Agronomy and Plant Genetics 1888-2000 - Department of Agronomy ...
Agronomy and Plant Genetics 1888-2000 - Department of Agronomy ...
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<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong><br />
at the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota<br />
An account <strong>of</strong> work in<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong><br />
at the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota<br />
From <strong>1888</strong> to <strong>2000</strong><br />
Compiled by the<br />
<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong><br />
Minnesota Report 247-<strong>2000</strong><br />
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota<br />
Saint Paul, Minnesota<br />
The University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota, including the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, is committed to the policy that<br />
all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities <strong>and</strong> employment without regard to race, color, creed,<br />
religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, veteran status or sexual orientation.
A2<br />
This monograph is a publication <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.<br />
Publication design <strong>and</strong> production consultation was provided by Larry A. Etkin,<br />
experiment station senior editor, in the Communications <strong>and</strong> Educational Technology<br />
Services unit <strong>of</strong> the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota Extension Service, Saint Paul, Minnesota.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the photos in this publication are from <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong><br />
<strong>Genetics</strong> files; some from the School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture collection obtained with the<br />
assistance <strong>of</strong> Gerald R. McKay, pr<strong>of</strong>essor emeritus, <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Information <strong>and</strong><br />
Agricultural Journalism; most were provided by David L. Hansen, staff photographer,<br />
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.<br />
Disclaimer<br />
Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the underst<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
that no discrimination is intended <strong>and</strong> no endorsement by the Minnesota Agricultural<br />
Experiment Station or the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota is implied. Registered <strong>and</strong> trademarked<br />
names are the properties <strong>of</strong> their respective owners.<br />
Availability<br />
For information on purchasing this publication contact the Distribution Center, 1420<br />
Eckles Avenue, University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108-6069<br />
(order@dc.mes.umn.edu or call 612-625-8173). In accordance with the Americans<br />
With Disabilities Act, the text <strong>of</strong> this material is available in alternative formats upon<br />
request. Please contact your Minnesota county extension <strong>of</strong>fice or, outside <strong>of</strong><br />
Minnesota, contact the Distribution Center.<br />
Cover Photos<br />
From left, top to bottom: William Kehr, graduate student, in oat research plot, 1949;<br />
J.W. Lambert, soybean breeder, 1970s; field day, Morris station, about 1940; J.O.<br />
Culbertson, flax breeder, 1950s; W.M. Myers, department head, <strong>and</strong> J.J. Christensen,<br />
plant pathology head, with wheat in campus greenhouse, 1950s; Farm House, department<br />
home from 1928 to 1941.<br />
Copyright © <strong>2000</strong> Regents <strong>of</strong> the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota All rights reserved.<br />
Printed on recycled paper containing a<br />
minimum <strong>of</strong> 10 percent post-consumer waste.
Chapter 6<br />
Foreword<br />
As a member <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>, I have been privileged to share in the most recent<br />
28 years <strong>of</strong> its history. With the advent <strong>of</strong> molecular genetics <strong>and</strong> its attendant<br />
biotechnologies, genomics, miniaturized computers <strong>and</strong> instant electronic<br />
communications – to mention a few changes, these past years have<br />
been exciting, interesting <strong>and</strong> rewarding for the department. By reading<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> at the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota, however,<br />
one also gains a pr<strong>of</strong>ound sense <strong>of</strong> respect <strong>and</strong> appreciation for the<br />
complexity <strong>of</strong> the challenges faced by faculty, staff <strong>and</strong> students <strong>and</strong> the<br />
enormous progress they made during our early history.<br />
This book is intended to portray the course <strong>of</strong> agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant<br />
genetics from its formative stages in the late 19th century on through the<br />
beginning <strong>of</strong> the 21st century. In many ways, the primary str<strong>and</strong>s contributing<br />
to the current fabric <strong>of</strong> the department can be traced to these<br />
early times in this 100-plus-year period.<br />
From the start, the education <strong>of</strong> students <strong>and</strong> Minnesota citizens has<br />
been the primary guiding principle for agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics.<br />
Education in agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics, as part <strong>of</strong> a l<strong>and</strong>-grant institution,<br />
is a process based on discovery <strong>of</strong> new knowledge through research<br />
<strong>and</strong> scholarly inquiry. The genesis <strong>of</strong> ideas, their testing, refining, <strong>and</strong><br />
developing through research, <strong>and</strong> the delivery <strong>of</strong> a tangible good, such as<br />
new information for teaching <strong>and</strong> outreach or a new crop variety or management<br />
practice, are all part <strong>of</strong> this fabric.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the chapters herein contains a listing <strong>of</strong> buildings <strong>and</strong> facilities<br />
that have been or are part <strong>of</strong> agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics. No doubt these<br />
facilities have had an essential role, but the key ingredient in shaping<br />
agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics has been the people. The efforts <strong>of</strong> many<br />
persons associated with the department have had lasting ripple effects
ii<br />
through time that have <strong>of</strong>ten reached wave proportions, as chronicled in<br />
individual chapters. Other lists show post-baccalaureate degrees earned by<br />
agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics students. The collective impact these individuals<br />
have made in the state, nation <strong>and</strong> world is tremendous. Although this<br />
book does not list the undergraduates educated in agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant<br />
genetics, some 32 undergraduate <strong>and</strong> graduate alumni have received the<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota Outst<strong>and</strong>ing Achievement Award as a testament<br />
to the significance <strong>of</strong> their careers.<br />
Current students, staff <strong>and</strong> faculty <strong>of</strong> agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics certainly<br />
owe a large measure <strong>of</strong> their future to the contributions <strong>of</strong> their predecessors.<br />
May this process continue.<br />
Burle Gengenbach<br />
September <strong>2000</strong><br />
St. Paul
Chapter 9<br />
Preface<br />
On April 3, 1946, my wife, Bethene, <strong>and</strong> I<br />
drove from Oklahoma into the Twin Cities to visit the University <strong>of</strong><br />
Minnesota. We planned to stay a day, go on to visit colleges in Nebraska<br />
<strong>and</strong> Kansas, return to Oklahoma, <strong>and</strong> I would then enter graduate school<br />
somewhere in the fall.<br />
I was wearing my Army khakis when I met with H. K. Hayes, who said<br />
that if I wanted to take graduate work here they would take me. Hayes<br />
signed me up on the spot for 21 credits <strong>of</strong> graduate classes, including statistics<br />
<strong>and</strong> genetics, though I had been out <strong>of</strong> school <strong>and</strong> in the military for<br />
more than four years. I started classes the next day <strong>and</strong> have been associated<br />
with the University ever since.<br />
I worked on alfalfa for 18 years, until Stucker <strong>and</strong> Barnes took over<br />
that project; then worked with the forage <strong>and</strong> legume seed production project<br />
in northern Minnesota until retirement.<br />
In the late 1980s there was talk <strong>of</strong> preparing a history <strong>of</strong> the department.<br />
We formed a committee: Robert Andersen, Richard Behrens, Verne<br />
Comstock, Jack Goodding, Don Harvey, Robert G. Robinson, Roy<br />
Thompson, Walt Wedin <strong>and</strong> myself; I was sort <strong>of</strong> elected-appointed chair.<br />
We had a lot <strong>of</strong> discussion but never made much headway. In retrospect,<br />
it seems we gave more talk than good thought to the project. But thanks<br />
to a good push from Burle Gengenbach, we finally have wrapped it up.<br />
Early on I suggested that we list all who had earned graduate degrees<br />
in the department, including the theses titles, dates, <strong>and</strong> advisers for the<br />
Ph.D. graduates. Most did not agree. When I raised the topic on a visit to<br />
Dr. Charles Burnham in the nursing home he said, “If you don’t include<br />
them you will have a weak history.”<br />
I found good reference material for the Ph.D. listing, but the Graduate<br />
School has discarded many <strong>of</strong> the master’s theses. We did our best to
iv<br />
reconstruct the list <strong>of</strong> master’s graduates; it’s the best we could make it, but<br />
I cannot swear to its accuracy.<br />
Just about everyone originally on the committee except Verne<br />
Comstock, Roy Thompson <strong>and</strong> Walt Wedin is gone or has dropped out. I<br />
have been fortunate to be able to persist through nearly 15 years <strong>and</strong> finally<br />
see this book in print.<br />
I owe much to two women in my life. Bethene, my first wife, supported<br />
my graduate student days <strong>and</strong> never questioned my many trips to<br />
northern Minnesota on forage project work; about 400, as I recall. Unfortunately,<br />
Bethene died in 1974 from acute pancreatic cancer <strong>and</strong> Helen,<br />
my second wife, is in the Presbyterian Homes <strong>of</strong> Arden Hills. In recent<br />
months I have worked on the book in the dining room there between 2<br />
<strong>and</strong> 4 in the afternoon, when the room is clear <strong>of</strong> residents <strong>and</strong> staff.<br />
I hope <strong>and</strong> trust that this book will bring to light <strong>and</strong> preserve many<br />
facets <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>. I enjoyed my<br />
work <strong>and</strong> the more than 54 years that I have been associated with the<br />
department. Now, in my eighties, I have no wish to return to my native<br />
Oklahoma. I spent many days there in the 100-degree days in the summers<br />
at threshing <strong>and</strong> the like. I prefer the 75-degree summer days here in<br />
Minnesota.<br />
Laddie J. Elling<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Emeritus<br />
September <strong>2000</strong>
Chapter 9<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
Compiling the information for this book took<br />
considerable effort on the part <strong>of</strong> a group <strong>of</strong> emeritus pr<strong>of</strong>essors who initiated<br />
the process in the mid-1980s. I especially want to recognize the<br />
leadership <strong>and</strong> persistence <strong>of</strong> Laddie Elling, the initiative <strong>of</strong> Robert<br />
Robinson <strong>and</strong> the work <strong>of</strong> Orvin Burnside, Gordon Marten, Jim Sentz,<br />
Roy Thompson <strong>and</strong> Walt Wedin. I also wish to thank those <strong>of</strong> the department’s<br />
current faculty who provided historical accounts <strong>of</strong> their areas. Kent<br />
Crookston, department head through the period when gathering information<br />
for <strong>and</strong> writing this book became a serious endeavor, was generous in<br />
his support <strong>and</strong> encouragement.<br />
Some areas <strong>of</strong> work <strong>and</strong> periods <strong>of</strong> time probably are not covered as<br />
much as would have been optimal due to lack <strong>of</strong> records or people to provide<br />
an account from collective memory. Early studies <strong>of</strong> sugarbeets, tobacco,<br />
wild rice <strong>and</strong> other crops are known but not discussed, <strong>and</strong> other agronomic<br />
functions <strong>of</strong> the early years may unintentionally have been passed<br />
over in compiling this account.<br />
Every effort was made to verify the facts, such as names, dates <strong>and</strong><br />
events, included herein, but the flavor <strong>of</strong> the individual chapters is that <strong>of</strong><br />
the authors. Gratitude is due to Lynne Medgaarden for the time she spent<br />
in double-checking the accuracy <strong>of</strong> the graduate student <strong>and</strong> thesis listings<br />
with the departmental student records.<br />
A special note <strong>of</strong> appreciation goes to the many people who served in<br />
staff roles in the department throughout these 100-plus years. Some are<br />
named, others are not mentioned specifically; nevertheless, all have contributed<br />
in unique <strong>and</strong> substantial ways to the work that made this departmental<br />
history.
vi<br />
Finally, I want to recognize the editorial <strong>and</strong> organizational skills <strong>of</strong> Lee<br />
Hardman, which were essential in completing this book. In addition to writing<br />
<strong>and</strong> editing, Lee located <strong>and</strong> sorted through the numerous photographs<br />
that could have been included <strong>and</strong> selected <strong>and</strong> provided captions for those<br />
that are shown. Harlan Stoehr kept the whole process moving.<br />
Burle Gengenbach<br />
September <strong>2000</strong><br />
St. Paul<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Emeritus Laddie J. Elling.
