RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

More documents

Recommendations

Info

jointly by the Fort Hays Branch Experiment Station, Kansas, USA, and by I C R I S A T have large seeds (up to 12 g 1000 -1 ) and mature early. The earliest male-sterile is 843A (42 d to 50% bloom) among all those currently available male-sterile lines in India, and it produces very early, short hybrids. However, it seems that due to downy mildew susceptibility, its use in hybrid production will be very restricted and it will be of negligible commercial value in downy mildew endemic areas. At present, the major emphasis in India is to breed medium-maturity male-sterile lines (time to bloom, 45-55 d), primarily for two reasons: • most breeding materials (including composites and synthetics used to produce restorer lines) belong to the medium maturity class and offer a wide range of genetic diversity, and • the medium maturity class perhaps represents currently the most productive group of materials. With the extensive use of germplasm from Togo and Ghana and breeding materials from the Fort Hays Branch Experiment Station, a wide range of male-sterile lines in the early maturity group are expected in the near future. For plant height, the emphasis is shifting towards dwarf male-sterile lines. Dwarf lines are considered important because they are, in general: • less prone to lodging even under the intensive management conditions of seed production, • are easy to stabilize for height, • easy to recover in crosses, • provide an option to produce hybrids with a wide height range, and • make more efficient use of pollen from restorers in hybrid seed production plots. Cytoplasmic Diversification of Male-Sterile Lines Enormous differences in downy mildew incidence among male-sterile lines based on Tift 23A 1 cytoplasm indicate that the cytoplasm is not associated with downy mildew susceptibility, and that it is nuclear gene resistance which is important. Experimental evidence confirms this assumption (Kumar et al. 1983). Thus, at present, there is no need to be alarmed about the vulnerability of Tift 23A, cytoplasm to downy mildew. However, in the long run, the large scale and continuous use of a single cytoplasm source runs the risk of it becoming vulnerable to existing or unforeseen diseases. Hence, there is a need to diversify the cytoplasmic base of male-sterile lines. The cytoplasmic diversification should encompass other sources of cytoplasm within the A, system, as well as other cytoplasms in different systems. In 1961, a cytoplasmic male-sterile line was identified at P A U (Athwal 1961) in a very late-maturing genetic stock, IP 189. The sterile plants were pollinated with different sources of maintainers and the male-sterile line finally produced was called CMS 66A (L 66A). In 1962, male-sterile plants were observed at P A U in a population originating from a natural cross of a stock possessing pearly amber grains. The cytoplasmic male-sterile line bred using this source was called CMS 67A (L 67A) (Athwal 1966). Burton and Athwal (1967) compared the relationships between the cytoplasms of Tift 23A 1 , L 66A and L 67A in experiments conducted at Tifton and Ludhiana and concluded that these three sources represented three different systems of cytoplasmic male-sterility. Several male-sterile lines were produced with these new cytoplasms. Burton and Athwal (1969) produced Tift 239DA 2 by backcrossing Tift 239DB into L 103A (an A 2 -system malesterile line). At P A U , nine male-sterile lines were bred: (Pb 301A-Pb 309A) with A 2 cytoplasm and four male-sterile lines (Pb 401A-Pb 403A and Pb 405 A) with A 3 cytoplasm. Most of these male-sterile lines are resistant to downy mildew and have quite diverse phenotypic characters. A high-yielding hybrid (PHB 108) has recently been identified on Pb 405A 3 . It yielded as much as the best check hybrid M B H 110 in the A I C M I P hybrid trials in 1984 and 1985. Several other sources of cytoplasmic male-sterility have recently been reported. Cytoplasmic malesterility has been identified in four pearl millet accessions from the I C R I S A T genetic resources collection (S. Appa Rao, ICRISAT, personal communication) and there are indications that they resemble the A 3 system. None of these, however, has become stable for sterility: under selfing, partial fertility is observed in some plants which have 1-10 grains per head. Two other sources of cytoplasmic malesterility have been reported (Appadurai et al. 1982, Aken'Ova and Chheda 1981), but it has not been conclusively shown whether they are different from the other existing systems. Marchais and Pernes (1985) have recently reported an interesting source of cytoplasmic male-sterility discovered from a cross between a wild relative of pearl millet [Pennisetum violaceum (Lam.) L. Rich = P. americanum ssp. monodii] and a landrace cultivar (Tiotande) from 130
Senegal. This source is reported to be different from all the existing systems. In a general survey of the germplasm and breeding lines using this male-sterile line, Marchais and Pernes (1985) showed that the frequency of restorer alleles was generally low in the cultivated millets, whatever their origin, and very high in wild millets. This points clearly to the immediate utility of this cytoplasm in male-sterile breeding and the utility of wild species which have a high frequency of restorers for breeding pollinations. Studies of diallel F 1 hybrids among several A and B lines, all incorporating Tift 23A 1 cytoplasm, did not clearly show that a maintainer of a given malesterile line was necessarily a maintainer on the other male-sterile lines (Table 2). This shows that there is perhaps a continuum between different cytoplasmic systems which involves complex genetic mechanisms of multigenic inheritance confounded with modifying genes and environmental factors. Field evaluation of cytoplasmic diversity based on the fertility response of F, hybrids between cytoplasm sources and a set of inbreds may, therefore, suffer from these confounding effects as shown in sorghum (Ross and Hackerott 1972, Conde et al. 1982). Thus biochemical techniques such as those used in sorghum, in