Air Traffic Management Concept Baseline Definition - The Boeing ...
Air Traffic Management Concept Baseline Definition - The Boeing ... Air Traffic Management Concept Baseline Definition - The Boeing ...
3 The ATM System Functional Structure This section discusses the primary functions involved in air traffic management and presents a framework through which their performance can be related to the system metrics of capacity, efficiency and safety. A top level functional structure for air traffic management is presented in Section 3.2, along with a discussion of current roles and responsibilities of system agents. Section 3.2 takes a close look at flow management and traffic separation, and at the performance factors that combine to provide a safe minimum separation standard for a given operation. Section 3.3 details the technical and operational changes that are likely to be needed to support the system capacity, efficiency and safety goals for 2015. Section 3.4 presents an overview of the CNS/ATM technologies that are likely to be needed to support the new operational concept. Section 3.5 discusses the airspace implications of the proposed operational improvements, Section 3.6 discusses airport impact, and Section 3.7 takes a brief look at Flight Service Stations. 3.1 Air Traffic Management Objectives The air traffic management component of the NAS is a very complex system whose primary objective is to safely and efficiently accommodate the demand for flight through U.S. airspace. Figure 3.1 illustrates a top level view of the system, showing air traffic demand as the primary input, traffic flow as the output, disturbances as unwanted inputs, and capacity as the system resource that allows traffic to flow. Capacity Disturbances Traffic Demand Air Traffic Flow Management Process Traffic Flow Figure 3.1 The Air Traffic Management System System capacity in this report is used to denote the theoretical maximum flow rate supported by the separation standard. Throughput is the rate of flow that is realized in operation, which is never more than the system capacity, and often considerably less due to the need to accommodate operational uncertainty and disturbances without compromising safety. Efficiency is a measure of how close the real operation is to achieving ideal flight, which is influenced partly by the balance between capacity and demand, and partly by airspace restrictions such as special use airspace. The primary capacity objective is to maximize flow rate, up to the actual traffic demand. This goal is challenging due to several factors: 26
• The highly peaked nature of air traffic demand, caused by passenger desired travel times and airline hubbing operations • The diversity of aircraft performance capabilities • Competing objectives among system stakeholders The primary safety objective of air traffic management is to assure safe separation between aircraft (and ground vehicles) on the airport surface and in the airspace. The system efficiency objective is to minimize the cost of operating flights through the system, both under normal conditions, and in the face of disruptions due to weather or other causes. 3.1.1 Capacity and Safety The capacity of the air traffic management system is fundamentally bounded by the separation standards in effect for the airspace. Thompson (1997) reviews the history of the development of airspace separation standards and states that the standards for radar controlled airspace have evolved slowly and are not based on a formal model of collision risk. By contrast, the separation standards in MNPS airspace in the North Atlantic were developed through use of a collision risk model developed by Reich (1966). Reich’s model takes into account only the aircraft’s guidance and navigation error characteristics, due to the absence of air traffic surveillance in oceanic airspace. The model includes a parameter that defines collision risk, and the use of the model involves a decision to accept a certain value for this risk parameter. System capacity, and therefore throughput, are bound up in the definition of separation standards, and thus to accommodate the demand for growth in the NAS through 2015 it is fundamentally important that a rational approach to separation standards development be put in place. Risk management is at the heart of this process, which must find an acceptable balance between collision risk and airspace throughput through a clear definition of a collision risk parameter for controlled airspace. The process of establishing separation standards must include a model of the nominal system performance, along with failure modes and effects, all of which combine to provide a certain probability of spatial overlap of pairs of aircraft. The factors that contribute to the performance of the separation assurance function are discussed in more detail in Section 3.2.6. 3.1.2 Throughput and Efficiency It is important to consider the relationship between throughput and efficiency in the current system. There is a need on part of system users to retain a certain level of flexibility in routing to achieve an efficient operation. But, when considering that current separation assurance methods are fundamentally based on a controller’s highly tuned knowledge of a sector and its fixed path geometry, it becomes apparent that flexibility could have a negative impact on airspace throughput. In addition, a controller handles more aircraft by assuming that pilots stick to their assigned trajectories with a high probability. 27
- Page 1 and 2: Air Traffic Management Concept Base
- Page 3 and 4: Executive Summary This report prese
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3 <strong>The</strong> ATM System Functional Structure<br />
This section discusses the primary functions involved in air traffic management and<br />
presents a framework through which their performance can be related to the system<br />
metrics of capacity, efficiency and safety. A top level functional structure for air traffic<br />
management is presented in Section 3.2, along with a discussion of current roles and<br />
responsibilities of system agents. Section 3.2 takes a close look at flow management and<br />
traffic separation, and at the performance factors that combine to provide a safe minimum<br />
separation standard for a given operation. Section 3.3 details the technical and operational<br />
changes that are likely to be needed to support the system capacity, efficiency and safety<br />
goals for 2015. Section 3.4 presents an overview of the CNS/ATM technologies that are<br />
likely to be needed to support the new operational concept. Section 3.5 discusses the<br />
airspace implications of the proposed operational improvements, Section 3.6 discusses<br />
airport impact, and Section 3.7 takes a brief look at Flight Service Stations.<br />
3.1 <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Traffic</strong> <strong>Management</strong> Objectives<br />
<strong>The</strong> air traffic management component of the NAS is a very complex system whose<br />
primary objective is to safely and efficiently accommodate the demand for flight through<br />
U.S. airspace. Figure 3.1 illustrates a top level view of the system, showing air traffic<br />
demand as the primary input, traffic flow as the output, disturbances as unwanted inputs,<br />
and capacity as the system resource that allows traffic to flow.<br />
Capacity<br />
Disturbances<br />
<strong>Traffic</strong> Demand<br />
<strong>Air</strong> <strong>Traffic</strong><br />
Flow <strong>Management</strong><br />
Process<br />
<strong>Traffic</strong> Flow<br />
Figure 3.1 <strong>The</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Traffic</strong> <strong>Management</strong> System<br />
System capacity in this report is used to denote the theoretical maximum flow rate<br />
supported by the separation standard. Throughput is the rate of flow that is realized in<br />
operation, which is never more than the system capacity, and often considerably less due<br />
to the need to accommodate operational uncertainty and disturbances without<br />
compromising safety. Efficiency is a measure of how close the real operation is to<br />
achieving ideal flight, which is influenced partly by the balance between capacity and<br />
demand, and partly by airspace restrictions such as special use airspace.<br />
<strong>The</strong> primary capacity objective is to maximize flow rate, up to the actual traffic demand.<br />
This goal is challenging due to several factors:<br />
26