RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Guerguera, P 3 Kolo, and Tamangagi. In 1974, the S,s from these cultivars were recombined to produce the composite CIVT. In Mali, the same selection method was applied to two late cultivars, M 5 and M 9 , and two early cultivars, M 2 D 2 and N K K . Poor results led to this breeding program being discontinued. In Burkina Faso, the populations used were M 9 , M 1 2 D 9 , and Dori millet. M I 2 D 9 showed a definite yield advantage compared to the original population. Conclusion: Improving Local Varieties The programs to improve local varieties have been successful in most countries. However, the new varieties have not reached their full potential in farmers' fields (Matlon 1985), and their acceptance has been limited in most countries. Those that have been more successful have been or are being released (HKP and CIVT in Niger, M 2 D 2 and M 9 D 3 in Mali, and Souna 3 in Senegal). This slow spread can be attributed to several factors. The improved varieties showed marginal superiority when compared to the local controls in farmers' fields. Monitoring by extension services was inadequate; their potential was not fully exploited. Improvement of local cultivars is extremely complicated, especially in a center of diversity where each ecotype remains location specific. The broad range of environmental variation almost requires breeding material for each location. Moreover, the pearl millet breeding program, unlike those for rice, cotton, and groundnut, had severely limited material and human resources to carry out its work (Bono 1962). Improvement of Grain/Straw Ratio By the late 1960s, breeding programs were working to reduce the grain/straw ratio by shortening the stem, which is particularly long in most African cultivars. Landraces are characterized by abundant vegetative development (Jacquinot 1972). While this is an advantage (hardiness, adaptation to rudimentary techniques) in traditional farming, it becomes a limiting factor when cropping is intensified because it affects plant response to inputs (Etasse 1972). In tall varieties, the number of heads m -2 rarely exceeds 8-10 (Chantereau and Etasse 1976), but when it does, there is risk of lodging. In wet areas, under adequate cropping conditions (cultural techniques), straw production can rise to 15-20 t for 1.8-2.5 t of grain (Jacquinot 1972). This implies a high rate of mineral mobilization that is disproportionate to the grain yield. In a study comparing the nitrogen requirements of different species, the species producing less straw used the absorbed nitrogen most effectively (Blondel 1971). It was evident from this study and others conducted with other cereals, that the limiting factors to increased production were related to the plant structure of the landraces. Therefore, selection of varieties with low straw production is essential to intensify pearl millet cultivation. I R A T attempted to reduce straw production by transferring the dwarfness gene d 2 from the line 125 to local cultivars. 125 is an introduction from India, with less foliage, good tillering habit, and vigorous heading. The gene was transferred to cultivars Souna (Senegal), Haini Kirei Normal (Niger), Ex Bornu (Nigeria), and N K K from Seno (Mali). The program to breed dwarf populations by backcrossing was started in 1968 in Senegal and continued in Niger, Burkina Faso, and Mali. Apart from reduced height, the new pearl millet varieties were expected to have a medium tillering potential, upright structure suited to denser plant stands, and tolerance to local pests and diseases. Stages in the Improvement of the Grain/Straw Ratio In Senegal, the dwarf line I 25 was crossed with the improved local cultivar Souna 2. The resulting 1/2 Souna was selected for mildew resistance until 1973. Certain lines were taken from this program to serve as parents in the Niger and Mali programs. Because of mildew and smut susceptibility and poor heading in 1/2 Souna, it was decided to develop another population, without these defects. This was 3/4 Souna. After 1973, the entire breeding program was moved to the Tarna Station in Niger, where dwarf populations 3/4 Haini Kirei and 3/4 Ex Bornu were developed. A trial comparing the local 1/2 and 3/4 populations confirmed a 50% increase in individual grain mass in 3/4 Souna compared to 1/2 Souna. After 1974, the three dwarf populations were further selected for uniform agronomic characters. In Mali, dwarf population 3/4 seno was obtained from variety N K K in 1976. Cumulative recurrent selection was aimed at eliminating the major defects (unsuitable crop duration, staggered flowering, and smut and mildew susceptibility). 100
Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 populations at six test locations in West Africa. Test locations Entries Tarna, Niger Kolo, Niger Bambey, Senegal Sotuba, Mali Seno, Mali Gorom, Burkina Faso Average 3/4 Souna 1901 3/4 Haini Kirei 2025 3/4 Ex Bornu 2050 1794 1732 1815 2611 944 2865 1214 2962 1492 1065 1204 1492 715 884 675 1506 1654 1693 Local control 1647 1877 2279 405 1456 856 1420 Source: Chantereau at al. 1977. Apart from the I<strong>RA</strong>T-sponsored program, breeding work was carried out by the Groupement d'Amelioration du M i l ( G A M ) , which also focused on the development of more advanced dwarf varieties using the heterosis effect. International regional trials of the local 3/4 dwarf populations were conducted by I R A T in 1975 (Table 4). Results were promising only in Bambey. High pest incidence on the comparatively early dwarf material reduced yields at other locations. At Sotuba, Mali, pest attack was also responsible for low yields of the control variety. However, some progress was made because there is a definite increase in the unit area production although the grain/ straw ratio is lower than the control (Table 5). From 1980-82 a trial comparing three dwarf millets, three tall improved varieties, and one tall local cultivar, was conducted at Tarna, Niger. One plot received 10 t ha -1 manure, the other plot received no organic fertilizer. Plant spacing was 0.8 x 0.4 m (31 250 hills ha -1 ) for dwarf millets and 1 x 1 m (10000 hills ha -1 ) for tall millets. Mineral fertilizer was applied at the rate of 100 kg ha -1 of supersingle phosphate during tillage operations, and 100 kg ha -1 of urea at thinning (3 plants hill - 1 ) (Table 6). C I V T was superior with yields 135% higher than the control Zongo. This cultivar had already been released in high-rainfall areas. Dwarf 3/4 HK and the dwarf Tarna composite, although input-intensive, yielded satisfactorily on soils with no manure treatment. They did not differ greatly from the control. Tall, very early H K P outyielded all entries at 139% of the control. In retrospect, the program's stress on dwarf material is questionable. The need for such material would be justified with intensive cultivation (heavy fertilization, high density, and mechanization), but these conditions rarely exist in the target zone. If the objective was to improve the grain/ straw ratio, local Table 5. Comparison of the unit area production and grain/dry matter production of dwarf and local populations. Entries 3/4 Souna 3/4 Haini Kirei 3/4 Ex Bornu Local control Grain mass m -2 (g) 181 196 208 155 (%/ control) 117 126 134 100 (g) Grain mass per head 23.8 24.3 24.0 43.8 (%/ control) 54 55 55 100 Table 6. Yields from a nontreated plot with no organic matter application in a comparative trial at Tarna. Entries Dwarf composite 3/4 Haini Kirei 3/4 Seno CIVT HKP Composite Zongo Control (Local Zongo) Rainfall (mm) 1980 1620 1600 1640 1820 1610 1490 1600 511 Yield (kg ha -1 ) 1981 1350 1350 1260 1520 1360 1390 1250 412 1982 1520 1560 1380 1800 1840 1490 1260 286 cultivars offer sufficient variability for height. The breeding effort would then have been more productive, since the problem of adaptation with the 1/2 and 3/4 material would not arise. Reserves accumulated in the stems can also be used by leads during drought stress, as demonstrated for maize (Duncan 1975) and rice (Reyniers et al. 1982). Straw production in a 75-day dwarf millet 101
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
Page 62 and 63: Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
Page 64 and 65: properties for pearl millets. It is
Page 66 and 67: 54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
Page 68 and 69: the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
Page 70 and 71: Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
Page 72 and 73: Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
Page 75 and 76: Discussion The discussion of the pa
Page 77: Improvement through Plant Breeding
Page 81 and 82: Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
Page 83 and 84: with protruding grains, but in the
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
Page 87 and 88: lese millets constitute two distinc
Page 89 and 90: turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
Page 91 and 92: more to useful genetic diversificat
Page 93 and 94: Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108: Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
Page 109 and 110: the weedy form can significantly in
Page 111: Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
Page 115 and 116: ased on selection of drought-resist
Page 117: Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
Page 120 and 121: Andrews 1984), there are operationa
Page 122 and 123: S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
Page 124 and 125: Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
Page 126 and 127: Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
Page 128 and 129: Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
Page 130 and 131: 6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133 and 134: Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
Page 135 and 136: Table 2. Early released hybrids in
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Performance of third phase
Page 139 and 140: Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141 and 142: Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 143 and 144: Senegal. This source is reported to
Page 145 and 146: possible solutions to produce high
Page 147 and 148: selected from IP 2696 has recently
Page 149: Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
Page 153: Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157: Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161: Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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186
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188
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190
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192
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194
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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