RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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tropical countries i t w i l l be very expensive to satisfy this demand unless millet can become bread. A n d this, too, the politicians recognize, and they w i l l support whether efforts can be made to decrease the cost of g i v i n g people the food that they demand. So here is something else for the millet scientists to do. D o n ' t ask me how y o u do it. Y o u k n o w far better than I do. I am just telling y o u it's got to be done. N o w let me say a few words about I C R I S A T . M o s t of y o u k n o w I C R I S A T . M o s t of y o u have been here before. Some of y o u come here everyday. I C R I S A T was created in 1972, specifically to deal w i t h some issues that had arisen f r o m the success of the so-called green revolution. I C R I S A T was created to try to provide significant improvements in the livelihoods of the people w h o were not able to benefit f r o m those increases in the p r o d u c t i o n of irrigated rice and wheat; for the people in the dry lands, and particularly the dry lands of the semi-arid tropics, where vast number of people occupy 11 % of the earth surface and depend to a large extent u p o n the food products that they produce for themselves. I C R I S A T has been charged w i t h the responsibility to develop technologies for i m p r o v i n g the major food cereals and legume crops of the semi-arid tropics. Over the years I C R I S A T has developed into a sizeable research institute w i t h its headquarters in Hyderabad where a great deal of our w o r k is done, but w i t h significant programs in other parts of the w o r l d , particularly in Africa. W i t h pearl millet over the years, we have generated diverse breeding material largely resistant to downy mildew. We have developed and released open-pollinated varieties w i t h resistance to t w o or more diseases. We have not done m u c h yet w i t h insect resistance. We have developed and transferred to scientists of the national programs field screening methodologies for stress tolerence and resistance; we have shown the possibilities of connecting high yield to improved protein in the crop. We have developed an understanding of how pearl millet tolerates environmental stresses, and perhaps most i m p o r t a n t l y we are w o r k i n g w i t h the scientists of the national programs in an effective network of international cooperation. The successes I have mentioned have been taken f r o m statements in our 10-year plan w h i c h also w i l l tell you some of the things that we hope to do in the future. We hope to improve upon what we have done to complete some of those tasks which are incomplete and to serve the w o r l d better. Recently we have decided to reorganize the management in I C R I S A T . The present Director o f Research, D r . J.S. Kanwar, who w i l l be w i t h us later i n the week w i l l become the D e p u t y D i r e c t o r General of the Institute. We w i l l establish three Program Directorates for cereals, legumes and resource management. I am pleased, at this time, to i n f o r m y o u that the C h a i r m a n o f this session D r . J . M . J . de Wet w i l l be j o i n i n g I C R I S A T i n June to become the P r o g r a m Director for Cereals at I C R I S A T Center. R . W . Gibbons w h o is sitting here quietly learning about pearl millet as fast as he can, is going to become Executive Director of I C R I S A T for West A f r i c a located at the I C R I S A T Sahelian Center in Niamey, Niger and L . R . House, w h o is not here today, w i l l hold a similar Executive Director's post for southern Africa. These changes w i l l help us strengthen the relationship between the various parts o f I C R I S A T but also provide to our programs in West and southern Africa greater autonomy and greater o p p o r t u n i - ties to cooperate effectively w i t h the national programs of the regions in which they are w o r k i n g . I C R I S A T Center research on pearl millet w i l l i n the future move away f r o m its present applied character, towards more strategic research, but the applied research i n A f r i c a w i l l be strengthened and w i l l be given more opportunities to produce improved genetic materials in partnership w i t h the national agricultural research scientists. I hope that this workshop w i l l w o r k out a global p r o g r a m o f research for pearl millet i n which I C R I S A T w i l l f u l f i l its role and the national agricultural research programs w i l l f u l f i l theirs i n effective partnership relations. The International A g r i c u l t u r a l Research Centers are searching for better ways to participate w i t h national programs and any suggestions that y o u have as to how this can be done w i l l be greatly welcomed. F i n a l l y i t is m y pleasure t o inaugurate this pearl millet w orkshop. I hope that a l l o f y o u w i l l contribute fully to the discussions, t h i n k hard about what needs to be done, about h o w we can w o r k together to better benefit those many, many millions of people w h o depend u p o n this important crop. T h a n k y o u very m u c h . x
Welcome Address D.J. Andrews 1 On behalf of Dr. Glenn Vollmar, director of I N T S O R M I L , I welcome you to this joint International Pearl Millet Workshop with ICRISAT. On a personal note, it is a pleasure for me to be back among the pearl millet scientists. While the name ICRISAT is well known to most of you, I should take a moment to explain I N T S O R M I L : the International Sorghum and Pearl Millet Collaborative Research Support Program, it is one of a number of CRSPs, all funded by USAID through Title X I I of the Higher Education Assistance Act of the U.S. Congress. This act aims to mobilize the research and teaching capacities of U.S. land-grant universities in collaborative research and training projects with developing countries. I N T S O R M I L began in 1979, and includes some 35 scientists in the disciplines of breeding, pathology, entomology, physiology, plant nutrition, food quality and nutritive value, and socioeconomics in six universities: Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Nebraska, Purdue, and Texas A & M . While I N T S O R M I L has collaborative research projects in a number of countries, it has staff in Botswana, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Niger, and Sudan. Over 100 students have received graduate training. While pearl millet is not yet a commercial grain crop in the U.S. (although we believe it can be developed into one), it is receiving considerable attention in I N T S O R M I L . This builds on the previous U S A I D initiative of funding pearl millet breeding at Kansas State University, begun in 1971. ICRISAT and I N T S O R M I L obviously have common interests and seek to develop complementary research, for example, the proposed collaborative research on the problems of sorghum and millet production on the acid soils in the SADCC region. This workshop is the most recent in a number of workshops jointly sponsored by ICRISAT and INTSORMIL. Workshops like this are fundamental to the progress of research on the crop. We need to plan future joint research. I am sure you will go home from this meeting not only with renewed enthusiasm knowing what is possible with this very interesting plant with new ideas for your own research, but also with the ultimate aim we all have: to find ways for farmers to reliably produce more food from this important crop. Without further preamble, let me once again welcome you to this Workshop. 1. Plant Breeder, 279, Plant Sciences, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0910, USA. xi
