RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Table 4. Frequency of maintainer progenies in (BxB) and (BxR) crosses when tested on two male-sterile line testers. 1 Cross Tester Total R (BxB) Cross 3 81 A 85 0 843 A 64 6 (BxR) Crosses 4 81A 46 43 843A 34 29 No. of progenies 1. Based on two seasons' data at I C R I S A T Center. B Others 2 B (%) 69 16 81 12 46 19 0 3 0 0 5 0 2. Includes those progenies which were not consistently restorer (R) or maintainer (B) in both seasons. 3. Progenies from two populations on tester 81A and four populations on tester 843A. 4. Progenies from two populations on each tester. observed. Forty nine A 1 x B crosses involving six A lines with Tift 23 A 1 cytoplasm, one with PT 732 A (probably non-A 1 ) cytoplasm, and their respective maintainers were studied for pollen shed and seed set (under selfing) at ICRISAT Center (Table 2). The pollen shed and seed set data were in good agreement: F,s shedding pollen gave good seed set and the F 1 s producing no pollen failed to set seed under selfing. This study showed that: • the maintainer of a given A, system male-sterile line was not necessarily a maintainer on the other A, system male-sterile lines; • all the A, system maintainers except 834B were maintainers on 81 A, and 81B was maintainer on all the A, system male-sterile lines except 834 A; and • 834B and PT 732B were restorers on other malesterile lines except on their own respective malesterile lines (Table 2). These points imply the possible involvement of multiple major genes and modifiers in determining the male-sterility. Studies in sorghum show that inheritance patterns of cytoplasmic male-sterility vary widely from one group of materials to the other. For instance, Stephens and Holland (1954) postulated more than two pairs of genes whereas Maunder and Pickett (1959) presented evidence for a single gene control. Based on pollen viability studies, Pi and Wu (1961) found indications of three types of genetic control: single gene control in five crosses, two gene control in two crosses, and complex inheritance in another two crosses. Alam and Sandal (1967) also found evidence for single gene control in three crosses, two gene control in two crosses, and three gene control in one cross in sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare var. sundanense). In an extensive study in sorghum, Appadurai and Ponnaiya (1967) found cytoplasmic malesterility under single gene control only in 4 out of 11 crosses; in the remaining 7 crosses, the inheritance appeared to be rather complex. Breakdown of Male-Sterility A few heads shed pollen from the nodal tillers of Tift 23A, (Rao 1969). Burton (1972) made detailed studies of fertile sectors in Tift 23A 1 heads and observed that the reversion to fertility could be due to nuclear mutation from recessive maintainer allele (ms) to dominant restorer allele (MS), as well as cytoplasmic mutation from sterile (A) to normal (N) cytoplasm. Further studies showed that about 97% of such reversions to fertility are mutations from (A) cytoplasm to (N) cytoplasm, and only about 3% are nuclear mutations from ms to MS allele (Burton 1977). Such reversions were observed both in A, and A 2 system male-sterile lines. Clement (1975) studied four male-sterile lines and found all reversions to fertility were mutational changes in the cytoplasm. He also observed up to 30-fold differences in reversion rates between lines (0.03/100 heads in A S M 3 to 1.02/100 heads in A S M 7), indicating the effect of genetic background on the stability of sterilityinducing factors in the cytoplasm. Singh and Laughnan (1972) found in maize that reversions to fertility were all due to changes in cytoplasm from S type to N type, and that there were large differences among genotypes for the rates of such changes. Thus, it is clear that more than 97% of the reversions to fertility in male-sterile lines are due to changes in the cytoplasm from the sterile to the normal state. These changes would simply produce B-line equivalents, which would cause no problem by pollinating the plants of A-line. However, the reverted fertile plants in A-lines should be rogued to insure pure A-line stock at harvest for subsequent seed increase and hybrid seed production. The reversions to fertility due to nuclear mutations from ms to MS allele, although very rare, can cause considerable problems not only by contaminating A-line plants (whose progenies will also be fertile) but also by contaminating B-line plants, which in turn would no longer serve as maintainers. Limiting the number of generations increased from breeder seeds and timely roguing have been recommended as the best 132
possible solutions to produce high quality A-line seed for hybrid production (Burton 1977). There is some evidence to show that higher temperatures and low relative humidity lead to a breakdown of malesterility in pearl millet (Reddy and Reddy 1970, Saxena and Chaudhary 1977). Thus, multiplication of seed of male-sterile lines in areas with lower temperatures (
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
Page 93 and 94: Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108: Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
Page 109 and 110: the weedy form can significantly in
Page 111 and 112: Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
Page 113 and 114: Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
Page 115 and 116: ased on selection of drought-resist
Page 117: Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
Page 120 and 121: Andrews 1984), there are operationa
Page 122 and 123: S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
Page 124 and 125: Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
Page 126 and 127: Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
Page 128 and 129: Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
Page 130 and 131: 6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133 and 134: Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
Page 135 and 136: Table 2. Early released hybrids in
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Performance of third phase
Page 139 and 140: Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141 and 142: Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 143: Senegal. This source is reported to
Page 147 and 148: selected from IP 2696 has recently
Page 149: Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
Page 153: Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157: Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161: Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163: 2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165: however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169: in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173: Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175: (Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177: Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179: ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181: Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183: References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185: Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187: Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189: antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193: Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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