Chapter 9<br />
Dedication<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> at the University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Minnesota is dedicated to Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Emeritus Laddie J. Elling<br />
with the sincere gratitude, appreciation <strong>and</strong> best wishes <strong>of</strong> the department<br />
<strong>and</strong> his colleagues.<br />
When they met for the first time in 1946, Dr. H.K. Hayes must have<br />
instantly perceived the qualities in the young Laddie Elling that led to his<br />
long <strong>and</strong> productive career. On that initial day, Laddie’s long relationship<br />
with the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota <strong>and</strong> the department, first as a graduate<br />
student <strong>and</strong> then faculty member, was set – an unbroken connection that<br />
only grew stronger through the years. The nominator <strong>of</strong> Laddie Elling for<br />
the University’s Outst<strong>and</strong>ing Achievement Award wrote in 1998, “I have<br />
never met another person who has as much enthusiasm <strong>and</strong> devotion to<br />
the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota as Laddie Elling.”<br />
These traits carried through the many roles that Laddie has had as a<br />
University pr<strong>of</strong>essor including:<br />
Undergraduate advisor, mentor <strong>and</strong> teacher, with a special affinity for<br />
the crops judging team.<br />
Enterprising <strong>and</strong> productive researcher in breeding <strong>and</strong> management.<br />
Outreach educator for grass seed production in Northern Minnesota.<br />
Advocate <strong>and</strong> tireless spokesman for agriculture.<br />
Valued committee member, including planning for five buildings on the<br />
St. Paul campus.<br />
Active member <strong>of</strong> the retirees group <strong>and</strong> voluntary historian for the<br />
department.<br />
In addition to his recent work on the department history, two facets <strong>of</strong><br />
Laddie’s pr<strong>of</strong>essional career merit special mention. Laddie Elling’s work on
viii<br />
forages <strong>and</strong> grasses plus his interest in the agriculture <strong>of</strong> Northern<br />
Minnesota led directly to establishment <strong>of</strong> a grass seed production industry<br />
for that region. The beneficiaries <strong>of</strong> this program hold Laddie in the highest<br />
esteem for his pioneering efforts. Likewise, the members <strong>of</strong> the student<br />
crops judging teams, to the person, have related the value <strong>of</strong> the judging<br />
experience Laddie provided. In addition to the discipline <strong>of</strong> learning <strong>and</strong><br />
the judging skills obtained, the annual trips to Kansas City <strong>and</strong> Chicago<br />
provided an “experiential” educational dimension much beyond the classroom<br />
that was even more highly valued by the participants.<br />
From these many roles, Laddie Elling has gained a unique perspective<br />
<strong>of</strong> a significant portion <strong>of</strong> the department’s history <strong>and</strong> the people who<br />
made it happen. In addition to H.K. Hayes, Laddie met <strong>and</strong> worked with<br />
many staff <strong>and</strong> faculty who had departmental roots beginning in the early<br />
1900s. These associations, combined with his experiences since 1946,<br />
provided a unique perspective to help guide development <strong>of</strong> this account<br />
<strong>of</strong> department history.<br />
Thank you, Laddie, for another job well done.<br />
<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong><br />
Faculty, Staff, Students, Alumni <strong>and</strong> Friends<br />
September <strong>2000</strong>
Contents<br />
Foreword ................................................................................ i<br />
Preface .................................................................................. iii<br />
Acknowledgments .................................................................... v<br />
Dedication ............................................................................ vii<br />
Chapter 1 — Milestones .......................................................... 1<br />
Chapter 2 — Origin <strong>and</strong> Faculty ............................................ 9<br />
Chapter 3 — <strong>Department</strong> Buildings ...................................... 27<br />
Chapter 4 — Recollections .................................................... 31<br />
Chapter 5 — Undergraduate Teaching .................................. 35<br />
Chapter 6 — Extension Education ........................................ 47<br />
Chapter 7 — Alfalfa Breeding <strong>and</strong> Pathology Research ........ 51<br />
Chapter 8 — Barley Improvement ........................................ 59<br />
Chapter 9 — Corn Improvement .......................................... 63<br />
Chapter 10 — Flax Improvement .......................................... 79<br />
Chapter 11 — Forage Management, Quality <strong>and</strong> Utilization 83<br />
Chapter 12 — Forage <strong>and</strong> Turf Seed Production in<br />
Northern Minnesota ........................................ 95
x<br />
Chapter 13 — Forage Breeding <strong>and</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> ........................ 99<br />
Chapter 14 — <strong>Genetics</strong>, Cytogenetics <strong>and</strong> Biotechnology .... 103<br />
Chapter 15 — Oat Improvement ........................................ 111<br />
Chapter 16 — Soybean Improvement .................................. 123<br />
Chapter 17 — Weed Science .............................................. 129<br />
Chapter 18 — Wheat Improvement .................................... 139<br />
Chapter 19 — Wild Rice Breeding <strong>and</strong> Production .............. 147<br />
Chapter 20 — New <strong>and</strong> Uncommon Crops .......................... 153<br />
Chapter 21 — Branch Agricultural Experiment Stations .... 157<br />
Chapter 22 — Minnesota Crop Improvement Association .. 175<br />
Chapter 23 — Centers <strong>and</strong> Institutes .................................. 183<br />
Appendix A — Awards <strong>and</strong> Recognition .............................. 187<br />
Appendix B — Master <strong>of</strong> Science Graduates ...................... 193<br />
Appendix C — Doctor <strong>of</strong> Philosophy Graduates,<br />
Alphabetical Listing .................................... 213<br />
Appendix D — Doctor <strong>of</strong> Philosophy Graduates,<br />
Theses <strong>and</strong> Advisers .................................... 231<br />
Appendix E — Field Crop Varieties Released by the<br />
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.. 291<br />
Appendix F — Index ............................................................ 295
Chapter 1<br />
Milestones<br />
Milestones<br />
Looking back over more than a century <strong>of</strong><br />
work in agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics, chances are that no two people<br />
would select the same set <strong>of</strong> milestones to mark progress along the way.<br />
The entries that follow are far from all-inclusive <strong>and</strong> underst<strong>and</strong>ably subject<br />
to challenge as the most important events <strong>of</strong> the period. Nonetheless, they<br />
fairly represent significant milestones that set the stage on which the<br />
<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> would emerge, that have<br />
affected its course <strong>and</strong> that indicate its accomplishments.<br />
1862 President Abraham Lincoln signs into law on July 2 the Morrill<br />
(L<strong>and</strong> Grant) Act, providing grants <strong>of</strong> federal l<strong>and</strong> to states to<br />
finance education in agriculture <strong>and</strong> the mechanic arts.<br />
1869 The Minnesota legislature reorganizes the University <strong>of</strong><br />
Minnesota, providing for a College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Mechanic<br />
Arts in conformity with the National L<strong>and</strong> Grant Act, <strong>and</strong> transferring<br />
all <strong>of</strong> the l<strong>and</strong>s granted <strong>and</strong> to be granted by the national<br />
government <strong>and</strong> the proceeds from them to the University<br />
for this purpose. The legislature also instructs the board <strong>of</strong><br />
regents to secure suitable l<strong>and</strong>s for an experimental farm near<br />
the University. A tract along both sides <strong>of</strong> University Avenue<br />
from Oak Street to Prospect Park is purchased from John S.<br />
Pillsbury for $8,500. Little progress was made; the l<strong>and</strong> was not<br />
suitable for agricultural use.<br />
1881 Edward D. Porter appointed pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> theory <strong>and</strong> practice <strong>of</strong><br />
agriculture. Porter established the farmers institutes, forerunner<br />
<strong>of</strong> the agricultural extension service, <strong>and</strong> laid the foundations for<br />
the school <strong>and</strong> college <strong>of</strong> agriculture.<br />
Compiled by Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Emeritus Laddie J. Elling, who joined the department faculty in 1950<br />
<strong>and</strong> retired in 1985.
2<br />
1882 On Porter’s recommendation <strong>and</strong> the regents’ concurrence, the<br />
legislature authorized sale <strong>of</strong> the original farm <strong>and</strong> purchase <strong>of</strong><br />
more suitable l<strong>and</strong>. Sale <strong>of</strong> the original farm for development<br />
netted $172,043. The 155-acre Bass farm in St. Anthony was<br />
purchased for $300 per acre <strong>and</strong> the adjoining 95-acre<br />
Marshall Langford property for $200 per acre; the experiment<br />
station <strong>and</strong> college <strong>of</strong> agriculture were established on this l<strong>and</strong>.<br />
1883 First buildings constructed on the St. Paul campus: Farm House<br />
(later the agronomy department’s first home) for $25,000;<br />
Home Building (primarily for the school, but also for dormitory<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fices) for $17,000, <strong>and</strong> the Farm Barn for $15,000; it<br />
burned in 1891.<br />
1885 Edward D. Porter appointed first director <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota<br />
Agricultural Experiment Station (MAES).<br />
1887 Congress passes the Hatch Act, on March 2, providing funding<br />
for agricultural experiment stations established in connection<br />
with colleges <strong>of</strong> agriculture provided for under the L<strong>and</strong> Grant<br />
Act <strong>of</strong> 1862.<br />
At a meeting <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong> Regents an advisory board <strong>of</strong><br />
seven members made up <strong>of</strong> “practical farmers” was designated<br />
to confer with Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Porter <strong>and</strong> draw up plans for a<br />
school <strong>of</strong> agriculture.<br />
<strong>1888</strong> The School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture is established <strong>and</strong> opened on October<br />
18. The course was two winter terms <strong>of</strong> six months each until<br />
the 1891-92 academic year, when it became three terms. The<br />
first year there were 47 students, the second year 78 <strong>and</strong> the<br />
third year 104.<br />
Director Porter selects first experiment station staff to head its<br />
five divisions: agriculture, agricultural chemistry, entomology<br />
<strong>and</strong> botany, horticulture <strong>and</strong> veterinary. His first selection is<br />
Willet M. Hays, agriculturist. Porter creates a <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture to coordinate work <strong>of</strong> the college <strong>and</strong> station, whose<br />
faculties are identical.<br />
1889 Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Porter resigns, becomes director <strong>of</strong> the Missouri AES.<br />
Administrations <strong>of</strong> his successors, N.D. McLain, then Clinton<br />
Smith, were brief <strong>and</strong> stressful.<br />
1891 Andrew Boss is appointed farm foreman May 1 following graduation<br />
from the School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture.<br />
Willet M. Hays goes to North Dakota this fall as pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong><br />
agriculture <strong>and</strong> agriculturist at the N.D. AES.