Page 2 and 3: Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
Page 4 and 5: Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
Page 6 and 7: Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
Page 8 and 9: Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
Page 12: Opening Session
Page 15 and 16: globusum has globose caryopses, and
Page 17 and 18: Area, Production, and Productivity:
Page 19 and 20: area increased substantially in Raj
Page 21 and 22: apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
Page 23 and 24: Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
Page 25 and 26: levels of adoption. The relative co
Page 27 and 28: Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
Page 30 and 31: Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
Page 32 and 33: The poor performance in food produc
Page 34 and 35: 900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
Page 36 and 37: population pressures in recent year
Page 38 and 39: Economics of Millet Production In 1
Page 40 and 41: ather than to yield increases, show
Page 42: Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
Page 45 and 46: making it possible to grow a number
Page 47 and 48: in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
Page 49 and 50: genome male-sterile lines, and A A
Page 51 and 52: Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
Page 53 and 54: Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
Page 55 and 56: Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
Page 57 and 58: Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
Page 60 and 61:
peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
Page 62 and 63:
Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
Page 64 and 65:
properties for pearl millets. It is
Page 66 and 67:
54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
Page 68 and 69:
the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
Page 70 and 71:
Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
Page 72 and 73:
Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
Page 75 and 76:
Discussion The discussion of the pa
Page 77:
Improvement through Plant Breeding
Page 81 and 82:
Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
Page 137 and 138:
Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141 and 142:
Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 143 and 144:
Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
Page 149:
Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157:
Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161:
Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181:
Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183:
References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185:
Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191:
Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193:
Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195:
Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
Page 198 and 199:
186
Page 200 and 201:
188
Page 202 and 203:
190
Page 204 and 205:
192
Page 206 and 207:
194
Page 208 and 209:
Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215:
Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217:
References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222:
located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224:
They are not strong competitors in
Page 225:
Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229:
Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233:
much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239:
The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243:
Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246:
Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248:
Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250:
• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256:
stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257:
Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263:
Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265:
Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268:
Management Practices to Increase Yi
Page 269 and 270:
1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
Page 271 and 272:
a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274:
Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276:
tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278:
as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280:
Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282:
Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286:
Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290:
Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296:
Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298:
Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300:
La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302:
processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306:
Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308:
cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312:
of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314:
Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316:
available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318:
Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336:
Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340:
Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341:
ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346:
Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348:
Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350:
Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352:
Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353:
Table 12. Production area and produ
Page 357 and 358:
Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
Page 361 and 362:
M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
Page 363 and 364:
S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
Page 365 and 366:
ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
Page 367 and 368:
RA-00110
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