RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Table 6. Smut severity (%) in F 1 hybrids between susceptible (S) x resistant (SRL) lines. (S x R) F 1 hybrids 81B x SRL 843B x SRL 843A x SRL No. of hybrids 46 43 46 < 1 23 41 32 Number of hybrids in smut severity class 1-5 6-10 >10 12 1 10 2 0 0 10 1 3 1. All the smut-resistant lines (SRL) were either free or had
selected from IP 2696 has recently been identified as having a single dominant gene for rust resistance (Andrews et al. 1985). Further studies have shown this resistance to be stable across locations in India (ICRISAT 1985). Taking advantage of this simple genetic control, programs are underway at I C R I - SAT Center to introduce it into potential B-lines for breeding rust-resistant, male-sterile lines. A male-sterile line, 852A, showed a very high level of rust resistance in a nursery at ICRISAT Center. This line is also highly resistant to downy mildew (Table 5) and a very good general combiner. If found stable across locations, the resistance from 852B will be used extensively in the male-sterile breeding program. that various forms of pedigree breeding used by almost all the major breeding programs have proved quite effective in producing and maintaining a wide range of useful, diverse B-lines. Recurrent selection to breed B-lines initially started with three composites in 1975 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. These composites, however, have not been sufficiently exploited to breed B-lines. Because two of these composites have a narrow genetic base, all three have recently been merged, and another 30 B-lines added to widen the genetic base of the resulting composite. In the long term, it would appear sensible for any breeding program to pursue both methods, but with the emphasis on pedigree breeding. Breeding Methods Breeding Maintainer Lines Three essential features of a B-line considered useful for conversion into a male-sterile line are: • high general combining ability, • ability to produce a completely sterile F 1 hybrid on a male-sterile line when tested across locations and seasons, and • ability to produce adequate pollen for the maintenance of an A-line under varying seed production conditions. The evaluation for these traits is generally undertaken when the B-lines have become highly homozygous. Depending on the agroecological conditions at the location where the hybrids based on a malesterile line will be cultivated, selection for numerous traits (e.g., downy mildew resistance, maturity, and plant height), are made in preceding generations. Selection for several other characters would seem quite desirable. These include peliminary evaluation for sterile F 1 hybrids made on an A-line to discard those which are not nonrestorers, and selection for high tillering, head volume, head compactness, medium to large seed size, moderate dormancy, resistance to grain weathering, good ear exsertion, lodging resistance, and good seed set. This comprehensive list of traits does not exclude consumer quality traits and resistance to other diseases, if these form part of a male-sterile breeding program. Hard data do not exist to provide guidelines whether to follow recurrent selection or a classic pedigree breeding program. At the moment it seems Combining Ability of Maintainer Lines During generation advance, mild selection pressure is exerted at each inbreeding stage for the performance per se of the progenies. Although phenotypic performance is important, what matters more within the framework of agronomic acceptability, is the general combining ability of the B-lines. The published records do not show that B-lines in any pearl millet breeding program were tested for combining ability before embarking on their conversion into male-sterile lines. This explains to a large extent why many male-sterile lines bred after 5141A was released have not shown any better hybrid potential than 5141A. Topcross tests have been recommended as the most practical approach to survey the combining ability of lines when the number of lines under test is too large (Simmonds 1979). No "universal" broadbased tester in pearl millet has yet been found. Limited data available at present show that combining ability of lines may largely depend on the tester (first author's unpublished data), and that perhaps the average of general combining ability estimates based on 3-4 broad-based testers may be much more reliable. Conversion of Maintainers into Male-Sterile Lines Maintainers are converted into male-sterile lines by conventional backcross breeding in which a maintainer is used as a recurrent male parent and a malesterile line as a nonrecurrent parent. At least six backcrosses are required to insure acceptable sim- 135
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108: Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
Page 109 and 110: the weedy form can significantly in
Page 111 and 112: Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
Page 113 and 114: Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
Page 115 and 116: ased on selection of drought-resist
Page 117: Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
Page 120 and 121: Andrews 1984), there are operationa
Page 122 and 123: S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
Page 124 and 125: Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
Page 126 and 127: Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
Page 128 and 129: Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
Page 130 and 131: 6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133 and 134: Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
Page 135 and 136: Table 2. Early released hybrids in
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Performance of third phase
Page 139 and 140: Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141 and 142: Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 143 and 144: Senegal. This source is reported to
Page 145: possible solutions to produce high
Page 149: Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
Page 153: Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157: Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161: Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163: 2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165: however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169: in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173: Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175: (Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177: Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179: ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181: Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183: References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185: Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187: Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189: antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193: Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195: Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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