3<br />
1892 Coates P. Bull joins the faculty as agriculturist.<br />
1893 Col. William M. Liggett, a member <strong>of</strong> the board <strong>of</strong> regents, succeeds<br />
Clinton Smith as dean <strong>and</strong> director <strong>of</strong> the University’s<br />
<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Agriculture.<br />
Willet Hays returns from North Dakota as pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> agriculture.<br />
1894 Hays appointed vice chairman <strong>of</strong> the agricultural experiment<br />
station. Cooperative experimental work begins on Oren C.<br />
Gregg’s Coteau Farm at Lynd.<br />
1895 Hays persuades legislature to approve northwest <strong>and</strong> north-central<br />
sub stations.<br />
1896 Experiment Stations at Crookston <strong>and</strong> Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids are<br />
opened.<br />
1903 Hays <strong>and</strong> Bull call organizational meeting <strong>of</strong> Minnesota Field<br />
Crop Breeders Association at Minnesota State Fair. Hays is<br />
elected secretary <strong>of</strong> the organization, which later becomes<br />
Minnesota Crop Improvement Association (MCIA).<br />
Cooperative experimental work phased out on Coteau Farm at<br />
Lynd.<br />
1904 Willet M. Hays resigned in December to serve as U.S. assistant<br />
secretary <strong>of</strong> agriculture.<br />
1906 Administration Building, C<strong>of</strong>fey Hall, erected.<br />
1908 College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture catalog lists agronomy for first time, previously<br />
agronomy courses were listed under agriculture.<br />
1909 Act <strong>of</strong> the legislature creates a division <strong>of</strong> agricultural extension<br />
<strong>and</strong> home education in the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Agriculture at the<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota.<br />
Andrew Boss appointed chief <strong>of</strong> the Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
Farm Management.<br />
Elvin Charles Stakman appointed instructor in plant pathology.<br />
1910 Agricultural Extension Division begins operation January 1.<br />
Archie Del (A.D.) Wilson, director <strong>of</strong> farmers institutes <strong>and</strong> former<br />
assistant in agriculture, appointed superintendent August 1.<br />
A.C. Arny appointed assistant in agriculture.<br />
1911 Paul E. Miller appointed agronomist at West Central School <strong>and</strong><br />
Experiment Station, begins research there, later becomes director<br />
<strong>of</strong> agricultural extension service.
4<br />
Legislature authorizes northern <strong>and</strong> southern demonstration<br />
farms.<br />
1912 Oscar M. Olson, lecturer in agronomy, receives part-time extension<br />
appointment to head the demonstration farms project. By<br />
year-end 28 farmers in 28 counties had contracted with extension<br />
to operate their farms as demonstration farms.<br />
Coates P. Bull added to graduate school faculty.<br />
Northeast Demonstration <strong>and</strong> Experiment Farm established at<br />
Duluth.<br />
1913 Operations begin at Southern Demonstration <strong>and</strong> Experiment<br />
Farm, Waseca.<br />
1915 Herbert Kendall Hayes appointed associate pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> agronomy.<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> farm management division now has five<br />
sections: cooperative seed production <strong>and</strong> distribution, farm<br />
crops, cereal breeding, cost accounting <strong>and</strong> farm organization.<br />
1916 Release <strong>of</strong> Redwing, first wilt-resistant flax variety developed by<br />
the department.<br />
1917 Section on cereal breeding renamed plant breeding.<br />
Andrew Boss appointed vice director <strong>of</strong> the experiment station<br />
<strong>and</strong> chief <strong>of</strong> the Division <strong>of</strong> Farm Management, <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>.<br />
1921 Frank Peck, who earlier served on the agronomy <strong>and</strong> farm<br />
management staff, appointed director <strong>of</strong> agricultural extension<br />
succeeding Archie Del Wilson, who resigned June 30.<br />
1922 R.F. Crim, Cottonwood County agricultural agent, appointed<br />
first full-time extension specialist in agronomy.<br />
1923 Gopher oat variety released, presently the oldest long-term<br />
check variety in USDA’s uniform midseason oat performance<br />
nursery.<br />
1928 On recommendation <strong>of</strong> Dean C<strong>of</strong>fey <strong>and</strong> approval by the board<br />
<strong>of</strong> regents, the farm management section <strong>of</strong> the Division <strong>of</strong><br />
Farm Management, <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>, is merged<br />
with agricultural economics on July 1 to form a Division <strong>of</strong><br />
Farm Management <strong>and</strong> Agricultural Economics, leaving a<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>. H.K. Hayes is<br />
named chief <strong>of</strong> agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics. The division is<br />
housed in the original experiment station building (the Farm<br />
House), which was remodeled to provide adequate <strong>of</strong>fice space.
5<br />
1929 E.R. Ausemus stationed in the department by USDA to head<br />
the hard red spring wheat improvement project. Ausemus was<br />
the first so assigned to stay to retirement.<br />
H.K. Hayes announces in August that the first lot <strong>of</strong> hybrid seed<br />
corn will be placed with growers the following season.<br />
1930 In January the agricultural experiment station releases the first<br />
lot <strong>of</strong> 75 bushels <strong>of</strong> hybrid seed corn, Minhybrid 402, to growers<br />
recommended by county agents.<br />
1934 Thatcher wheat, resistant to stem rust, released. Thatcher was<br />
grown on about 17 million U.S. <strong>and</strong> Canadian acres in 1941,<br />
remained the principal spring wheat grown in North America in<br />
1951, still led in acreage in Montana in mid 1960s.<br />
1938 C.R. Burnham appointed first geneticist <strong>and</strong> cytogeneticist<br />
September 1. Cytogenetics research on corn begins.<br />
1939 Period <strong>of</strong> planning <strong>and</strong> construction <strong>of</strong> buildings now named<br />
Hayes Hall <strong>and</strong> Stakman Hall begins. General contract let<br />
October 17, 1940, for $249,700; mechanical <strong>and</strong> electrical let<br />
for $37,000.<br />
1941 <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> plant genetics moves from Farm House into<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> Building, now Hayes Hall.<br />
1945 Minnesota oat acreage peaks at 5,392,000 acres; average yield<br />
is 45 bushels/acre.<br />
1948 First issue <strong>of</strong> Varietal Trials <strong>of</strong> Farm Crops published.<br />
Agronomic research begins at Rosemount Experiment Station.<br />
1949 First unit <strong>of</strong> Minnesota Crop Improvement building constructed<br />
at a cost <strong>of</strong> $51,208. Of this amount, $28,000 is contributed<br />
from the agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics seed stocks project.<br />
1952 H.K. Hayes retired as chief <strong>of</strong> agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics on<br />
June 30.<br />
W.M. Myers appointed head, <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>, July 1. The University’s <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture is renamed Institute <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Forestry <strong>and</strong><br />
Home Economics to avoid confusion with the state <strong>of</strong><br />
Minnesota <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Agriculture.<br />
1953 Renville, first Minnesota soybean variety developed from a cross<br />
<strong>of</strong> two lines, released.<br />
1957 Park Kentucky bluegrass variety released to Northern<br />
Minnesota Bluegrass Growers Association.
6<br />
1959 Southwest Experiment Station established at Lamberton, R.G.<br />
Robinson plants winter wheat <strong>and</strong> rye plots there in September.<br />
1961 J.W. Lambert leaves barley project to devote full time to soybean<br />
breeding, D.C. Rasmusson assumes leadership <strong>of</strong> barley<br />
improvement project.<br />
1963 W.M. Myers appointed dean <strong>and</strong> director <strong>of</strong> international programs.<br />
E.H. Rinke named interim department head.<br />
1964 H.W. Johnson appointed head <strong>of</strong> agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics<br />
July 1.<br />
1967 MAES <strong>and</strong> MCIA sign memor<strong>and</strong>um <strong>of</strong> underst<strong>and</strong>ing transferring<br />
foundation seed production <strong>and</strong> distribution from<br />
<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> to MCIA.<br />
1969 <strong>Department</strong> changes undergraduate course <strong>of</strong>ferings to a series<br />
<strong>of</strong> principles-based courses, replacing commodity-based courses<br />
<strong>of</strong>fered since the early 1900s.<br />
1978 Netum, first wild rice variety developed by the department, is<br />
released.<br />
1982 Marshall wheat released, is Minnesota’s leading spring wheat<br />
variety from 1983 to 1990 <strong>and</strong> is grown on more than 5 million<br />
U.S. acres during its peak production years.<br />
1983 Robust barley released, will be grown on about half the barley<br />
acreage in Minnesota, North Dakota <strong>and</strong> South Dakota from<br />
1985 to 1999.<br />
1985 H.W. Johnson, is succeeded by Orvin C. Burnside. Burnside’s<br />
appointment, April 15, overlaps Johnson’s July 15 retirement<br />
date.<br />
1989 Major undergraduate curriculum changes result from Project<br />
Sunrise, department majors are replaced by college-wide<br />
majors.<br />
1990 Orvin C. Burnside resigned as department head June 30, serves<br />
as pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> weed science until retirement in 1998. R. Kent<br />
Crookston appointed interim head July 1.<br />
Gene for corn dihydrodipicolinate synthase isolated <strong>and</strong> its<br />
DNA sequence determined.<br />
1991 R. Kent Crookston appointed department head on August 7.<br />
First genetically engineered crop (oat) developed by department<br />
geneticists is produced by particle bombardment technology.
7<br />
1993 David Somers appointed to endowed chair in molecular<br />
genetics.<br />
Ronald Phillips selected as a Regents Pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> the University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Minnesota.<br />
<strong>Department</strong> imposes variety development fee on sales <strong>of</strong> all<br />
registered <strong>and</strong> certified seed <strong>of</strong> all crop varieties developed by<br />
the department, protected by the MAES <strong>and</strong> released on or<br />
after Feb. 15, 1992. The charge is 50¢/bu. on soybean seed,<br />
30¢/bu. on wheat, 25¢/bu. on barley <strong>and</strong> oat <strong>and</strong> 5% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
sale price <strong>of</strong> seed <strong>of</strong> other crops.<br />
1994 <strong>Agronomy</strong> Building <strong>of</strong>ficially renamed Hayes Hall.<br />
1998 Donald Rasmusson receives Siehl Prize in recognition <strong>of</strong> his<br />
work in barley improvement.<br />
R. Kent Crookston resigns to accept position at Brigham Young<br />
University, Provo, Utah. Burle G. Gengenbach appointed department<br />
head.<br />
1999 University changes from quarter to semester teaching program.<br />
<strong>2000</strong> University President Mark Yud<strong>of</strong> designates Ronald Phillips as<br />
the University’s first McKnight Presidential Chair to recognize<br />
<strong>and</strong> enhance his work in plant genomics.<br />
Publication <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> at the<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota.<br />
Hayes Hall with greenhouse, west, before construction <strong>of</strong> Borlaug Hall.
