DTIS, Volume I - Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF)

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the UNDP/World Bank vulnerability and poverty assessment survey found that households with one or more members working in the tourism sector are more likely to escape poverty thresholds than other households. The large proportion of expatriate labour is mostly due to the unavailability of both local skilled and unskilled labour. Training provided by the Maldives College of Higher Education’s Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Studies (FHTS) in such areas as bar tendering, catering and food services, cleaning and housekeeping, has not kept pace with the demand of the industry. In addition, the higher wage rate for Maldivians is an incentive to employers in the industry to fill the 50 per cent foreign employment quota that is allowed. Consultations with tourism industry operators indicate that the base salary for Bangladeshi and Indian workers is around USD 100 per month and USD 120 for Sri Lankan workers, in addition to free accommodation, food and a return air ticket. Depending on skill level, Maldivian workers may be paid up to USD 235, as well as free accommodation and food. Despite its importance for the generation of job opportunities, very few women work in the sector. According to available statistics, less than 200 Maldivian women, and only about 350 expatriate women work in the sector in 2003. Considering that more than 20,000 employees work in the industry, the proportion of women workers is extremely low. This is in sharp contrast to many other countries, where tourism generates high rates of employment for women. The explanation for this is both cultural and religious. It is still a taboo in the Maldives for women to be involved in such activities as making beds outside the home or working in a bar. But the lack of employment of women in the sector may also be attributed to the special characteristic of Maldivian tourism with almost self-contained resort islands, where workers live in staff accommodation for as many as 11 months of the year, without facilities suitable for family life TRAINING The men dominated employment pattern is also reflected in FHTS enrolment numbers. Although the proportion is increasing, women still account for less than a quarter of the trainees. The FHTS itself was established as a tourism-training institute in 1987 to provide basic and advanced training in operational tourism skills as well as for supervisory and midmanagement training. Since its establishment, the Faculty has expanded the number of tourism related courses on offer, and developed and upgraded course contents to international standards. However, it has been under-funded both in terms of the capacity and quality of its physical facilities and its teaching staff. As a result, the Faculty has not been in a position to supply training to meet the increasing demand from a rapidly growing tourism sector, even after the establishment of two outreach centres outside the capital, Male’. The total 101
number of trainees that have been turned out by the Faculty since its establishment is 3,200, which compares unfavourably with the estimated level of current employment in the tourism sector. It is therefore not surprising that several large resort operators have introduced in-house training of its staff. One operator, the Four Seasons Resort, has since 2002 developed a 12-month tourism apprenticeship scheme, the Kuda Huraa Apprenticeship Programme. Although capacity is obviously limited, the number of trainees increased rapidly from five during the first year to 30 in the programme that was ongoing during the DTIS mission and ended in September 2005. The resort is working closely with both the FHTS and the Faculty of Management and Computing to launch a 3-year hotel accounting course. Another constraint for the further development of the human resources within the tourism industry is the negative perception in Maldivian society of tourism as a provider of respectable carrier opportunities. Service providers are often derided as ‘boys’, ‘room boys’ ‘office boys’ ‘laundry boys’ ‘pastry boys’ etc. Official statistics also actually use these terms. In addition, a Ministry of Education circular from 1980 still formally discourages secondary school students from working in the resorts during their holiday breaks presumably to minimise interaction with tourists for moral reasons. Unfortunately, tourism sector leaders in government and the industry are not sufficiently focused on changing perceptions. On the other hand, perhaps because of moral safeguards, sex tourism is virtually unknown in the Maldives unlike in other Asian countries. Although tourism has recently become part of the secondary school curriculum, it appears that there is a general need to increase awareness about the economic importance of tourism for the Maldives and the valuable career opportunities that the industry provides. III. Policy and Institutional Support Framework From an early stage of tourism development in the Maldives, the government has been at forefront in providing policy guidance and institutional support through the ministry responsible for tourism and within the framework of successive National Tourism Master Plans. There has been two such master plans, the first was completed during 1980-1981 and covered the period 1982-1992. The second was completed in 1994 and covered the period 1996-2005. Preparation for the third Master Plan was about to begin during the DTIS mission. This section outlines the support framework for the tourism sector, focusing on the main institutional actors. 102
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FINAL R E P O R T Volume 1 MALDIVES
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GSP HACCP HDFC HDI HIES HH HRD HS I
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TRIPS TRTA TSA TTMP UAE UK UNCTAD U
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CHAPTER 6: CUSTOMS SERVICES AND TRA
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major stakeholders as the basis of
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C. ECONOMIC TRENDS Buoyant GDP grow
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WTO members (through the Committee
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The recommendations cover these iss
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Requirements Action no. Action reco
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government, and lawmakers are elect
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. 4
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to Sri Lanka. However, by 2004 the
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This relatively high proportion of
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On an annual basis, total NFA of th
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elow provides data on the public in
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According to the estimates prepared
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Table 2.8: Damage to agricultural f
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II. Imports - Merchandise There has
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the relatively high rate of unemplo
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A. DESTINATION OF MERCHANDISE EXPOR
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Penetration of international market
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Overall, the importance of foreign
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on goods deemed luxury goods (e.g.