conjunction with field tests (Conde et al. 1982), may be quite valuable to characterize the nature and magnitude of cytoplasmic diversity in pearl millet. Genetics of Cytoplasmic Male-Sterility Burton and Athwal (1967) studied the genetics of cytoplasmic male-sterility by crossing Tift 23A 1 , L 66A, and L 67A with each of their maintainers and restorers of Tift 23A,. Based on the fertility/ sterility of F, hybrids in nurseries grown at Tifton and Ludhiana, it was proposed that: • cytoplasmic male-sterility results from the interaction of a specific recessive gene, ms, in the homozygous condition with sterility-inducing factors in the cytoplasm, and • different single genes in recessive form are responsible for male-sterility in different cytoplasmic systems. The genetic model proposed for male-sterile lines, maintainers, and restorers used in their studies is summarized in Table 3. Burton and Athwal (1967) recognized the possible role of modifiers and environmental factors in the maintenance of sterility and restoration of fertility. Siebert (1982) studied the genetics of fertility restoration and suggested there were two dominant complementary genes and a modifier for the A, system, and two dominant duplicate factors for the A 2 system. It has also been suggested that the maintenance of sterility of a new cytoplasmic system discovered by Marchais and Pernes (1985) from P. violaceum cytoplasm is controlled by three independently inherited recessive genes. Several progenies derived from B x R crosses in pearl millet when tested on two male-sterile lines (843A and 81 A) did not conform to monogenic or digenic inheritance (Table 4). This means that there are more than two major genes involved in the maintenance of sterility, or that there are modifier genes involved. Considerable variability in the expression of sterility in A 1 (Tift 23A 1 ) x B crosses has been Table 2. Fertility/sterility of (AxB) F 1 hybrids 1 . Female . parent 842A 843A 81A 5141A 834A 111A PT 732A 842B 843B S 2 F 3 F S S S F F F F F F F F 81B Male parent 5I41B S F S - 4 S S S S F F S F F F 834B F F F F S F F 1. ICRISAT Center data: 1985 rainy season. 2. S = Sterile hybrid. 3. F = Fertile hybrids. 4. - = Not involved in this study. IIIB F F S F F S F PT732B F F F F F F S Table 3. Fertility-sterility in (AxB) and ( A x R ) F 1 hybrids across three cytoplasmic systems and the genetic constitution of B and R lines. 1 Male parent 23 B 1 L66B 2 L67B 3 T13R 1 L4R 1 L6R 23A 1 S S S F F F L66A 2 L67A 3 , Genetic constitution F S S S S F F F S S S F Female parent ms 1 ms 1 MS 2 MS 2 MS 3 MS 3 ma 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 2 MS 3 MS 3 ms 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 2 ms 3 ms 3 MS 1 MS 1 ms 2 ms 2 ms 3 ms 3 MS 1 MS 1 ms 2 ms 2 ms 3 ms 3 MS 1 MS 1 MS 2 MS 2 MS 3 MS 3 1. Modified from Burton and Athwal (1967). B lines have normal (N) cytoplasm; A lines have sterile (A) cytoplasms. 131
Page 2 and 3:
Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
Page 4 and 5:
Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
Page 6 and 7:
Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
Page 8 and 9:
Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
Page 10 and 11:
tropical countries i t w i l l be v
Page 12:
Opening Session
Page 15 and 16:
globusum has globose caryopses, and
Page 17 and 18:
Area, Production, and Productivity:
Page 19 and 20:
area increased substantially in Raj
Page 21 and 22:
apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
Page 23 and 24:
Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
Page 25 and 26:
levels of adoption. The relative co
Page 27 and 28:
Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
Page 30 and 31:
Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
Page 32 and 33:
The poor performance in food produc
Page 34 and 35:
900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
Page 36 and 37:
population pressures in recent year
Page 38 and 39:
Economics of Millet Production In 1
Page 40 and 41:
ather than to yield increases, show
Page 42:
Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
Page 45 and 46:
making it possible to grow a number
Page 47 and 48:
in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
Page 49 and 50:
genome male-sterile lines, and A A
Page 51 and 52:
Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
Page 53 and 54:
Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
Page 55 and 56:
Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
Page 57 and 58:
Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
Page 60 and 61:
peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
Page 62 and 63:
Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
Page 64 and 65:
properties for pearl millets. It is
Page 66 and 67:
54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
Page 68 and 69:
the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
Page 70 and 71:
Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
Page 72 and 73:
Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
Page 75 and 76:
Discussion The discussion of the pa
Page 77:
Improvement through Plant Breeding
Page 81 and 82:
Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
Page 83 and 84:
with protruding grains, but in the
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
Page 87 and 88:
lese millets constitute two distinc
Page 89 and 90:
turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
Page 91 and 92: more to useful genetic diversificat
Page 93 and 94: Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108: Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
Page 109 and 110: the weedy form can significantly in
Page 111 and 112: Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
Page 113 and 114: Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
Page 115 and 116: ased on selection of drought-resist
Page 117: Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
Page 120 and 121: Andrews 1984), there are operationa
Page 122 and 123: S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
Page 124 and 125: Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
Page 126 and 127: Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