J.J. Christensen, plant pathologist; J.W. Lambert then agronomy department<br />
barley breeder; <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes, chief, Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>; about 1950.<br />
8
Chapter 2<br />
Origin <strong>and</strong> Faculty<br />
The Morrill, or L<strong>and</strong>-Grant College Act, passed<br />
by the U.S. congress in 1862, provided for transfer <strong>of</strong> federal l<strong>and</strong>s to<br />
approved state colleges for support <strong>of</strong> instruction “in agriculture <strong>and</strong> the<br />
mechanic arts.” While there were efforts to apply this provision at several<br />
Minnesota towns, including Glencoe, Hastings <strong>and</strong> Red Wing, a bill introduced<br />
by Senator John S. Pillsbury <strong>and</strong> passed in the 1868 legislative session<br />
transferred the agricultural college to the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota, thus<br />
qualifying the University for the federal l<strong>and</strong> grant.<br />
Later in 1868 the University bought 96 acres <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> east <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Minneapolis campus, extending from the junction <strong>of</strong> University <strong>and</strong><br />
Washington avenues east to Prospect Hill <strong>and</strong> south to Franklin Avenue.<br />
Another 30 acres were acquired in 1869; these 126 acres became<br />
Minnesota’s un<strong>of</strong>ficial agricultural experiment station.<br />
A succession <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essors <strong>of</strong> agriculture was then appointed to the<br />
University faculty: Colonel Daniel A. Robertson in 1869; Dalston P.<br />
Strange in 1872, who hired Walter R. Field as farm manager; Charles Y.<br />
Lacy in 1874, who exp<strong>and</strong>ed variety testing <strong>of</strong> cereal crops <strong>and</strong> vegetables,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Edward D. Porter in 1881. Lacy had identified the l<strong>and</strong> as not suited<br />
to agricultural experiment work. Porter persuaded the regents to sell it <strong>and</strong><br />
to buy the 154-acre Edgar Bass farm <strong>and</strong> adjoining 94-acre Nathaniel<br />
Langford farm in St. Anthony Park. The University gained full possession<br />
<strong>of</strong> these farms, which became the St. Paul campus, in 1883-84.<br />
In 1885 the legislature passed an enabling act, instructing the regents<br />
to establish “... an agricultural experiment station for the purpose <strong>of</strong> promoting<br />
agriculture in its various branches by scientific investigations <strong>and</strong><br />
Compiled by Laddie J. Elling from department records, reports <strong>and</strong> bulletins <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota<br />
Agricultural Experiment Station, <strong>and</strong> documents from University archives, including records<br />
<strong>of</strong> board <strong>of</strong> regents meetings <strong>and</strong> papers <strong>of</strong> Andrew Boss <strong>and</strong> Coates P. Bull.
10<br />
experiments ...” This act would qualify the station for then-proposed federal<br />
funding, which came with passage <strong>of</strong> the Hatch Act by the U.S.<br />
Congress in 1887.<br />
The regents designated the University farm as the experiment station<br />
<strong>and</strong> the College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture faculty as its staff. A department <strong>of</strong> agriculture<br />
was created to coordinate work <strong>of</strong> the college <strong>and</strong> station, <strong>and</strong> Porter<br />
became dean <strong>of</strong> the college <strong>and</strong> director <strong>of</strong> the experiment station. Porter<br />
had come to the University from Delaware College, Newark, where he had<br />
taught science <strong>and</strong> mathematics for 30 years <strong>and</strong> managed the College’s<br />
experimental farm. When he resigned his Minnesota position on March<br />
21, 1889, to become dean <strong>of</strong> the College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture <strong>and</strong> director <strong>of</strong><br />
the Agricultural Experiment Station at Missouri the regents voted to continue<br />
his salary to the end <strong>of</strong> the academic year.<br />
Porter published the first experiment station bulletin, reporting work<br />
with Russian apples, wheat experiments <strong>and</strong> potato culture, in January<br />
<strong>1888</strong>. His first faculty appointment, in February <strong>1888</strong>, was Willet M.<br />
Hays, as instructor in agriculture <strong>and</strong> assistant agriculturist at the experiment<br />
station. Hays, the first agronomist on the scene, would play a prominent<br />
role in the work <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station <strong>and</strong><br />
the evolution <strong>of</strong> its agronomic function.<br />
Born in 1859 on a farm in Hardin County, Iowa, Hays studied at<br />
Oskaloosa College, Drake University <strong>and</strong> Iowa State College, Ames, teaching<br />
country school <strong>and</strong> working on his home farm to earn his way. After<br />
graduation he worked a year as assistant agriculturist under Seaman A.<br />
Knapp, agriculturist at the college, then a year on the editorial staff <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Orange Judd Farmer in Chicago, where he came to know men high in<br />
national <strong>and</strong> agricultural affairs.<br />
While Gregor Mendel’s laws <strong>of</strong> heredity, published in an obscure journal<br />
in 1866, went virtually unnoticed until 1900 <strong>and</strong> their full significance<br />
was not realized until much later, Hays believed from the early 1890s that,<br />
“There are Shakespeares among plants.” He saw the individual plant as<br />
the unit <strong>of</strong> improvement <strong>and</strong> had a grasp <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> hybridization. He<br />
organized the University’s farm for systematic field plot tests <strong>and</strong> set out to<br />
breed <strong>and</strong> test large numbers <strong>of</strong> plants in order to “find the Shakespeares.”<br />
Within a decade his efforts grew from a few rod squares <strong>of</strong> timothy, where<br />
plants were treated individually, to a crop nursery <strong>of</strong> several acres <strong>of</strong> important<br />
crops <strong>and</strong> millions <strong>of</strong> plants.<br />
In fall 1891 he went to the new North Dakota Agricultural Experiment<br />
Station as agriculturist <strong>and</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>and</strong> head <strong>of</strong> agriculture at the college.<br />
There he laid out the station farm for crop rotations, planned the field plot<br />
layout <strong>and</strong> established a field-crop breeding nursery. By 1893 he was back<br />
in Minnesota as pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> agriculture in the college <strong>and</strong> agriculturist <strong>and</strong>
11<br />
vice chairman <strong>of</strong> the experiment station,<br />
where he headed the agricultural division.<br />
Under his investigations <strong>and</strong> selections,<br />
several varieties <strong>of</strong> field crops were made<br />
commercially available <strong>and</strong> became widely<br />
distributed.<br />
The best known <strong>of</strong> these were<br />
Minnesota No. 13 corn; Minnesota No.<br />
169 Bluestem wheat; Primost, or<br />
Minnesota No. 25 flax; Minnesota No.<br />
105 barley; <strong>and</strong> Minnesota 281 <strong>and</strong> 295,<br />
two introduced varieties <strong>of</strong> oats. Learning<br />
<strong>of</strong> an alfalfa developed through selection<br />
into an extremely winterhardy variety in<br />
Carver County by German immigrant<br />
Willet M. Hays<br />
Wendelin Grimm, Hays thought it a<br />
Shakespeare among alfalfas that should be<br />
propagated. Grimm became the st<strong>and</strong>ard recommended alfalfa variety<br />
where winterhardiness was a factor in alfalfa-growing success.<br />
Hays fostered cooperation <strong>of</strong> agronomists in neighboring states <strong>and</strong><br />
the USDA. <strong>Plant</strong> stocks were exchanged, conferences were held, <strong>and</strong> he<br />
frequently visited other experiment stations <strong>and</strong> the USDA to benefit from<br />
interchanges with those doing similar work. Recognizing the effect <strong>of</strong> environment<br />
on plants, he early enlisted the cooperation <strong>of</strong> farmers in testing<br />
varieties <strong>and</strong> studying cropping practices.<br />
Troubled by the difficulty <strong>of</strong> controlling field operations under such circumstances,<br />
he advocated establishing branch experiment stations. He<br />
began experimental work on Coteau Farm at Lynd in 1894 <strong>and</strong> persuaded<br />
the state legislature in 1895 to establish two branch stations, the<br />
Northwest Sub-Station at Crookston, on l<strong>and</strong> contributed by Empire<br />
Builder James J. Hill, <strong>and</strong> the North Central Sub-Station at Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids.<br />
He traveled extensively, going to Europe in 1899 <strong>and</strong> becoming widely<br />
acquainted with plant breeders <strong>and</strong> with other experimental methods used.<br />
He initiated cooperative research with North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa,<br />
Nebraska <strong>and</strong> Wisconsin, fostering greater st<strong>and</strong>ardization <strong>of</strong> methods <strong>and</strong><br />
joint analysis <strong>of</strong> research problems. With Coates P. Bull, he fostered organization<br />
in 1903 <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota Field Crop Breeders Association<br />
(MFCBA) <strong>and</strong> was its first secretary. It evolved as the Minnesota Crop<br />
Improvement Association.<br />
In December 1903 Hays chaired the founding meeting <strong>of</strong> The<br />
American Breeders Association, which became the American Genetic<br />
Association, <strong>and</strong> was its secretary from 1903 to 1913. He founded the
12<br />
Journal <strong>of</strong> Heredity, was its editor from 1910<br />
to 1913, <strong>and</strong> stimulated interest in the organization<br />
<strong>of</strong> departments <strong>of</strong> genetics in many institutions.<br />
He resigned in December 1904 to serve as<br />
assistant U.S. secretary <strong>of</strong> agriculture from<br />
1905 to 1913. In that role he is widely credited<br />
with fostering the Smith-Lever Act establishing<br />
cooperative extension work, <strong>and</strong> the Smith-<br />
Hughes Act, which provides federal funds for<br />
vocational education. He also arranged transfer Andrew Boss<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Indian school farm at Morris to the<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota; it became the West-Central Experiment Station.<br />
Among Hays’ students was Andrew Boss, who was raised on a farm<br />
near Wabasha, Minnesota. Boss attended the two-year term <strong>of</strong> the School<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agriculture in 1889-90 <strong>and</strong> 1890-91. Following graduation he became<br />
the experiment station’s farm foreman, a role in which he worked closely<br />
with <strong>and</strong> under the supervision <strong>of</strong> Hays. While Hays was at North Dakota<br />
Boss was entrusted with the care <strong>of</strong> the plots <strong>and</strong> general execution <strong>of</strong> the<br />
experiments in the agriculture division. On Hays’ return the versatile Boss<br />
developed <strong>and</strong> taught the first course in dressing <strong>and</strong> curing meats <strong>of</strong>fered<br />
in the United States <strong>and</strong> Canada. He went on to develop the first textbook<br />
on the subject <strong>and</strong> by 1901 had received funding to build a state-<strong>of</strong>-the-art<br />
meat laboratory, where, among other things, he conducted early research<br />
in relating carcass traits to live animal traits.<br />
In 1902, on recommendation <strong>of</strong> Hays, animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry was separated<br />
from the Division <strong>of</strong> Agriculture <strong>and</strong> given division status. Boss was<br />
named acting head <strong>of</strong> the new Division <strong>of</strong> Animal Husb<strong>and</strong>ry but also<br />
retained his position as assistant in agronomy.<br />
Following Hays’ appointment as assistant secretary <strong>of</strong> agriculture, in<br />
January 1905 Boss was also given charge <strong>of</strong> the agriculture division. He<br />
headed the two divisions into 1909, when he wrote Dean J.W. Olsen in<br />
May asking for relief, preferably from his animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry obligations.<br />
Correspondence indicates that Boss was experiencing a health problem at<br />
the time.<br />
Dean Olsen’s tenure, from January 1909 to January 1910, was a difficult<br />
time. Reputedly a choice <strong>of</strong> the governor supported by few <strong>of</strong> the<br />
regents <strong>and</strong> not popular among the faculty, Olsen withdrew <strong>and</strong> was succeeded<br />
by Dr. A.F. Woods, assistant chief <strong>of</strong> USDA’s Bureau <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong><br />
Industry.
