DTIS, Volume I - Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF)

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On the other hand, 32 out of the 49 per cent of the poor in 1997 managed to escape poverty during the period and were non-poor in 2004. A similar pattern at the Rf. 10 poverty line further demonstrates that income poverty is a very limited phenomenon. Focusing only on changes in levels of absolute of poverty does not tell the whole story. These large movements of households over seven years between the different income categories clearly indicate that income poverty is a far more dynamic concept than is usually assumed. It also implies that it is not only important to design programmes to elevate the poor, but it is equally necessary to prevent the non-poor from sliding back into poverty. The most vulnerable group identified were single mothers with a several children, the majority of whom would be girls. II. Poverty and Access Issues Sustainable poverty reduction and human development require expanding access to basic human needs such as health, nutrition, water, energy, communications, transport, education and employment. Access to these needs shape the ability of households both as producers and consumers to function in the society and economy at large. The distribution of access is therefore a key factor determining the potential as well as the capacity for trade development. Broadly speaking, access is well distributed in the Maldives but there are gaps. Unemployment in particular is at worrisome levels. A. HEALTH In general there has been an improvement in the health situation and in access to health facilities, but at a high cost due to the dispersed population. The policy of relocating sections of the population living on relatively remote islands in more populated areas has served to improve the quality and cost effectiveness of social and health infrastructure delivery. The VPA-2 found that medical services are extended to most islands. In Male’ there is 100 per cent access to health care. On the atolls it is 62 per cent. The Maldives has so far not been seriously affected by HIV/AIDS except for a few cases related to the maritime transport industry. On the other hand, the declining population growth rate is a concern. According to the VPA-2, thus has dropped from 2.7 per cent in 1997 to 1.1 per cent in 2004. B. NUTRITION AND WATER Malnutrition has been found to be widespread in the country, but has improved over the last seven years as both stunting (low height for age) and wasting (low weight for age) has declined. Gender disparities in stunting and wasting have also improved (where girls clearly suffered more in 1997). According to the VPA, malnutrition on the islands is not specifically related to poverty but more to dietary habits. Diets on the islands are simple and rather uniform. The main staple food is fish, mostly skipjack tuna, rice, few vegetables and fruit such as coconut and banana. These food items (except rice) are 43
produced locally and are readily available at reasonable cost. All other food items are imported and are more expensive. A food security policy is rigorously implemented. The State Trade Organization (STO) plays a role in importing staple food items (e.g., rice, cooking oil, sugar etc.) and maintains a four-month supply stock. The tsunami had a devastating impact on this stock as many warehouses experienced flooding. The entire population has access to clean drinking water. For 90 per cent of the atoll population and 20 per cent of Male’ inhabitants, rainwater is the main source. It is collected in tanks, which on the atolls are mostly privately owned. Male’ residents also have access to desalinated water. C. ENERGY Electricity is the main mode of energy supply. According to the VPA, all inhabited islands had some form of electricity supply in terms of diesel-powered generators, either provided by the public-owned State Electricity Company (STELCO) or by communityowned powerhouses. The capital region, Male’, Hulhumale’ and Villingili islands, has an interconnected grid From 1997 to 2004 the atoll average for island population with access to electricity increased from 91 per cent to almost 100 per cent. Only on two islands, namely Hathifushi on Haa Alifu (population 132), and Faridhoo on Haa Dhaalu (population 124) was electricity available for less than six hours a day. D. COMMUNICATION Good communications infrastructure and facilities are of key importance for the functioning of any public or business organization. For the Maldives, with its highly dispersed population and insularity, priority has been given to the development of the telecommunications infrastructure over the past decade. By 1998, all islands were connected to the fixed telephone system, meaning that at least one payphone booth was in operation. The sub-sector with the most significant growth has been that of mobile telephony. The number of subscribers increased from 66,000 at the end of 2003 to 113,000 at the end of 2004. By mid 2005 the number of mobile customers was 130,000, and it is estimated that the number will grow to 165,000 by the end of 2005. The customs data also shows import of 53,000 mobile phones with a total import value of Rf. 81.4 million in 2004. This figure does not include personal imports of mobile phones. E. TRANSPORT Transport is mainly based on diesel-powered passenger boats, the dhoni, which most islanders use to travel between islands. Population dispersion and the small size of many inhabited islands make transport a perennial cause of concern in the Maldives. To this 44
