas with likely terminal drought stress or intended to fit in multiple cropping systems. Increasing the yielding ability of male-sterile lines per se, improved general combining ability, and high levels of stable downy mildew resistance (for downy mildew endemic areas) should be an integral part of any male-sterile breeding program. Although of secondary importance, incorporating smut and ergot resistance should also be attempted to mitigate the yield losses from these two head diseases. Cytoplasmic Diversity. Since evidence suggests there is no relationship between Tift 23A 1 cytoplasm and downy mildew, genetic diversification with Tift 23A, cytoplasm can continue. However, to avoid any catastrophic diseases from cytoplasmic uniformity, alternative sources or systems of cytoplasmic male- sterility should be utilized. Various sources of cytoplasms currently available should be characterized for the nature and magnitude of cytoplasmic diversity through the application of biochemical techniques. At the same time, the search should continue for alternative sources of cytoplasm in accessions and in segregating populations derived from divergent crosses. Attempts should also be made to induce cytoplasmic male-sterility as already reported in pearl millet (Burton and Hanna 1982) to diversify the cytoplasmic base of male-sterile lines. Environmental Factors. The inheritance of cytoplasmic male-sterility and fertility restoration under varying environmental conditions should be studied. The effects of environmental factors, particularly temperature regimes and humidity levels, on the breakdown of male-sterility should also be examined. Isonuclear Lines. Isonuclear lines should be created and used to study the effects of different sources and systems of cytoplasmic male-sterility on various plant characters and disease incidence. References Aken'Ova, M . E . , and Chheda, H . R . 1981. A new source of cytoplasmic-gcnic male sterility in pearl millet. Crop Science 21:984-985. Alam, S., and Sandal, P.C. 1967. Inheritance of cytoplasmic male sterility in sudangrass. Crop Science 7:668-669. Andrews, D.J., Rai, K.N., and Singh, S.D. 1985. A single dominant gene for rust resistance in pearl millet. Crop Science 25:565-566. Appadurai, R., and Ponnaiya, B.W.X. 1967. Inheritance of fertility restoration in Sorghum (Moench). Madras Agricultural Journal 54:393-404. Appadurai, R., Raveendran, T.S., and Nagarajan, C. 1982. A new male-sterility system in pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 52:832-834. Athwal, D.S. 1961. Recent developments in the breeding and improvement of bajra (pearl millet) in the Punjab. Madras Agricultural Journal 48:18-19 (Abstract.) Athwal, D.S. 1966. Current plant breeding research with special reference to Pcnnisetum. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 26A:73-85. Burton, G.W. 1958. Cytoplasmic male-sterility in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Agronomy Journal 50:230. Burton, G.W. 1972. Natural sterility maintainer and fertility restorer mutants in Tift 23A 1 , cytoplasmic male-sterile pearl millet, Pennisetum typhoides (Burm) Stapf & Hubb. Crop Science 12:280-282. Burton, G.W. 1965. Pearl millet Tift 23A, released. Crops and Soils 17:19. Burton, G.W. 1972. Natural sterility maintainer and fertility restorer mutants in Tift 23A 2 , cytoplasmic male-sterile pearl millet, Pcnnisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf & Hubb. Crop Science 12:280-282. Burton, G.W. 1977. Fertile sterility maintainer mutants in cytoplasmic male sterile pearl millet. Crop Science 17:635- 637. 136
Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967. Two additional sources of cytoplasmic male sterility in pearl millet and their relationship to Tift 23A 1 . Crop Science 7:209-211. Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1969. Registration of pearl millet inbreds Tift 239DB 2 and Tift 239DA 2 . Crop Science 9:398. Burton, G.W., and Hanna, W.W. 1982. Stable cytoplasmic male sterile mutants induced in Tift 23DB1 pearl millet with mitomycin and streptomycin. Crop Science 22:651 -652. Clement, W . M . , Jr. 1975. Plasmon mutations in cytoplasmic male- sterile pearl millet, Pennisetum typhoides. Genetics 79:583-588. Conde, M . F . , Pring, D.R., Schertz, K.F., and Ross, W . M . 1982. Correlation of mitochondrial D N A restriction endonuclease patterns with sterility expression in six malesterile sorghum cytoplasms. Crop Science 22:536-539. Gill, K.S., Phul, P.S., and Jindla, L.N. 1975. New bajra hybrids resistant to the downy mildew green ear disease. Seeds & Forms l(7):3-4. Gill, K.S., Phul, P.S., Jindla, L.N., and Singh N.B. 1981. Pb204A a new downy mildew resistant male-sterile line in pearl millet. Seeds and Farms 7:19-20. Kumar, K.A., and Andrews, D.J. 1984. Cytoplasmic male sterility in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) a review. Advances in Applied Biology 10:113-143. Kumar, K.A., Andrews, D.J., Jain, R.P., and Singh, S.D. 1984. I C M A - 1 and ICMB-1 pearl millet parental lines with A, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility system. Crop Science 24:832. Kumar, K.A., Jain, R.P., and Singh S.D. 1983. Downy mildew reactions of pearl millet lines with and without cytoplasmic male-sterility. Plant Disease 67:663-665. ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) 1985. Progress Report: MP-113. Report of the 1984 I P M R N . Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT. (Limited distribution.) Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985. Genetic divergence between wild and cultivated pearl millets (Pennisetum typhoides). I. Male sterility. Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenzuechtung 95:103-112. Maunder, A.B., and Pickett, R.C. 1959. The genetic inheritance of cytoplasmic genetic male sterility in grain sorghum. Agronomy Journal 51:47-49. Murty, B.R. 1975. Mutation breeding for resistance to downy mildew and ergot in Pennisetum and Ascochyta in chickpea. Pages 165-181 in Induced mutations for disease resistance in crop plants (1975). I A E A publication no. 181. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. Pi, C.P., and Wu, K.D. 1961. The inheritance of cytoplasmic genetic male sterility in sorghum. Sorghum Newsletter 4:9-10. Pokhriyal, S.C., Unnikrishnan, K.V., Singh, B. Ramdass, A., and Patil, R.R. 1976. Combining ability of downy mildew resistant lines in pearl millet. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 36:403-409. Rao, S.V. 1969. An unusual occurrence of breakdown of male sterility in bajra (Pennisetum americanum (Burm.) Stapf and Hubb.). Andhra Agricultural Journal 16:1-5. Reddy, B.B., and Reddi, M . V . 1970. Studies on the breakdown of male sterility and other related aspects in certain cytoplasmic male sterile lines of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides Stapf and Hubb.). Andhra Agricultural Journal 17:173-180. Ross, W . M . , and Hackerott, H.L. 1972. Registration of seven iso-cytoplasmic sorghum germplasm lines. Crop Science 12:720-721. Saxena, M.B.L., and Chaudhary, B.S. 1977. Studies on the breakdown of male sterility in some male sterile lines of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) under conditions of arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone 16:427-432. Siebert, J.D. 1982. Genetic and breeding aspects of fertility restoration in cytoplasmic male sterile pearl millet. Ph.D. thesis, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. 151 pp. Simmonds, N.W. 1979. Principles of crop improvement. London and New York: Longman. 408 pp. Singh, A., and Laughnan, J.R. 1972. Instability of 5 male sterile cytoplasm in maize. Genetics 71:607-620. Stephens, J.C., and Holland, R.F. 1954. Cytoplasmic male-sterility for hybrid sorghum seed production. Agronomy Journal 46:20-23. Singh, S.D., Ball, S., and Thakur, D.F. 1987. Problems and strategies in the control of downy mildew. Pages 161- 172, these proceedings. Thakur, R.P., Rao, K.V.S., and Williams, R.J. 1983a. Effects of pollination on smut development in pearl millet. Plant Pathology 32:141-144. Thakur, R.P., Talukdar, B.S., and Rao, V.P. 1983b. Genetics of ergot resistance in pearl millet. Page 737 in Abstracts of contributed papers of the XV International Congress of Genetics, 12-21 Dec 1983, New Delhi, India Pt. 2. New Delhi, India: Oxford and I B H Publishing Co. Thakur, R.P., Williams, R.J., and Rao, V.P. 1983c. Control of ergot in pearl millet through pollen management. Annals of Applied Biology 103:31-36. 137
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108: Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
Page 109 and 110: the weedy form can significantly in
Page 111 and 112: Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
Page 113 and 114: Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
Page 115 and 116: ased on selection of drought-resist
Page 117: Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
Page 120 and 121: Andrews 1984), there are operationa
Page 122 and 123: S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
Page 124 and 125: Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
Page 126 and 127: Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
Page 128 and 129: Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
Page 130 and 131: 6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133 and 134: Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
Page 135 and 136: Table 2. Early released hybrids in
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Performance of third phase
Page 139 and 140: Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141 and 142: Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 143 and 144: Senegal. This source is reported to
Page 145 and 146: possible solutions to produce high
Page 147: selected from IP 2696 has recently
Page 153: Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157: Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161: Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163: 2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165: however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169: in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173: Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175: (Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177: Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179: ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181: Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183: References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185: Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187: Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189: antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193: Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195: Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
Page 196 and 197: 184
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186
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188
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190
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192
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194
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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