13<br />
The experiment station annual report for 1909-1910 shows T.L.<br />
Haecker in charge <strong>of</strong> both animal <strong>and</strong> dairy husb<strong>and</strong>ry; after Boss’s name<br />
only “agriculture” appears. The term, “investigations in agronomy," first<br />
appears in this report. Although archival papers dated 5/1/1910 show the<br />
organizational structure <strong>of</strong> a Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> with C.P Bull, pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
<strong>of</strong> agronomy, in charge, the station report for 1910-1911 shows a<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Farm Management with Boss in charge.<br />
Bull may or may not have headed the division for an interim period;<br />
whether or not he did, he played a strong part in the emerging agronomy<br />
function. His father, James Bull, an Edina Mills farmer who traced his lineage<br />
to Henry Bull, one-time governor <strong>of</strong> New Jersey, was a member <strong>of</strong><br />
the University’s first agricultural committee. Coates Preston Bull earned his<br />
B.S. in agriculture at the University in 1901, working at University Farm<br />
while a student to earn his way. Following graduation he went to University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Illinois as assistant pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> farm crops but returned in a year to<br />
teach <strong>and</strong> do experiment station work as assistant agriculturist under Hays.<br />
He worked with Hays in organizing the MFCBA, became its secretary<br />
when Hays left for Washington, <strong>and</strong> served in that role until 1920. His<br />
biography shows his work as in plant breeding, plant biology <strong>and</strong> weeds<br />
<strong>and</strong> weed control.<br />
Bull worked with the selection process for Minnesota No. 13 corn,<br />
judged corn, grain <strong>and</strong> county exhibits at the State Fair in the early 1900s<br />
<strong>and</strong>, among other things, h<strong>and</strong>led the experiment station’s early tobaccogrowing<br />
investigations. In 1907 he was instrumental in arranging the<br />
merger <strong>of</strong> the Agricultural Association <strong>of</strong> Minnesota with the MFCBA.<br />
He was a founding member <strong>of</strong> the American Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> its first vice president. When the Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Farm management<br />
was organized into sections in 1913-1914 he became head <strong>of</strong> its<br />
Cooperative Seed Production <strong>and</strong> Distribution Section; he also managed<br />
the National Corn Exposition in Dallas, Texas, in 1914. In 1918 he took<br />
leave to serve as captain <strong>of</strong> the American Red Cross unit in Serbia.<br />
In June 1919 Bull <strong>and</strong> Manley Champlin, <strong>of</strong> South Dakota State<br />
University, called a meeting <strong>of</strong> agronomists from Canada <strong>and</strong> several<br />
north-central states in St. Paul that fostered formation <strong>of</strong> the International<br />
Crop Improvement Association (ICIA). In 1968 the ICIA became the<br />
Association <strong>of</strong> Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA).<br />
Bull left the University in 1919 to take an active management role in<br />
the St. John <strong>and</strong> Bull Seed Co., Worthington, Minnesota. He returned to<br />
St. Paul in 1921 to complete his working career in charge <strong>of</strong> the weed<br />
control division <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Agriculture.
14<br />
ANDREW BOSS<br />
Although his post high school education consisted <strong>of</strong> only two terms<br />
in the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota’s School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Andrew Boss<br />
played a leading role in early development <strong>of</strong> the College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture<br />
<strong>and</strong> the agricultural experiment station <strong>and</strong> was one <strong>of</strong> their best-known<br />
representatives.<br />
When he began his career as foreman <strong>of</strong> University Farm in 1891 the<br />
position covered all phases <strong>of</strong> experimental work in agriculture <strong>and</strong> livestock.<br />
In 1893 he was made assistant to Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Hays <strong>and</strong> farm superintendent,<br />
dividing the work <strong>of</strong> agriculture <strong>and</strong> animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry with<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Thomas Shaw, whose area was livestock investigations <strong>and</strong><br />
instruction. He was relieved <strong>of</strong> farm superintendent duties temporarily in<br />
1899 while Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Hays was in Europe, serving in effect as interim head<br />
<strong>of</strong> the division. On Hay’ return he served as assistant pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> agriculture<br />
<strong>and</strong> farm superintendent until 1902, when he was promoted to associate<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> agriculture <strong>and</strong> acting head <strong>of</strong> animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry. In<br />
1904 his appointment as chief <strong>of</strong> the Division <strong>of</strong> Animal Husb<strong>and</strong>ry was<br />
finalized.<br />
From 1905 to 1909, while serving as chief <strong>of</strong> both animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry<br />
<strong>and</strong> agriculture, he appears to have focused considerably on the animal<br />
husb<strong>and</strong>ry segment <strong>of</strong> his responsibilities. He served for several years as<br />
secretary <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota Livestock Breeders Association <strong>and</strong> was much<br />
involved in preparation <strong>and</strong> exhibition <strong>of</strong> livestock from University Farm in<br />
the International Livestock Exposition in Chicago, exhibiting the gr<strong>and</strong><br />
champion <strong>of</strong> the show in 1904.<br />
After 1910, when in charge <strong>of</strong> the Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Farm<br />
Management, Boss showed keen interest in the potential for crop improvement<br />
through hybridization <strong>of</strong> plants. He hired H.K. Hayes as plant breeder<br />
in 1915 <strong>and</strong> strongly encouraged his work. In 1919 Boss fostered<br />
Minnesota Crop Improvement Association’s (MCIA) adoption <strong>of</strong> the practice<br />
<strong>of</strong> field <strong>and</strong> bin inspection as part <strong>of</strong> the seed certification process,<br />
which continues today.<br />
In 1917 he became pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>and</strong> chief <strong>of</strong> the Division <strong>of</strong> Farm<br />
Management, <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> <strong>and</strong> vice director <strong>of</strong> the agricultural<br />
experiment station, the latter position unfilled since the resignation<br />
<strong>of</strong> Willet Hays. When farm management <strong>and</strong> agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics<br />
were split into two divisions in 1928 with H.K. Hayes as head <strong>of</strong> agronomy<br />
<strong>and</strong> plant genetics, Boss continued as vice director <strong>of</strong> the experiment<br />
station. He retired in 1936, then returned as acting associate director <strong>of</strong><br />
the experiment station for six months in 1944. He died in January 1947<br />
at the age <strong>of</strong> 79.
15<br />
HERBERT KENDALL HAYES<br />
H.K. Hayes was born in Granby, Connecticut, March 11, 1884, <strong>and</strong><br />
raised on a corn <strong>and</strong> tobacco farm there. He earned his B.S. <strong>and</strong> M.S.<br />
degrees at Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, <strong>and</strong>, later, his<br />
D.Sc. from Harvard University in 1921.<br />
After earning his M.S. his first role was as USDA special agent for<br />
tobacco investigations from 1908 to 1909. He then was appointed assistant<br />
agronomist for the Connecticut Experiment Station, where he served<br />
from 1909 to 1911, <strong>and</strong> where he succeeded E.M. East as plant breeder<br />
from 1911 to 1914. He was appointed associate agronomist in charge,<br />
section <strong>of</strong> plant breeding, at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station<br />
in 1915. He later was named associate pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> plant breeding, serving<br />
in that role until 1928 when he became chief <strong>of</strong> the Division <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>. He held that title until his retirement in<br />
1952.<br />
He served concurrently as collaborator, division<br />
<strong>of</strong> cereal investigations, USDA, from 1916<br />
to 1931. From 1932 to 1933 he was acting<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essor at Cornell University, temporarily<br />
replacing H.H. Love, <strong>and</strong> from 1936 to 1937<br />
was advisor to China’s National Agricultural<br />
Research Bureau, Nanking. Following his retirement<br />
he again served as pr<strong>of</strong>essor at Cornell<br />
University during 1952 <strong>and</strong> 1953, this time in<br />
the aid program <strong>of</strong> the College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture <strong>of</strong><br />
The Philippines, Los Banos.<br />
Herbert Kendall Hayes<br />
Hayes served as president <strong>of</strong> the American<br />
Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong>, received a decoration “se merito” from the president<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Republic <strong>of</strong> Chile, <strong>and</strong> was elected an honorary member <strong>of</strong> scientific<br />
societies in Argentina, Canada, Chile, Germany <strong>and</strong> Sweden. With<br />
F.R. Immer he was co-author <strong>of</strong> Methods <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Breeding, for years the<br />
world’s leading text on plant breeding, which was published in English,<br />
Chinese, Russian <strong>and</strong> Spanish.<br />
Extensive plant breeding work was underway at Minnesota when<br />
Hayes arrived, but he believed there was inadequate use <strong>of</strong> genetic principles<br />
<strong>and</strong> that larger hybrid populations should be grown. His plant breeding<br />
experience was then limited to corn <strong>and</strong> tobacco. Keenly interested in<br />
work in plant pathology, especially with its application in developing stem<br />
rust resistance in wheat, he developed a close working relationship with<br />
pathologists working on disease resistance in wheat <strong>and</strong> other crops.<br />
Cooperation with the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Pathology in 1920 <strong>and</strong> 1921<br />
included projects relating to stem rust resistance in wheat <strong>and</strong> oat, wilt <strong>of</strong>
16<br />
flax <strong>and</strong> rust <strong>of</strong> timothy. The experiment station’s 1925 report included 12<br />
subtitles <strong>of</strong> cooperative projects under the general title <strong>of</strong> “Development <strong>of</strong><br />
Disease-Resistant Varieties <strong>of</strong> Farm Crops.” Hayes was deeply involved in<br />
the development <strong>and</strong> release <strong>of</strong> stem-rust-resistant Thatcher wheat, for<br />
many years the leading hard red spring wheat grown in North America.<br />
When Hayes arrived in Minnesota the emphasis for corn improvement<br />
centered on farmer selection <strong>of</strong> superior ears; the effects <strong>and</strong> implications<br />
