RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

More documents

Recommendations

Info

does not differ from that in a medium-height, 90-day Souna (Dancette 1983). The G A M material proved to be very susceptible to mildew with poor grain formation. Use of Hybrid Vigor Since early in the program, several varietal selections (F 1 hybrids, synthetics) were made in Senegal and Niger to exploit hybrid vigor. In Senegal, yield advantages of 40-60% were obtained from F 1 s and synthetics from local populations. The best combinations were those including one line with good tillering habit and the other with high grain mass per head (Etasse 1970). In Niger, topcrosses between dwarf S 2 lines and local varieties were tested in 1975; 3/4 Souna 74-28-1 x CIVT gave the highest yield, 143% of the control (Chantereau and Etasse 1976), but the program could not be continued without locally adapted male-sterile lines. The G A M program, which took over varietal breeding from I R A T in Senegal, planned to use F, hybrids derived from A 1 and A 2 cytoplasm in the second phase of the project (Bilquez 1975). New lines with better adaptation to local conditions were selected from crosses with 23-D2-A1 and 239-D2-A2, but the initial hybrids were completely destroyed by mildew. The production and testing of F, hybrids was soon replaced by the use of synthetics. The material from this program was incorporated in the ICRISAT program in Senegal for further breeding work (Gupta 1984). At the ICRISAT Sahelian Center in Sadore, Niger, exploratory research was conducted on hybrids. During the 1984 season, test hybrids were relatively early with reduced height and head length, and good tillering. They outyielded the improved varieties under low rainfall conditions (250 mm in 1984). A study on crosses between wild and cultivated pearl millets revealed a system of male sterility different from the A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 systems (Marchais and Pernes 1985). Future Trends The different research programs should be more closely integrated in the future. Often 80-90% of the farmers do not have adequate equipment; soil cultivation and thinning are often not carried out, and weeding operations are limited by time. These problems should not be overlooked by breeding programs. This does not mean that varieties should be selected to suit poor cultural practices, but rather should be capable of performing well compared to local cultivars under existing conditions, and to outyield them under improved conditions. The varietal structure (population, composite, synthetic, or hybrid) that is adopted depends primarily on the level of development in each country. Given the low purchasing power and technological levels prevailing in the region, open-pollinated varieties (populations, composites, and synthetics) should be retained, since they adapt more easily to traditional cultural practices than hybrids. Hybrid breeding should not, however, be abandoned, since hybrids could be useful for certain locations in the future. Variety Breeding Breeding work should focus on: • diversification of the genetic base in each country through collections, and introductions from other centers of diversity (India, East Africa, northwestern Africa). Research on the use of wild relatives will determine their contribution to the improvement of local cultivars. • use of the collected material to select better local cultivars, and crosses between varieties of different origin with complementary characteristics. Importance should be given to yield components (head length, grain size, and tillering). The creation of composites by recombining superior F 2 lines should provide, for the short term, better material than local cultivars. Lines selected from different groups of early material derived from these crosses and populations can be used to form synthetics adapted to different climatic zones. In the breeding program for a better grain/straw ratio, selection of the local 3/4 population should be continued to improve the grain mass per head as well as smut and mildew resistance. Short-stemmed (1.8- 2.5 m) varieties should be adequate given the local technological capacity. The importance of straw should not, however, be underestimated if crop and livestock production are integrated. Drought Resistance An important aspect of the breeding program is 102
ased on selection of drought-resistant varieties. Resistance mechanisms are very complex, especially when combined with yield characters. It is impossible to assemble all the drought-resistance mechanisms in one variety or line, but even if it could be done, productivity would be considerably reduced. In West Africa, especially in the Sahelian Zone, drought periods are very unpredictable and may occur at any stage of crop development. Selected varieties should therefore be able to resist drought stress at these critical periods. The agrometeorological service in each country can analyze available data to determine the different ecological zones and periods of high drought risk during the cropping season. Selection criteria can thus be better adapted to the needs for each ecological zone (pre- or postflowering drought) (Dancette 1983). Rainfall variability is highest at the beginning and end of the crop cycle, i.e., at planting and flowering-seedset stages. Research on drought resistance should focus on: Breeding for good seedling vigor. Material should be selected according to the ability of the seedlings to tolerate high temperatures and drought stress, and to resist soil crusting and compactness. Breeding for earliness. Water requirements of millet depend on crop duration (Dancette 1983); shortduration varieties therefore require less water. Duration of the crop has to be adjusted to that of the wet season, in collaboration with the agroclimatologists. Short-duration varieties stand a better chance of fitting in the period of adequate rainfall, but their use raises the problem of pests (diseases, insects, and birds) and postharvest treatment (Dancette 1976). The advantages of earliness should not obscure the importance of photoperiod sensitivity. Poor emergence due to soil crusting, sandstorms, pest attacks, or a sudden break in rainfall often compels farmers to replant two or three times. Sensitivity to daylength always ensures a certain yield irrespective of the date when the crop is replanted. Photoperiodsensitive varieties are also more tolerant to poor cropping conditions than photoperiod-insensitive varieties because tiller development is often blocked by flowering (Siband 1983, Lambert 1983). This mechanism should be studied in relation to adaptation factors to enable a better use of photoperiodsensitive material. The agroclimatologist plays an important role in this research area (Dancette 1980). Breeding for a good root system. This character enables a better use of the soil horizon at the end of the cropping season. Soils in West Africa are not deep (Stoop et al. 1982). Studies on rice (Ahmadi 1983) show that there is high genetic variability for different characteristics of the root system. Evaluation of the diversity in local millet cultivars will be undertaken once the drought-tolerance associated characters have been determined and an efficient evaluation method has been developed. Conclusion In West Africa, especially in the Sahelian Zone, environmental conditions are extremely difficult with very fragile soils, erratic rainfall, and resourcepoor farmers (Franquin 1984). Pearl millet is grown in this zone essentially as a food crop; only a small percentage is sold. In order to provide food for the constantly increasing population, the region must increase its crop production. Strategies should be relevant to the difficult conditions. Breeding programs should, parallel to the objective of improved yield potential, aim to stabilize production under the present cropping conditions through selection for good adaptability to resistance to soil crusting, resistance to pre- and postflowering drought, and good root system development. References Acheampong, E., Anishetty, M . , and Williams, J.T. 1984. World survey of sorghum and millet germplasm. Rome, Italy: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources. Ahmadi, M. 1983. Variabilite genetique et heredite du mecanismes de tolerance a la secheresse chez le riz Oryza sativa L. 1. Developpement du systeme racinaire. (In Fr.) Agronomie Tropicale 38(2): 110-117. Bilquez, A.F., and Lecomte, J. 1969. Relations entre mils sauvages et mils cultives: etude de l'hybride Pennisetum typhoides Stapf et Hubb. x Pennisetum violaccum L. (Rich.). (In Fr.) Agronomie Tropicale 24:249-257. Bilquez, A.F. 1975. Improvement of millet in Senegal: analytical summary of the main results obtained during the first four years of work. Dakar, Senegal: Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles. 79 pp. Blondel, D. 1971. Contribution a l'etude de la croissancematiere seche et de l'alimentation azotee des cereales de culture seche au Senegal. (In Fr.) Agronomie Tropicale 26:707-720. 103
Page 2 and 3:
Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
Page 4 and 5:
Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
Page 6 and 7:
Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
Page 8 and 9:
Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
