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Moderator's Overview Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in Africa and India J.M.J. de Wet 1 The genus Pennisetum is distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics of the world. It includes about 140 species. One African species, P. glaucum (L.) R. Br. was domesticated as the cereal pearl millet, and another African species, P. purpureum Schumach. became widely distributed as a tropical forage grass (Brunken et al. 1977). Pennisetum glaucum is widely distributed south of the Sahara in the semi-arid Sahel and bush from Senegal to Eritrea in Ethiopia. It was domesticated along the southern margins of the Saharan central highlands at the onset of the present dry phase some 4000-5000 years ago (Clark 1962, Davies 1968, Munson 1975). Pearl millet is the most drought tolerant of all domesticated cereals, and soon after its domestication it became widely distributed across the semiarid tropics of Africa and Asia. It is the principal food crop across sub-Saharan Africa and northwestern India, but in terms of world production, pearl millet is not a major cereal. It is planted on some 15 million ha in Africa, and 10 million ha in Asia, yielding approximately 10 million t of grain. Pearl millet is grown where no other cereal will yield grain, in regions with 200-800 mm of annual rainfall. It extends into the higher rainfall areas of the semiarid tropics, but when rainfall is above 800 mm during the growing season, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] becomes the principal cereal. Nevertheless, average pearl millet yields compare favorably with those of sorghum. Average sorghum yields were 580 kg ha -1 in Africa and 715 kg ha -1 in India during the 1984 growing season, while for the same period average pearl millet yields were about 600 kg ha" 1 in both Africa and India. Pearl millet yields vary extensively between a low of 71 kg ha -1 in Botswana during the 1984 drought, and a high of 1818 kg ha -1 in Sierra Leone during the same year. Inflorescences range in size and shape from globose, less than 10 cm long, to candleshaped, over 150 cm long (Clement 1985). Spikelets are arranged in involucres surrounding a central axis. Each involucre has 1-9 spikelets. The potential large number of spikelets per inflorescence allows for a possible yield in pearl millet at least equal to the maximum yield in sorghum. Stapf and Hubbard (1934) recognized 13 cultivated, 15 weedy, and 6 wild annual species in section Pennicillaria of Pennisetum. Clayton (1972) reduced these taxa to one cultivated species [P. americanum (L.) Leeke], two wild species [P. fallax (Fig. & de Not.) Stapf & Hubbard and P. violaceum (Lam.) L. Rich.], and two weedy species [P. stenostachyum (Klotzsch ex A. Br.) Stapf & Hubbard and P. dalzielii Stapf & Hubbard]. Brunken (1977) recognized the total variation of cultivated pearl millets as P. americanum spp. americanum, their closest wild relatives as spp. monodii (Maire) Brunken, and their weedy derivatives as spp. stenostachyum (Klotzsch ex A. Br. & Bouche) Brunken. The specific name P. americanum (L.) Leeke is not taxonomically valid. The oldest name for cultivated pearl millet is Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1:195. 1810. This species is based on Panicum glaucum L., Sp. PI. ed. 1:56 1753 (Type: Herman specimen from Ceylon in the British Museum, which is a typical cultivated pearl millet). The original diagnosis of Panicum glaucum by Linnaeus included two species of Setaria as well as the cultivated pearl millet. In the second edition of his species plantarum, Linnaeus transferred Panicum glaucum to Setaria. Modern rules of nomenclature, however, do not allow such a change, and the name Panicum glaucum therefore applies to cultivated Pennisetum. Variation within cultivated pearl millet is recognized as races typhoides, nigritarum, globosum, and leonis. Race typhoides has obovate caryopses, and inflorescences are cylindrical, usually less than five times as long as wide. This race is grown across the arid savanna from Senegal to Egypt and South Africa. It is the principal pearl millet grown in Asia. Race nigritarum has obovate, but angular caryopses. Inflorescences are candle-shaped. It is extensively grown from northern Nigeria to the Sudan. Race 1. Formerly Cytogeneticist, Department of Agronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, Director, Cereals, ICRISAT, Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India. USA. Presently Program 3