<strong>of</strong> self- <strong>and</strong> cross-pollination in corn still were not recognized. He became<br />
a principal promoter for developing <strong>and</strong> using hybrids, de-emphasizing the<br />
value <strong>of</strong> close selection <strong>and</strong> corn-show st<strong>and</strong>ards for yield improvement.<br />
He directed inbreeding, selection <strong>and</strong> hybrid testing <strong>of</strong> corn at Minnesota<br />
<strong>and</strong> in fall 1929 announced that the experiment station would release the<br />
first Minhybrid early in 1930.<br />
Hayes began teaching genetics <strong>and</strong> plant breeding his first year in<br />
Minnesota. He later relinquished genetics teaching but continued to teach<br />
plant breeding until his retirement. From 1915 to 1952, during his tenure<br />
in Minnesota, 225 graduate students completed degrees in the division.<br />
Fifty-eight took both the M.S. <strong>and</strong> Ph.D., 85 the M.S. <strong>and</strong> 82 the Ph.D.<br />
only. Hayes had an active <strong>and</strong> important interest in the programs <strong>of</strong> most<br />
students; proportionately, many more students emphasized plant breeding<br />
<strong>and</strong> genetics than crop production. Among the graduates, 77 became<br />
prominent in crop breeding, many went into administrative positions, <strong>and</strong><br />
from 1939 to 1973 nine former graduate students <strong>of</strong> Hayes <strong>and</strong> his associates<br />
were presidents <strong>of</strong> the American Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong>.<br />
Hayes died Sept. 9, 1972. Minutes <strong>of</strong> the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota<br />
Senate for Nov. 30, 1972, include this tribute:<br />
Dr. Hayes was one <strong>of</strong> the world’s leading crop scientists in the first half <strong>of</strong> this<br />
century <strong>and</strong> his research in the developing science <strong>of</strong> plant breeding had farreaching<br />
implications. St<strong>and</strong>ard procedures today, such as hybridization to<br />
obtain new forms, pedigree selection <strong>and</strong> breeding for resistance to diseases<br />
were subjects <strong>of</strong> his early research . . . . Although Dr. Hayes’s research<br />
achievements were great, he is best remembered for his work with students.<br />
Through his leadership the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> became<br />
known throughout the world for its work in plant breeding, <strong>and</strong> to its<br />
classrooms <strong>and</strong> its laboratories came students from many countries <strong>of</strong> the<br />
world to work <strong>and</strong> study . . . . His personal interest in students, enthusiasm<br />
<strong>and</strong> constructive criticism made him a builder <strong>of</strong> men, <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> his former<br />
students now occupy positions <strong>of</strong> leadership in many countries <strong>of</strong> the world.<br />
WILL MARTIN MYERS<br />
H.K. Hayes’ successor was Will Martin Myers, born June 11, 1911,<br />
on a 120-acre farm near Bancr<strong>of</strong>t, Nemaha County, Kansas, the fourth <strong>of</strong>
17<br />
five children <strong>and</strong> the second son. Myers said his<br />
family could afford little beyond the necessities<br />
<strong>of</strong> food, clothing <strong>and</strong> shelter.<br />
When Will Myers graduated from Bancr<strong>of</strong>t<br />
Rural High School with a class <strong>of</strong> 7 students in<br />
1928, the school had 2 faculty <strong>and</strong> 28 students.<br />
Under the influence <strong>of</strong> L. E. Call, dean <strong>of</strong> agriculture<br />
at Kansas State College (later Kansas<br />
State University), Will decided to attend Kansas<br />
State, rather than Kansas University. At Kansas<br />
State he worked under Dr. John H. Parker, then Will Martin Myers<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essor in charge <strong>of</strong> plant breeding, who also<br />
was his adviser <strong>and</strong> was influential in Myers’ choice <strong>of</strong> a major in agronomy<br />
<strong>and</strong> plant breeding. At Kansas State he was a member <strong>of</strong> the intercollegiate<br />
crops team; he also was a member <strong>of</strong> the student agricultural association<br />
<strong>and</strong> agronomy club <strong>and</strong> president <strong>of</strong> both in his senior year.<br />
Following graduation from Kansas State in 1932 he came to the<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota for graduate work under H.K. Hayes, receiving his<br />
M.S. in 1934 <strong>and</strong> Ph.D. in 1936. During his graduate work he served as<br />
an instructor in genetics <strong>and</strong> cytogenetics.<br />
From 1937 to 1946 he served first as associate geneticist <strong>and</strong> then<br />
geneticist with the USDA at State College, Pennsylvania. From 1946 to<br />
1947 he headed the agricultural research branch <strong>of</strong> the Agriculture<br />
Division Natural Resources Sections, General Headquarters, Supreme<br />
Comm<strong>and</strong>er for the Allied Powers, Tokyo, Japan. From 1947 to 1949 he<br />
was senior geneticist at the U.S. Regional Pasture Laboratory, State<br />
College, Pennsylvania. He also served part time from 1945 to 1949 as<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> cytogenetics at Pennsylvania State College’s <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong>.<br />
From 1949 until coming to Minnesota in 1952 as head <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>, he was director <strong>of</strong> field<br />
crops research with the Bureau <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Industry, Soils <strong>and</strong> Agricultural<br />
Engineering, USDA, Beltsville, Md.,<br />
In 1948 he was the first to receive the Stevenson Award for farm<br />
crops research from the American Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong>. He also received<br />
the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota’s Outst<strong>and</strong>ing Achievement Award in 1951.<br />
He served as secretary-general <strong>of</strong> the Sixth International Grassl<strong>and</strong><br />
Congress at Pennsylvania State University in 1952 <strong>and</strong> was chairman <strong>of</strong><br />
its executive, program <strong>and</strong> publication committees. In 1956 he headed the<br />
U.S. delegation to the Seventh International Grassl<strong>and</strong> Congress in New<br />
Zeal<strong>and</strong>. He served successively as vice president <strong>and</strong> president elect <strong>of</strong> the
18<br />
American Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> was its president in 1958.<br />
While an advocate <strong>of</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong> value <strong>and</strong> the value <strong>of</strong> forage crops,<br />
Myers also was keenly interested in oat breeding. As head <strong>of</strong> the agronomy<br />
department he led in the introduction <strong>of</strong> many new crop varieties <strong>and</strong> methods<br />
in all areas <strong>of</strong> agronomy. He was co-author, with J.K. Wilson, <strong>of</strong> the<br />
book Field Crop Production, <strong>and</strong> author <strong>of</strong> chapters on alfalfa <strong>and</strong> wheatgrass<br />
in the German publication, H<strong>and</strong>buch der Pflanzenzuchtung, published<br />
in Berlin.<br />
He became a member <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Consultants for The<br />
Rockefeller Foundation in 1954 <strong>and</strong> took leave in 1959-60 to serve as a<br />
special consultant to the Foundation in New Delhi, India. In 1963 he<br />
resigned his department head position to serve as dean <strong>and</strong> director <strong>of</strong><br />
international programs at the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota. He then served<br />
from 1964 to 1967 as director designate, International Institute <strong>of</strong> Tropical<br />
Agriculture, University <strong>of</strong> Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, <strong>and</strong> from 1967 to 1970<br />
as vice president, The Rockefeller Foundation, New York City.<br />
HERBERT WARREN JOHNSON<br />
Herbert W. Johnson, who succeeded Will Myers as department head<br />
on July 1, 1964, was born July 3, 1920, at Bolivar, Tennessee, <strong>and</strong> was<br />
a 1939 graduate <strong>of</strong> Gadsden High School. After<br />
earning a bachelor’s in agricultural education<br />
from the University <strong>of</strong> Tennessee in 1943 he<br />
served with the U.S. Armed Forces in Europe.<br />
Following the war he did graduate work in<br />
agronomy at the University <strong>of</strong> Nebraska–<br />
Lincoln, earning his master’s in 1948 <strong>and</strong> his<br />
Ph.D. in 1950. He served with USDA’s<br />
Agricultural Research Service at Raleigh, North<br />
Carolina, until 1953, when he moved to<br />
USDA’s facility at Beltsville, Maryl<strong>and</strong>, as coordinator<br />
<strong>of</strong> soybean improvement work.<br />
Herbert W. Johnson<br />
Johnson headed the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> for 21 years, from July 1964 to July 1985.<br />
Known mainly as an able <strong>and</strong> effective administrator, he nonetheless made<br />
substantial contributions to research through his leadership <strong>and</strong> close working<br />
relations with his staff <strong>and</strong> faculty. He emphasized recruiting well-qualified<br />
people <strong>and</strong> rewarding quality teaching, research <strong>and</strong> extension work.<br />
During his tenure 40 faculty members were recruited for positions in<br />
the department. Among them, eight were USDA personnel, seven served<br />
in extension, <strong>and</strong> two were for short-term service on a project in Morocco.
19<br />
During the 1960s he managed the merger <strong>of</strong> three faculty positions in<br />
plant physiology into the department.<br />
Under Johnson’s leadership the department was recognized among the<br />
outst<strong>and</strong>ing units in the University in 1983, resulting in special merit salary<br />
increases for the faculty, <strong>and</strong> in 1985 as the University’s outst<strong>and</strong>ing undergraduate<br />
teaching department. He maintained close contact with the state’s<br />
crop commodity groups, which was acknowledged in part by an honorary<br />
life membership in the American Soybean Association, <strong>and</strong> endorsed <strong>and</strong><br />
supported work with the state’s minor or small-acreage crops.<br />
He served on many committees <strong>and</strong> boards <strong>of</strong> the American Society<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Crop Science Society <strong>of</strong> America, <strong>and</strong> on several<br />
national boards <strong>and</strong> committees. Among the latter were the Panel on<br />
World Food Supply <strong>of</strong> the President’s Science Advisory Committee, the<br />
National Science Foundation’s Panel on Researchable Areas Which Have<br />
Potential for Increasing Crop Production, <strong>and</strong> the National Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences Committee on Climate <strong>and</strong> Food, where he chaired the <strong>Plant</strong><br />
Breeding Panel. In 1970 he was program chairman <strong>of</strong> the American Seed<br />
Trade Association’s 25th Annual Corn <strong>and</strong> Sorghum Conference.<br />
He chaired the committee to plan <strong>and</strong> construct Borlaug Hall <strong>and</strong><br />
complete the construction <strong>of</strong> Building 396, later designated as Christensen<br />
Laboratory. In 1985, when he resigned as department head, he was presented<br />
with the American Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong>’s Agronomic Achievement<br />
Award.<br />