Page 128 and 129: Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
Page 130 and 131: 6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133 and 134: Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
Page 135 and 136: Table 2. Early released hybrids in
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Performance of third phase
Page 139 and 140: Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141: Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 145 and 146: possible solutions to produce high
Page 147 and 148: selected from IP 2696 has recently
Page 149: Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
Page 153: Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157: Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161: Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163: 2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165: however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169: in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173: Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175: (Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177: Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179: ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181: Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183: References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185: Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187: Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189: antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193:
Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195:
Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
Page 196 and 197:
184
Page 198 and 199:
186
Page 200 and 201:
188
Page 202 and 203:
190
Page 204 and 205:
192
Page 206 and 207:
194
Page 208 and 209:
Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211:
eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213:
200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215:
Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217:
References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220:
Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222:
located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224:
They are not strong competitors in
Page 225:
Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229:
Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233:
much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235:
over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237:
224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239:
The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241:
228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243:
Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246:
Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248:
Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250:
• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252:
in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254:
ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256:
stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257:
Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261:
919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263:
Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265:
Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268:
Management Practices to Increase Yi
Page 269 and 270:
1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
Page 271 and 272:
a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274:
Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276:
tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278:
as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280:
Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282:
Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284:
15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286:
Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288:
Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290:
Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291:
Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296:
Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298:
Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300:
La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302:
processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304:
Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306:
Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308:
cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310:
Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312:
of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314:
Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316:
available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318:
Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320:
with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322:
Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324:
diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326:
Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328:
promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330:
69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331:
un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336:
Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338:
• those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340:
Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341:
ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346:
Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348:
Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350:
Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352:
Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353:
Table 12. Production area and produ
Page 357 and 358:
Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
Page 359 and 360:
Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
Page 361 and 362:
M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
Page 363 and 364:
S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
Page 365 and 366:
ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
Page 367 and 368:
RA-00110
show all

RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?