globusum has globose caryopses, and inflorescences are candle-shaped. It is widely distributed in West Africa. Race leonis is characterized by oblanceolate and acute caryopses. Inflorescences are candleshaped. This race is the principal pearl millet in Sierra Leone, and extends north to Mauritania. Hybrids between pearl millet and its spontaneous close relatives cross readily to produce fertile hybrids (Marchais and Tostain 1985), allowing for extensive modification of the genome of the cereal (Belliard et al. 1980). Transfer of the cultivated genotype into wild cytoplasm is a source of nucleo-cytoplasmic male sterility (Marchais and Pernes 1985), and resistance to diseases and pests. Pearl millet also crosses with Cenchrus ciliaris L. (Read and Bashaw 1974), and more distantly-related species within Pennisetum. Munson, P.J. 1975. Archaeological data on the origins of cultivation in the southwestern Sahara and its implications for West Africa. Pages 187-210 in The origins of African plant domestication (Harlan, J.R., de Wet, J.M.J., and Stemler, A.B.L., eds.). The Hague: Mouton Press. Read, J . C , and Bashaw, E.C. 1974. Intergeneric hybrid between pearl millet and buffelgrass. Crop Science 14:401- 403. Stapf, O., and Hubbard, C.E. 1934. Pennisetum. In The Flora of Tropical Africa (Prain, D., ed.). Vol. 9. London: Crown Agents. References Belliard, J., Nguyen Van, E., and Pernes, J. 1980. Analyse des relations genetiques entre formes spontanees et cultivees chez le M i l a chandelle. Ann Amelior. Plantes 30:229-251. Brunken, J.N. 1977. A systematic study of Pennisetum sect. Pennisetum (Gramineae). American Journal of Botany 64:161-167. Brunken, J.N., de Wet, J.M.J., and Harlan, J.R. 1977. The morphology and domestication of Pearl Millet. Economic Botany 31:163-174. Clark, J.D. 1962. The spread of food production in sub- Saharan Africa. Journal of African History 3:211-228. Clayton, W . D . 1972. Graminaea. Pages 170-465 in Flora of West Tropical Africa (Hepper, F.N., ed.). 2nd ed., vol. 3, pt. 2. London: Crown Agents. Clement, J.C. 1985. Les mils penicillaires de L'Afrique de L'Ouest. Rome and Ibidan: IBPGR-ORSTOM. 231 pp. Davies, O. 1968. The origins of agriculture in West Africa. Current Anthropology 9:479-482. Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985. Genetic divergence between wild and cultivated pearl millets (Pennisetum typhoides). I. Male sterility. Zeitschr. Pflanzenzuchtung 95:103-112. Marchais, L., and Tostain, S. 1985. Genetic divergence between wild and cultivated pearl millets (Pennisetum typhoides). I I . Characters of domestication. Zeitschr. Pflanzenzuchtung 95:245- 261. 4
Page 2 and 3: Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
Page 4 and 5: Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
Page 6 and 7: Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
Page 8 and 9: Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
Page 10 and 11: tropical countries i t w i l l be v
Page 12: Opening Session
Page 17 and 18: Area, Production, and Productivity:
Page 19 and 20: area increased substantially in Raj
Page 21 and 22: apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
Page 23 and 24: Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
Page 25 and 26: levels of adoption. The relative co
Page 27 and 28: Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
Page 30 and 31: Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
Page 32 and 33: The poor performance in food produc
Page 34 and 35: 900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
Page 36 and 37: population pressures in recent year
Page 38 and 39: Economics of Millet Production In 1
Page 40 and 41: ather than to yield increases, show
Page 42: Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
Page 45 and 46: making it possible to grow a number
Page 47 and 48: in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
Page 49 and 50: genome male-sterile lines, and A A
Page 51 and 52: Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
Page 53 and 54: Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
Page 55 and 56: Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
Page 57 and 58: Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
Page 60 and 61: peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
Page 62 and 63: Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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186
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188
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190
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192
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194
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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