ORVIN C. BURNSIDE<br />
Orvin Burnside, who succeeded Herbert Johnson as department head,<br />
was raised on a farm near Hawley, Minnesota. He earned a bachelor’s in<br />
agronomy at North Dakota State University <strong>and</strong>, following military service<br />
as an <strong>of</strong>ficer in military intelligence, earned a<br />
master’s <strong>and</strong> Ph.D. in agronomy (weed science)<br />
at the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota. His advisers<br />
were A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong> R. Behrens.<br />
He joined the faculty <strong>of</strong> the University <strong>of</strong><br />
Nebraska in 1959, where he specialized in<br />
weed science, <strong>and</strong> was pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> weed science<br />
there prior to returning to Minnesota to<br />
succeed Johnson on April 1, 1985.<br />
His research prior to becoming department<br />
head involved systems <strong>of</strong> weed control in agronomic<br />
crops, herbicide phytotoxicity <strong>and</strong> persis-<br />
Orvin C. Burnside
20<br />
tence, <strong>and</strong> phenology <strong>and</strong> life histories <strong>of</strong> weed species. By 1985 he was<br />
sole or co-author <strong>of</strong> more than 170 journal articles, 350 abstracts, 13<br />
chapters in books, <strong>and</strong> many popular articles, <strong>and</strong> held two patents.<br />
Burnside led a broad effort to secure funding from commodity organizations<br />
<strong>and</strong> industry to support an endowed faculty chair in molecular<br />
genetics for crop improvement. He succeeded in raising approximately<br />
$1.5 million externally which was matched by $1 million from the<br />
Permanent University Fund. Dr. David A. Somers was appointed to this<br />
faculty position in 1993.<br />
He has served as vice president, president elect <strong>and</strong> president <strong>of</strong> the<br />
North Central Weed Science Society; as secretary, vice president <strong>and</strong> president<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Intersociety Consortium for <strong>Plant</strong> Protection, as vice president,<br />
president elect <strong>and</strong> president <strong>of</strong> the Weed Science Society <strong>of</strong> America, <strong>and</strong><br />
in many other positions on regional, national<br />
<strong>and</strong> international pr<strong>of</strong>essional organizations.<br />
In 1990 he asked to be relieved <strong>of</strong> his department<br />
head duties in order to return to his career<br />
in weed science, <strong>and</strong> served as pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong><br />
weed science in the department until his retirement<br />
in 1998. Among Burnside’s later contributions<br />
to his pr<strong>of</strong>ession was a 20% commitment<br />
<strong>of</strong> his time from 1993 to 1996 to serve<br />
USDA-CSREES as chairman <strong>of</strong> the NAPIAP<br />
Phenoxy Benefits Assessment Task Force.<br />
R. Kent Crookston He is a fellow <strong>of</strong> the American Society <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Weed Science Society <strong>of</strong><br />
America <strong>and</strong> an honorary life member <strong>of</strong> the American Soybean<br />
Association.<br />
R. KENT CROOKSTON<br />
Kent Crookston, Orvin Burnside’s successor, was raised on a wheat<br />
<strong>and</strong> dairy farm at Magrath, Alberta, Canada, <strong>and</strong> earned a bachelor’s in<br />
agronomy at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, in 1968. He next<br />
earned a master’s <strong>and</strong> Ph.D. in plant physiology at the University <strong>of</strong><br />
Minnesota, was awarded an honorary post doctoral fellowship by the<br />
Canadian Research Council, <strong>and</strong> spent 1972 as a post doctoral fellow with<br />
the Canada <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Agriculture at Lethbridge, Alberta.<br />
He was research associate at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,<br />
from 1972 to 1974, when he came to the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>. He took leave from 1984 to 1986 to serve as resident
21<br />
coordinator <strong>of</strong> the USAID/University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota project at Rabat,<br />
Morocco.<br />
Crookston became director <strong>of</strong> the University's sustainable agriculture<br />
program in 1988 <strong>and</strong> succeeded Orvin Burnside as head <strong>of</strong> agronomy <strong>and</strong><br />
plant genetics in 1990. He also headed the sustainable agriculture program<br />
until 1992 <strong>and</strong> served as department head until 1998, when he was<br />
named dean <strong>of</strong> Brigham Young University's College <strong>of</strong> Biology <strong>and</strong><br />
Agriculture.<br />
He was a three-time recipient <strong>of</strong> the American Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong>’s<br />
crops <strong>and</strong> soils award for excellence in agricultural journalism <strong>and</strong> is a fellow<br />
<strong>of</strong> both the American Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Crop Science<br />
Society <strong>of</strong> America. From 1987 through 1990 he served as consultant for<br />
USAID in Morocco, in Senegal <strong>and</strong> Niger, West Africa, <strong>and</strong> Rw<strong>and</strong>a, Africa,<br />
<strong>and</strong> was a consultant for the maize improvement project, IITA, Nigeria.<br />
During his tenure as department head Crookston played a key role in<br />
establishing a fee-for-use program for barley, oat, soybean, wheat <strong>and</strong> certain<br />
other crop varieties developed by the department. To date the program<br />
has earned in excess <strong>of</strong> $1 million. He played a major role in developing<br />
the University’s sustainable agriculture program <strong>and</strong> led development <strong>of</strong> the<br />
department’s decision case studies program for both undergraduate <strong>and</strong><br />
graduate level teaching. He also was co-organizer <strong>of</strong> the first national<br />
Decision Cases in Agriculture workshop, held in Minneapolis in 1991.<br />
BURLE G. GENGENBACH<br />
Burle Gengenbach, a native <strong>of</strong> Nebraska, grew up on a grain <strong>and</strong> livestock<br />
farm near Grant, Nebraska. He earned his bachelor’s in agriculture<br />
<strong>and</strong> master’s in agronomy at the University <strong>of</strong> Nebraska, <strong>and</strong> his Ph.D. in<br />
genetics at the University <strong>of</strong> Illinois. He served as research associate at<br />
Illinois from 1971 to 1972, when he joined the faculty <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Department</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>.<br />
Gengenbach was involved in the department’s research efforts that<br />
contributed to the development <strong>of</strong> genetic biotechnology as an approach<br />
for crop improvement. His group demonstrated the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> selecting<br />
for disease resistance <strong>and</strong> nutritional quality improvements using corn<br />
tissue cultures. A major portion <strong>of</strong> his research effort was devoted to studies<br />
<strong>of</strong> the molecular genetic regulation <strong>of</strong> biosynthetic pathways for important<br />
constituents <strong>of</strong> corn <strong>and</strong> soybean seed.<br />
Among his long list <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional service endeavors, in 1984 he was<br />
lecturer for a course on plant genetics at Beijing Agricultural University,<br />
Beijing, China, <strong>and</strong> from 1986 to 1988 was associate editor for Crop
22<br />
Science. He was instrumental in forming the<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> Molecular <strong>Genetics</strong> Institute in 1985 <strong>and</strong><br />
was its director from 1988 to 1991.<br />
He held a joint appointment in the<br />
<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Biology, College <strong>of</strong><br />
Biological Sciences, from 1989 to 1998, when<br />
he was named acting head <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>. He was<br />
appointed head in April 1999.<br />
Gengenbach is a member <strong>of</strong> the American<br />
Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong>, Crop Science Society <strong>of</strong> Burle G. Gengenbach<br />
America, <strong>Genetics</strong> Society <strong>of</strong> America,<br />
American Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Physiologists, International Association for<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> Tissue Culture <strong>and</strong> the International Society for <strong>Plant</strong> Molecular<br />
Biology. He is a Fellow <strong>of</strong> the American Association for the Advancement<br />
<strong>of</strong> Science, the Crop Science Society <strong>of</strong> America <strong>and</strong> the American<br />
Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong>.<br />
FACULTY MEMBERS<br />
Tenure<br />
Faculty Member From To Specialization<br />
Aamodt, Olaf S. 1924 1927 USDA, taught genetics<br />
Andersen, D.C. 1937 1939 Assistant in plant genetics<br />
Andersen, R.N. 1961 1989 USDA, weed science<br />
Anderson, James A. 1998 Present Wheat breeding <strong>and</strong> genetics<br />
Armour, Myron L. 1942 1953 Extension, forage specialist<br />
Arny, A.C. 1909 1946 General agronomy, weed science, forages<br />
Ausemus, E.R. 1930 1964 USDA, spring wheat improvement<br />
Barnes, Donald K. 1969 1995 USDA, alfalfa improvement<br />
Basset, L.B. 1908 1928 Assistant in agriculture, farm management<br />
Beard, B.H. 1955 1961 USDA, barley improvement<br />
Becker, Roger 1987 Present Extension, weed science<br />
Behrens, Richard 1958 1986 Weed science<br />
Benton, A.H. 1914 1918 Assistant in farm management<br />
Bernardo, Rex <strong>2000</strong> Present Corn breeding <strong>and</strong> genetics<br />
Borgeson, Carl 1932 1974 Foundation seed project,<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture<br />
Boss, Andrew 1891 1936 Chief, <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Farm<br />
Management 1910-28<br />
Brewbaker, Harvey 1923 1930 Corn breeding
23<br />
Tenure<br />
Faculty Member From To Specialization<br />
Briggle, Lee 1972 1974 USDA, oat investigations leader<br />
Briggs, Rodney 1953 1958 Extension, forage crops, undergraduate<br />
teaching<br />
Brun, W.A. 1966 1987 <strong>Plant</strong> physiology<br />
Buhler, Douglas 1989 1993 USDA, weed science<br />
Bull, Coates P. 1902 1919 Seed production <strong>and</strong> distribution<br />
Burnham, Charles R. 1938 1972 <strong>Genetics</strong>, cytogenetics<br />
Burnside, Orvin C. 1985 1998 <strong>Department</strong> head 1985-90, weed science<br />
Busch, Robert H. 1978 <strong>2000</strong> USDA, spring wheat improvement<br />
Caddel, John L. 1975 1977 Special assignment, Morocco<br />
Caldecott, Richard 1955 1966 USDA, genetics, cytogenetics<br />
Cardwell, Vernon B. 1967 Present Undergraduate teaching<br />
Clement, William M. 1959 1962 USDA, alfalfa genetics<br />
Compton, W.A. 1965 1968 Corn improvement<br />
Comstock, Verne E. 1954 1984 USDA, flax improvement<br />
Cooper, Richard 1962 1968 Soybean genetics<br />
Cooper, T.P. 1908 1910 Assistant in agriculture<br />
Crim, Ralph F. 1922 1953 Extension, seed production<br />
Crookston, R. Kent 1974 1998 <strong>Department</strong> head 1990-98, crop management<br />
Culbertson, J.O. 1937 1957 USDA, sugarbeet <strong>and</strong> flax improvement<br />
Cuomo, Gregory J. 1996 Present Pasture management, West Central<br />
Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach Center, Morris<br />
Doxtater, C.W. 1932 1936 Corn improvement<br />
Dunham, R.S. 1945 1958 Weed science, undergraduate teaching<br />
Durgan, Beverly R. 1985 Present Extension, weed science<br />
