RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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emained relatively stable at 11.5 million ha during the last 25 years, but the total productivity and, therefore, production has increased from 3.85 million t in 1960-65 to 5.91 million t in 1980-84, an increase of more than 50%. Similarly, the average productivity has increased from 340 kg ha -1 to 512 kg ha -1 (Table I) (Harinarayana 1985). Since the release of high-yielding hybrids, the production and productivity of pearl millet has not only increased, but production has stabilized. However, in spite of the proven high-yield potential of hybrids, their impact on production in the country is by no means dramatic, primarily because they have not been widely adopted in the principal pearl millet growing areas such as Rajasthan, where hybrid coverage is only 10-20%. On the other hand, in Gujarat, where the coverage is more than 85%, there has been a spectacular increase in grain yield from 480 kg ha -1 in 1966-67 to 1120 kg ha -1 in 1984-85, which can be largely attributed to hybrids. With 1.1 t ha -1 grown on 1.2 million ha, a 200% production increase is the result of the pearl millet hybrid era in Gujarat. The importance of the pearl millet crop in Indian agriculture, and the benefits from the use of hybrids, are amply demonstrated by production and productivity data over the last 25 years. History Pearl millet breeding began in India in the early 1930s with an emphasis on grain production. Initially, open-pollinated populations were improved by mass selection. The selections were made on the basis of long, well-filled, compact heads, which ripened uniformly and yielded more grain. The improved populations were tested as varieties, e.g., C02, C03, A K P 1, A K P 2, RSJ, RSK, T 55, Babapuri, Nadiad 207, and S-28-15-2. Subsequently, mass selections from introduced African populations were released as varieties. S230 and Pusa M o t i are two examples. Prior to the availability of male-sterile lines, attempts were made in the early 1950s to exploit heterosis in pearl millet by building "chance" hybrids, mixtures of 40% hybrids and 60% parental genotypes. These hybrids were produced by planting equal proportions of parental inbred lines which flower at same time, and allow them to mate in isolation. These hybrids were released in India in the early 1950s, and outyielded the standard varieties by 10%. Chance hybrids did not become popular because of their limited productivity, narrow range of adaptability, and lack of seed production programs (Gill 1983). The cytoplasmic male-sterile lines Tift 23A and 18A were bred by Burton in the USA (Burton 1958). In India, two more sources of cytoplasmic male sterility, L66A and L67A, were isolated at Ludhiana during 1961-62 (Athwal 1965). These sources were identified as different from Tift 23A (Burton and Athwal 1967). The three sources are designated as A,, originally identified in Tift 23A, A 2 identified in Tift L66A, and A 3 identified in Tift L67A (Burton and Powell 1968). The use of cytoplasmic male sterility for Indian hybrid breeding started in 1962 with the introduction of Tift 23 A from the USA. The hybrids based on male-sterile lines were first tested in India in 1963. The progress of hybrids in India is reviewed in this paper. Hybrid breeding and utilization can be divided into distinct phases based on seed parent used, release year, and disappearance of hybrids from commercial cultivation (Harinaryana 1977). First Phase The first phase is characterized by the release of five hybrids, HB 1 to HB 5, during 1965-72 (Table 2). Table 1. Area, production and productivity of millets. Crop 1960-65 1965-70 1970-75 1975-80 1980-85 Millets Area (ha x 10 6 ) Production (t x 10 6 ) Yield (kg ha") 18.38 7.81 427 19.47 7.93 406 19.27 9.47 487 18.17 9.68 532 17.81 10.10 568 Pearl millet Area (ha x 10 6 ) Production (t x 10 6 ) 11.33 3.85 12.31 4.51 12.34 5.61 11.07 5.16 11.55 5.91 Yield (kg h a ' ) 340 365 447 465 512 122
Table 2. Early released hybrids in India. Hybrid Bred at Release year Pedigree Phase 1 HB 1 HB 2 HB 3 HB 4 HB 5 Ludhiana Jamnagar Jamnagar Kanpur Kanpur 1965 1966 1968 1968 1969 Tift 23A x Bil 3B Tift 23A x J 88 Tift 23A x J 104 Tift 23A x K 560 Tift 23A x K 559 Phase 2 N H B 3 N H B 4 N H B 5 PHB 1 0 ( H B 6) PHB 1 4 ( H B 7) G H B 1399 Delhi Delhi Delhi Ludhiana Ludhiana Jamnagar 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 5071A x J 104 5071A x K 560-230 5071A x K 559 Pb 111A x PIB 155 Pb 111A x PIB 228 126D2A x J 1399 Phase 3 BJ 104 BK 560 CJ 104 BD 111 G H B 27 BD 763 G H B 32 H H B 45 COH 2 Delhi Delhi Delhi Delhi Jamnagar Delhi Jamnagar Hisar Coimbatore 1977 1977 1977 1977 1981 1982 1983 1984 1984 5141A x J 104 5141A x K 560-230 5054 A x J 104 5141A x D 111 5141A x J 2002 5141A x D 763 5141A x J 1188 5141A x H 90/4-5 5J4IA x PT 1921 C M 46 M B H 110 PHB 47 X 5 M B H 118 Delhi Mahyco Ludhiana Coimbatore Mahyco 1981 1981 1983 1984 1984 5054A x M46 2 x PL 2 Pb 111A x PIB 1234 Pb 111A x PT 1921 2 x PL 3 Current Phase JCMH 451 I C M H 501 M H 182 G H B 30 1 ICRISAT ICRISAT Pune Jamnagar 1986 1986 1986 1986 81A x I C M P 451 834A x I C M P 501 732A x PNBM 83099 5054A x J 2002 1. For Gujarat. The performance of HB 3 and HB 5 is given in Table 3. Only HB 3 became popular, and it was extensively cultivated. This hybrid was successful in many Indian pearl millet-growing states from 1968-1973. HB3 was early maturing, had bolder grains and was well adapted to drought stress. These five hybrids averaged 75-88% more grain than did the check varieties. The other four hybrids did not become popular. When HB 3 succumbed to downy mildew in 1974, it was no longer cultivated, thus marking the end of the five hybrids with Tift 23A as the seed parent. Table 3. Performance of first phase pearl millet hybrids HB3 and HB5 in all India trials. Year 1969-70 1970-71 1971-72 1972-73 1973-74 1974-75 Mean HB 3 1310 2150 1790 1380 1420 1630 1610 Grain yield (kg ha -1 ) HB 5 - - 1830 1420 1370 - 1540 123
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
Page 83 and 84: with protruding grains, but in the
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
Page 87 and 88: lese millets constitute two distinc
Page 89 and 90: turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
Page 91 and 92: more to useful genetic diversificat
Page 93 and 94: Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108: Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
Page 109 and 110: the weedy form can significantly in
Page 111 and 112: Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
Page 113 and 114: Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
Page 115 and 116: ased on selection of drought-resist
Page 117: Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
Page 120 and 121: Andrews 1984), there are operationa
Page 122 and 123: S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
Page 124 and 125: Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
Page 126 and 127: Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
Page 128 and 129: Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
Page 130 and 131: 6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133: Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Performance of third phase
Page 139 and 140: Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141 and 142: Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 143 and 144: Senegal. This source is reported to
Page 145 and 146: possible solutions to produce high
Page 147 and 148: selected from IP 2696 has recently
Page 149: Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
Page 153: Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157: Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161: Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163: 2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165: however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169: in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173: Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175: (Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177: Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179: ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181: Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183: References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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186
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188
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192
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194
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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