Page 10 and 11:
tropical countries i t w i l l be v
Page 12:
Opening Session
Page 15 and 16:
globusum has globose caryopses, and
Page 17 and 18:
Area, Production, and Productivity:
Page 19 and 20:
area increased substantially in Raj
Page 21 and 22:
apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
Page 23 and 24:
Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
Page 25 and 26:
levels of adoption. The relative co
Page 27 and 28:
Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
Page 30 and 31:
Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
Page 32 and 33:
The poor performance in food produc
Page 34 and 35:
900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
Page 36 and 37:
population pressures in recent year
Page 38 and 39:
Economics of Millet Production In 1
Page 40 and 41:
ather than to yield increases, show
Page 42:
Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
Page 45 and 46:
making it possible to grow a number
Page 47 and 48:
in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
Page 49 and 50:
genome male-sterile lines, and A A
Page 51 and 52:
Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
Page 53 and 54:
Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
Page 55 and 56:
Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
Page 57 and 58:
Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
Page 60 and 61:
peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
Page 62 and 63:
Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
Page 64 and 65: properties for pearl millets. It is
Page 66 and 67: 54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
Page 68 and 69: the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
Page 70 and 71: Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
Page 72 and 73: Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
Page 75 and 76: Discussion The discussion of the pa
Page 77: Improvement through Plant Breeding
Page 81 and 82: Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
Page 83 and 84: with protruding grains, but in the
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
Page 87 and 88: lese millets constitute two distinc
Page 89 and 90: turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
Page 91 and 92: more to useful genetic diversificat
Page 93 and 94: Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108: Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
Page 109 and 110: the weedy form can significantly in
Page 111 and 112: Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
Page 113: Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
Page 117: Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
Page 120 and 121: Andrews 1984), there are operationa
Page 122 and 123: S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
Page 124 and 125: Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
Page 126 and 127: Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
Page 128 and 129: Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
Page 130 and 131: 6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133 and 134: Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
Page 135 and 136: Table 2. Early released hybrids in
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Performance of third phase
Page 139 and 140: Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141 and 142: Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 143 and 144: Senegal. This source is reported to
Page 145 and 146: possible solutions to produce high
Page 147 and 148: selected from IP 2696 has recently
Page 149: Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
Page 153: Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157: Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161: Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163: 2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165:
however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167:
Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169:
in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171:
Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173:
Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175:
(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177:
Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179:
ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181:
Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183:
References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185:
Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187:
Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189:
antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191:
Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193:
Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195:
Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
Page 196 and 197:
184
Page 198 and 199:
186
Page 200 and 201:
188
Page 202 and 203:
190
Page 204 and 205:
192
Page 206 and 207:
194
Page 208 and 209:
Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211:
eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213:
200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215:
Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217:
References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220:
Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222:
located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224:
They are not strong competitors in
Page 225:
Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229:
Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233:
much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235:
over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237:
224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239:
The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241:
228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243:
Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246:
Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248:
Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250:
• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252:
in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254:
ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256:
stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257:
Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261:
919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263:
Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265:
Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268:
Management Practices to Increase Yi
Page 269 and 270:
1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
Page 271 and 272:
a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274:
Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276:
tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278:
as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280:
Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282:
Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284:
15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286:
Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288:
Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290:
Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291:
Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296:
Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298:
Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300:
La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302:
processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304:
Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306:
Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308:
cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310:
Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312:
of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314:
Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316:
available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318:
Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320:
with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322:
Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324:
diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326:
Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328:
promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330:
69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331:
un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336:
Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338:
• those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340:
Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341:
ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346:
Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348:
Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350:
Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352:
Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353:
Table 12. Production area and produ
Page 357 and 358:
Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
Page 359 and 360:
Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
Page 361 and 362:
M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
Page 363 and 364:
S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
Page 365 and 366:
ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
Page 367 and 368:
RA-00110
show all

RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?