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FINAL R E P O R T Volume 1 MALDIVES
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GSP HACCP HDFC HDI HIES HH HRD HS I
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TRIPS TRTA TSA TTMP UAE UK UNCTAD U
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CHAPTER 6: CUSTOMS SERVICES AND TRA
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major stakeholders as the basis of
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C. ECONOMIC TRENDS Buoyant GDP grow
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WTO members (through the Committee
Page 15 and 16: The recommendations cover these iss
Page 17 and 18: Requirements Action no. Action reco
Page 25 and 26: government, and lawmakers are elect
Page 27 and 28: . 4
Page 29 and 30: to Sri Lanka. However, by 2004 the
Page 31 and 32: This relatively high proportion of
Page 33 and 34: On an annual basis, total NFA of th
Page 35 and 36: elow provides data on the public in
Page 37 and 38: According to the estimates prepared
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.8: Damage to agricultural f
Page 41 and 42: II. Imports - Merchandise There has
Page 43 and 44: the relatively high rate of unemplo
Page 45 and 46: A. DESTINATION OF MERCHANDISE EXPOR
Page 47 and 48: Penetration of international market
Page 49 and 50: Overall, the importance of foreign
Page 51 and 52: on goods deemed luxury goods (e.g.
Page 53 and 54: the Japan and USA markets. 11 Fish
Page 55 and 56: The Modalities provide that the res
Page 57 and 58: emoved. However, in order to provid
Page 59 and 60: EBA. Appropriate transition arrange
Page 61 and 62: Several provisions such as Article
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 4 POVERTY REDUCTION AND HUM
Page 65: Table 4.2: Poverty Gap Ratios per R
Page 69 and 70: commerce, information and communica
Page 71 and 72: Table 4.3: Fishery Sector employmen
Page 73 and 74: This also requires policies that ta
Page 75 and 76: with routine functions of administe
Page 77 and 78: Applying for a license to invest in
Page 79 and 80: E. MINISTRY OF FISHERIES, AGRICULTU
Page 81 and 82: K. PRIVATE SECTOR STAKEHOLDERS Priv
Page 83 and 84: Overall, it is estimated that the c
Page 85 and 86: The cash is held and disbursed by t
Page 87 and 88: difficult to reach given the except
Page 89 and 90: system of micro-credit intermediari
Page 91 and 92: F. LAND, RAW MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
Page 93 and 94: B. LABOUR MARKET REFORM About 44 pe
Page 95 and 96: Appendix The mixed record of the Ma
Page 97 and 98: legislation incorporates the initia
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 6 CUSTOMS SERVICES AND TRAN
Page 101 and 102: Maldives Port Authority • Respons
Page 103 and 104: the correct amount of customs duty
Page 105 and 106: suspense procedures, thus eliminati
Page 107 and 108: A new domestic terminal at MIA will
Page 109 and 110: There is need to clarify MAC’s na
Page 111 and 112: Changes in the role and structure o
Page 113 and 114: Significant improvements have been
Page 115 and 116: CHAPTER 7 THE TOURISM SECTOR Chapte
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British market in 2001. In 2004, be
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Similarly, considerable demand was
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for imports of support infrastructu
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government revenues from the supply
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number of trainees that have been t
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established as a quality tourism de
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Maldives' unspoiled marine environm
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The Faculty works very closely with
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TOURISM ACT A key objective of the
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HRD studies and conduct of necessar
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D. ESTABLISH AN ENABLING BUSINESS E
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Main Recommendation No. 5: review a
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Main Recommendation No. 6: Scale-up
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CHAPTER 8 FISHERY SECTOR Chapter Pl
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processing under-performing more th
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per cent - see Table 8.4. The secto
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In the light of these market trends
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documentation, and administration.
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monitoring and evaluation dates fro
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and catering industry chefs demand
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It is expected that the trial fishe
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• Can seaming and retorting; •
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DTIS, Volume I - Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF)

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