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the Japan and USA markets. 11 Fish
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The Modalities provide that the res
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emoved. However, in order to provid
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EBA. Appropriate transition arrange
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Several provisions such as Article
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CHAPTER 4 POVERTY REDUCTION AND HUM
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Table 4.2: Poverty Gap Ratios per R
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produced locally and are readily av
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commerce, information and communica
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Table 4.3: Fishery Sector employmen
Page 73 and 74: This also requires policies that ta
Page 75 and 76: with routine functions of administe
Page 77 and 78: Applying for a license to invest in
Page 79 and 80: E. MINISTRY OF FISHERIES, AGRICULTU
Page 81 and 82: K. PRIVATE SECTOR STAKEHOLDERS Priv
Page 83 and 84: Overall, it is estimated that the c
Page 85 and 86: The cash is held and disbursed by t
Page 87 and 88: difficult to reach given the except
Page 89 and 90: system of micro-credit intermediari
Page 91 and 92: F. LAND, RAW MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
Page 93 and 94: B. LABOUR MARKET REFORM About 44 pe
Page 95 and 96: Appendix The mixed record of the Ma
Page 97 and 98: legislation incorporates the initia
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 6 CUSTOMS SERVICES AND TRAN
Page 101 and 102: Maldives Port Authority • Respons
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Page 105 and 106: suspense procedures, thus eliminati
Page 107 and 108: A new domestic terminal at MIA will
Page 109 and 110: There is need to clarify MAC’s na
Page 111 and 112: Changes in the role and structure o
Page 113 and 114: Significant improvements have been
Page 115 and 116: CHAPTER 7 THE TOURISM SECTOR Chapte
Page 117 and 118: British market in 2001. In 2004, be
Page 119 and 120: Similarly, considerable demand was
Page 121 and 122: for imports of support infrastructu
Page 123: government revenues from the supply
Page 127 and 128: established as a quality tourism de
Page 129 and 130: Maldives' unspoiled marine environm
Page 131 and 132: The Faculty works very closely with
Page 133 and 134: TOURISM ACT A key objective of the
Page 135 and 136: HRD studies and conduct of necessar
Page 137 and 138: D. ESTABLISH AN ENABLING BUSINESS E
Page 139 and 140: Main Recommendation No. 5: review a
Page 141 and 142: Main Recommendation No. 6: Scale-up
Page 143 and 144: CHAPTER 8 FISHERY SECTOR Chapter Pl
Page 145 and 146: processing under-performing more th
Page 147 and 148: per cent - see Table 8.4. The secto
Page 149 and 150: In the light of these market trends
Page 151 and 152: documentation, and administration.
Page 153 and 154: monitoring and evaluation dates fro
Page 155 and 156: and catering industry chefs demand
Page 157 and 158: It is expected that the trial fishe
Page 159 and 160: • Can seaming and retorting; •
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DTIS, Volume I - Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF)

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