DTIS, Volume I - Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF)

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workers in comparable grades. Tourist resorts are by law restricted to employing a maximum of 50 per cent expatriate staff, but there is evidence that adherence to this limit is not widely respected. Statistics on national employment in the private sector do not exist, however, MATI and the MTCV estimate that as much as 13,990 Maldivians, constituting 14 per cent of the labour force, is employed directly in the tourism sector. There is also indirect employment from tourism in such areas as construction, air and sea transport, retailing, and government services such as customs, immigration, airports, etc. The Ministry of Higher Education, Employment, Labour and Social Security estimates the multiplier effect to be in the range of 4-5. But a more realistic estimate is a multiplier of 1-2, though no accurate information is available. It is noteworthy that VPA-2 found that households with one or more members working in the tourism sector are more likely to escape poverty than other households. As in the fishery sector, there is a clear gender bias in tourism sector employment. According to the available data, there are less than 200 Maldivian women and only about 350 expatriate women working in the tourism industry in 2003. This is an extremely low proportion and is in sharp contrast to many other countries where women workers dominate the tourism sector. Cultural and religious norms are part of the explanation. However, the situation may also be attributed to the special characteristic of Maldivian tourism in which almost self-contained resort islands is the dominant feature. Workers on these islands are usually expected to live on site for up to 11 months of the year in quarters, which were built to accommodate single men, rather than women and families. The gender bias in tourism employment patterns is also reflected in enrolment of women for training in hospitality and tourism studies provided by the FHTS of the Maldives College of Higher Education. From very low levels in the late 1980s when the FHTS was established, the enrolment of women has now risen to about a quarter of all enrolments. Women trainees are typically enrolled in courses related to hotel front office functions including reception, management, administration, as well as catering services. III. Trade Implications The Maldives has experienced significant reduction in absolute poverty. But levels of vulnerability and inequality are dynamic with the atolls at greater risk than Male’, the capital. While priority needs to be given to improving household welfare in the northern atolls, a major policy challenge is not only to design programmes to elevate the poor, but also to prevent the non-poor from sliding back into poverty. The most vulnerable group is known to be women, who also experience the highest rate of unemployment. The main trade implications of the country’s prevailing poverty profile is that as a small, tradedependent economy, sustainable employment creation in the export sectors is required to consolidate gains that have been made in poverty reduction and human development. 49
This also requires policies that take account of labour market rigidities including shortage of relevant skills. These issues are taken up in greater detail in subsequent chapters Notwithstanding the narrow resource base of the economy, limited land availability and small internal market, there are a number of possibilities for sustainable employment generation in the Maldives. Among primary activities, a more diversified fishery sector including modernized processing activities can help to create culture-friendly employment in the atolls, including among women. The production of horticulture products especially for tourism sector also holds potential as an income generating activity, especially for marginalized groups. Aquaculture, processing of agricultural products, poultry farming, and further development of handicraft-related activities are all culture-friendly employment possibilities that require strong policy support measures. Among tertiary activities, there is also scope for enhancing the spill over effects of the tourism sector including through a more focused supply response to the demand created by the resorts for a range of hospitality-related skills. The development of the transport, communications, ports and logistics sectors is critical for the core fishery and tourism sectors in terms of delivering efficient services, reducing transaction cost and improving productivity. 50
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FINAL R E P O R T Volume 1 MALDIVES
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GSP HACCP HDFC HDI HIES HH HRD HS I
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TRIPS TRTA TSA TTMP UAE UK UNCTAD U
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CHAPTER 6: CUSTOMS SERVICES AND TRA
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major stakeholders as the basis of
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C. ECONOMIC TRENDS Buoyant GDP grow
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WTO members (through the Committee
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The recommendations cover these iss
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Requirements Action no. Action reco
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Requirements Action no. Action reco
Page 21 and 22: Requirements Action no. Action reco
Page 23 and 24: Requirements Action no. Action reco
Page 25 and 26: government, and lawmakers are elect
Page 27 and 28: . 4
Page 29 and 30: to Sri Lanka. However, by 2004 the
Page 31 and 32: This relatively high proportion of
Page 33 and 34: On an annual basis, total NFA of th
Page 35 and 36: elow provides data on the public in
Page 37 and 38: According to the estimates prepared
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.8: Damage to agricultural f
Page 41 and 42: II. Imports - Merchandise There has
Page 43 and 44: the relatively high rate of unemplo
Page 45 and 46: A. DESTINATION OF MERCHANDISE EXPOR
Page 47 and 48: Penetration of international market
Page 49 and 50: Overall, the importance of foreign
Page 51 and 52: on goods deemed luxury goods (e.g.
Page 53 and 54: the Japan and USA markets. 11 Fish
Page 55 and 56: The Modalities provide that the res
Page 57 and 58: emoved. However, in order to provid
Page 59 and 60: EBA. Appropriate transition arrange
Page 61 and 62: Several provisions such as Article
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 4 POVERTY REDUCTION AND HUM
Page 65 and 66: Table 4.2: Poverty Gap Ratios per R
Page 67 and 68: produced locally and are readily av
Page 69 and 70: commerce, information and communica
Page 71: Table 4.3: Fishery Sector employmen
Page 75 and 76: with routine functions of administe
Page 77 and 78: Applying for a license to invest in
Page 79 and 80: E. MINISTRY OF FISHERIES, AGRICULTU
Page 81 and 82: K. PRIVATE SECTOR STAKEHOLDERS Priv
Page 83 and 84: Overall, it is estimated that the c
Page 85 and 86: The cash is held and disbursed by t
Page 87 and 88: difficult to reach given the except
Page 89 and 90: system of micro-credit intermediari
Page 91 and 92: F. LAND, RAW MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
Page 93 and 94: B. LABOUR MARKET REFORM About 44 pe
Page 95 and 96: Appendix The mixed record of the Ma
Page 97 and 98: legislation incorporates the initia
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 6 CUSTOMS SERVICES AND TRAN
Page 101 and 102: Maldives Port Authority • Respons
Page 103 and 104: the correct amount of customs duty
Page 105 and 106: suspense procedures, thus eliminati
Page 107 and 108: A new domestic terminal at MIA will
Page 109 and 110: There is need to clarify MAC’s na
Page 111 and 112: Changes in the role and structure o
Page 113 and 114: Significant improvements have been
Page 115 and 116: CHAPTER 7 THE TOURISM SECTOR Chapte
Page 117 and 118: British market in 2001. In 2004, be
Page 119 and 120: Similarly, considerable demand was
Page 121 and 122: for imports of support infrastructu
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government revenues from the supply
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number of trainees that have been t
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established as a quality tourism de
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Maldives' unspoiled marine environm
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The Faculty works very closely with
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TOURISM ACT A key objective of the
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HRD studies and conduct of necessar
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D. ESTABLISH AN ENABLING BUSINESS E
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Main Recommendation No. 5: review a
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Main Recommendation No. 6: Scale-up
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CHAPTER 8 FISHERY SECTOR Chapter Pl
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processing under-performing more th
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per cent - see Table 8.4. The secto
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In the light of these market trends
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documentation, and administration.
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monitoring and evaluation dates fro
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and catering industry chefs demand
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It is expected that the trial fishe
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• Can seaming and retorting; •
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DTIS, Volume I - Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF)

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