Dyck, Elizabeth 1998 Present Southwest State U. agronomy teaching;<br />
weed management, Southwest Research<br />
<strong>and</strong> Outreach Center, Lamberton<br />
Eberlein, Charlotte E. 1984 1989 Weed science<br />
Ehlke, Nancy J. 1986 Present Legume <strong>and</strong> grass breeding<br />
Elling, Laddie J. 1950 1985 Alfalfa breeding, seed production, undergraduate<br />
teaching<br />
Elliott, W.A. 1972 1977 Wild rice improvement<br />
Falkner, Lori K. <strong>2000</strong> Present Southwest State U. agronomy teaching;<br />
crop breeding, Southwest Research <strong>and</strong><br />
Outreach Center, Lamberton<br />
Forcella, Frank 1993 Present USDA, weed management<br />
Ford, J. Harlan 1960 1973 USDA, flax improvement<br />
Gallagher, Lynn W. 1980 1983 Special assignment, Morocco<br />
Gallo-Meagher, Maria 1994 1996 Wheat <strong>and</strong> barley molecular genetics<br />
Garber, R.J. 1918 1921 <strong>Plant</strong> breeding<br />
Garey, L.F. 1921 1928 Farm management
24<br />
Tenure<br />
Faculty Member From To Specialization<br />
Geadelmann, J.L. 1972 1987 Corn improvement<br />
Gengenbach, Burle 1972 Present <strong>Department</strong> head 1998–,<br />
genetics, biochemistry<br />
Goodding, John A. 1978 1989 Undergraduate teaching<br />
Green, C.E. 1974 1982 <strong>Genetics</strong>, cell <strong>and</strong> tissue culture<br />
Griffee, Fred 1920 1925 <strong>Plant</strong> breeding<br />
Gronwald, John W. 1983 Present USDA, weed science, physiology<br />
Gunsolus, Jeffrey 1986 Present Extension, weed science<br />
Haedecke, A.D. 1918 1934 Seed production <strong>and</strong> distribution<br />
Hardman, Lel<strong>and</strong> L. 1976 Present Extension, soybean, undergraduate teaching<br />
Hayes, H.K. 1915 1952 Division chief 1928-52, plant breeding<br />
Hays, Willet M. <strong>1888</strong> 1905 General agronomy, plant breeding<br />
Heichel, Gary H. 1976 1990 USDA, physiology<br />
Heiner, Robert E. 1965 1977 USDA, spring wheat improvement<br />
Henderson, M.T. 1942 1945 Assistant in agronomy<br />
Henderson, R.W. 1942 1946 USDA, genetics<br />
Hicks, Dale R. 1968 Present Extension, corn <strong>and</strong> soybean<br />
Hoverstad, A.T. 1923 1928 Cost accounting<br />
Hovin, A.W. 1969 1981 Forage crops breeding<br />
Kuan-Jen-Hsu 1952 1956 <strong>Plant</strong> breeding<br />
Hueg, William F., Jr. 1957 1962 Extension, forages<br />
Hutcheson, T.B. 1914 1914 Associate agronomist<br />
Immer, Forest R. 1929 1946 <strong>Genetics</strong>, statistics<br />
Jensen, Edwin 1954 1956 Extension, small grains <strong>and</strong> weeds<br />
Jeppson, R<strong>and</strong>all G. 1980 1981 Extension, small grains <strong>and</strong> sunflowers<br />
Johnson, Gregg A. 1994 Present Weed management, Southern Research<br />
<strong>and</strong> Outreach Center, Waseca<br />
Johnson, Herbert W. 1964 1985 <strong>Department</strong> head<br />
Johnson, Iver J. 1928 1939 Corn breeding<br />
Johnston, David R. 1958 1962 Spring wheat improvement<br />
Jones, Robert J. 1978 Present Corn physiology<br />
Jordan, Nicholas 1994 Present Weed <strong>and</strong> crop ecology<br />
Jung, Hans-J. G. 1990 Present USDA, forage composition <strong>and</strong> quality<br />
Justin, James R. 1962 1967 Extension, small grains<br />
Kleese, R.A. 1962 1972 Biochemical genetics<br />
Koo, Keh-Shing 1952 1961 Oat breeding<br />
Kramer, Herbert H. 1942 1946 <strong>Plant</strong> breeding, statistics<br />
Lamb, JoAnn F.S. 1996 Present USDA, alfalfa improvement<br />
Lambert, Jean W. 1946 1982 Soybean improvement, genetics<br />
Lebsock, Kenneth L. 1980 1981 USDA, administrator<br />
Lueschen, William E. 1996 1999 New crop management<br />
Majek, Bradley J. 1980 1981 Extension, weed science
25<br />
Tenure<br />
Faculty Member From To Specialization<br />
Marten, Gordon C. 1962 1989 USDA, forage management<br />
Martin, Neal P. 1974 1999 Extension, forage crops<br />
Maxwell, Bruce 1989 1992 Weed ecology<br />
McGinnis, F.W. 1919 1927 Agronomist in farm crops<br />
McGraw, Robert L. 1980 1986 USDA, birdsfoot trefoil improvement<br />
Miller, Gerald R. 1964 1983 Extension, weed science<br />
Miller, J.H. 1948 1953 USDA, weed science<br />
Moseman, A.H. 1944 1945 USDA, flax improvement<br />
Moss, Dale N. 1968 1977 <strong>Plant</strong> physiology<br />
Muehlbauer, Gary J. 1997 Present Wheat <strong>and</strong> barley molecular genetics<br />
Mumford, D. Curtis 1926 1928 Assistant in farm management<br />
Murphy, Royse P. 1937 1942 Assistant in agronomy<br />
Murray, Helene 1993 Present Program coordinator, Minnesota Institute<br />
for Sustainable Agriculture<br />
Myers, W.M. 1932 1963 <strong>Plant</strong> breeding 1932-37; department<br />
head 1952-63<br />
Naeve, Seth L. 1998 Present Extension, soybean<br />
Odl<strong>and</strong>, T.E. 1920 1921 Seed production <strong>and</strong> distribution<br />
Oelke, Ervin A. 1968 <strong>2000</strong> Extension, small grains <strong>and</strong> wild rice<br />
Olson, L.C. 1968 1970 <strong>Plant</strong> physiology<br />
Olson, P.J. 1914 1918 <strong>Plant</strong> breeding<br />
Openshaw, Stephen 1987 1992 Corn breeding<br />
Orf, James H. 1981 Present Soybean improvement<br />
Otto, Harley J. 1958 1975 Extension, forages <strong>and</strong> seed production<br />
Parker, E.C. 1905 1907 Assistant in agriculture<br />
Peck, Frank W. 1912 1922 Cost accounting<br />
Peterson, Paul R. <strong>2000</strong> Present Extension, forage crops<br />
Peterson, R.F. 1932 1934 <strong>Plant</strong> breeding<br />
Peterson, Robert H. 1960 1996 Corn improvement<br />
Phillips, Ronald L. 1968 Present <strong>Genetics</strong>, cytogenetics<br />
Pingrey, H.B. 1928 1928 Assistant in farm management<br />
Pinnel, Emmett L. 1942 1957 Corn improvement<br />
Polson, David E. 1969 1974 <strong>Plant</strong> physiology<br />
Pond, G.A. 1920 1928 Cost production studies<br />
Porter, Paul M. 1995 Present Cropping systems<br />
Porter, Raymond 1988 Present USDA, wild rice improvement<br />
Powers, LeRoy 1932 1935 <strong>Plant</strong> genetics, quantitative genetics<br />
Putnam, Daniel H. 1986 1993 New <strong>and</strong> alternative crops<br />
Rasmusson, Donald C. 1961 <strong>2000</strong> Barley improvement<br />
Reece, Oscar E. 1944 1946 USDA, sugarbeets<br />
Rines, Howard W. 1976 Present USDA, oat genetics
26<br />
Tenure<br />
Faculty Member From To Specialization<br />
Rinke, Ernest H. 1940 1965 Corn breeding <strong>and</strong> plant breeding<br />
Robinson, Robert G. 1948 1986 New <strong>and</strong> alternative crops<br />
Sallee, G.A. 1928 1928 Assistant in farm management<br />
Schmid, A.R. 1941 1977 Forage crops, research <strong>and</strong> teaching<br />
Schmitt, Michael 1987 1989 Extension, corn<br />
Schultz, Herman 1934 1941 Assistant in agronomy<br />
Sentz, J.C. 1954 1971 Corn breeding<br />
Sheaffer, Craig C. 1977 Present Forage crops, research <strong>and</strong> teaching<br />
Simmons, Steve R. 1977 Present Undergraduate teaching, agroecology<br />
Singleton, W.R. 1942 1942 Teaching genetics, plant breeding<br />
Smith, Kevin P. 1998 Present Barley breeding <strong>and</strong> genetics<br />
Smith, L.H. 1959 1995 Physiology, undergraduate teaching<br />
Snustad, D.P. 1965 1966 <strong>Genetics</strong><br />
Snyder, Leon A. 1956 1966 <strong>Genetics</strong><br />
Somers, David A. 1984 Present Molecular genetics, soybean <strong>and</strong> oat<br />
Sprague, Ernest W. 1956 1958 USDA, alfalfa genetics<br />
Stahler, L.M. 1944 1948 Weed science<br />
Steinmetz, F.J. 1919 1926 Farm crops research<br />
Stevenson, F.J. 1926 1930 <strong>Plant</strong> breeding<br />
Str<strong>and</strong>, Oliver 1969 1983 Extension, weed science, undergraduate<br />
teaching<br />
Stucker, Robert E. 1965 1995 Alfalfa, corn, wild rice breeding; statistics<br />
Stuthman, Deon D. 1966 Present Oat improvement<br />
Sunderman, Donald 1954 1961 USDA, spring wheat improvement<br />
Thomas, H.L. 1945 1969 Forage breeding, statistics<br />
Thompson, John 1902 1904 Assistant in agriculture<br />
Thompson, Roy L. 1972 1978 Extension, small grains<br />
Tsiang, Y.S. 1943 1945 Corn improvement<br />
Tulelen, Neal A. 1958 1962 <strong>Plant</strong> genetics<br />
Vance, Carroll P. 1976 Present USDA, plant physiology<br />
Wedin, Walter F. 1957 1961 USDA, forage management<br />
Wiersma, Jochum J. 1997 Present Extension, small grains, Northwest<br />
Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach Center, Crookston<br />
Wilson, Archie D. 1905 1917 Assistant in farm management<br />
Wilson, H.K. 1927 1945 Agronomist, weed control, teaching<br />
Worsham, C.G. 1920 1922 Cost <strong>of</strong> production studies<br />
Wych, Robert D. 1978 1982 Small grains, physiology<br />
Wyse, Donald L. 1974 Present Weed science
Chapter 3<br />
<strong>Department</strong> Buildings<br />
Farm House, the first building constructed by<br />
the agricultural experiment station, was authorized by a $25,000 appropriation<br />
<strong>and</strong> built in 1883. It was intended as a building in which School <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture students could live. Iver J. Johnson lived in this building for a<br />
time; he had to move when it was assigned to agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics<br />
following the division’s reorganization in 1928. Farm House was demolished<br />
after the <strong>Agronomy</strong> Building (Hayes Hall), 364, was constructed.<br />
The seed house, #345, is the south part <strong>of</strong> the present structure<br />
referred to as the seed house. It is a frame building constructed in 1918 at<br />
a cost <strong>of</strong> $16,466.72.<br />
Ag botany greenhouse, #339, was one section <strong>of</strong> greenhouse, approximately<br />
10 x 24 feet, constructed in 1923 at a cost <strong>of</strong> $2,526.46.<br />
The structure was destroyed when the agricultural botany building was leveled<br />
to make room for the present Magrath Library.<br />
Field house, #355, is the north part <strong>of</strong> the present structure referred<br />
to as the seed house. It is a frame structure constructed in 1932-33 at a<br />
cost <strong>of</strong> $27,751.47 <strong>and</strong> has drying bins <strong>and</strong> a corn room.<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> building <strong>and</strong> greenhouse, #364, is now Hayes Hall. The<br />
main structure is a four-story brick building with <strong>of</strong>fices, laboratories <strong>and</strong><br />
classrooms. It once housed the seed stocks section <strong>and</strong> Minnesota Crop Improvement<br />
Association. Rooms 104 <strong>and</strong> 106 were designed for crops shows<br />
that MCIA might sponsor <strong>and</strong> room 202 was the location <strong>of</strong> early annual<br />
meetings <strong>of</strong> MCIA members. The greenhouse was three sections to the west<br />
<strong>of</strong> the agronomy building on the third level. Included was a head house for<br />
soil storage, a germination room <strong>and</strong> general storage. The greenhouses <strong>and</strong><br />
head houses were destroyed when Borlaug Hall was constructed.<br />
By Laddie J. Elling.
28<br />
The two buildings, agronomy, now Hayes Hall <strong>and</strong> plant pathology,<br />
now Stakman Hall, were authorized by a single appropriation. Bids were<br />
let for the construction <strong>of</strong> buildings 364 <strong>and</strong> 365 on October 17, 1940.<br />
The general contract was for $249,700; the mechanical-electrical contract<br />
was let for $37,000. After construction <strong>of</strong> the two buildings, bids were let<br />
for two adjoining greenhouses. The general contract was let for $13,199,<br />
the mechanical contract for $6,590 <strong>and</strong> the electrical contract for $922.<br />
Legend, which may be fact, has it that a retaining wall connected the two<br />
buildings to indicate that they were one building.<br />
Seed storage south, #366A, now a part <strong>of</strong> MCIA buildings 470-474,<br />
was constructed in 1942 at a cost <strong>of</strong> $7,358.71. It is a frame building with<br />
stucco exterior.<br />
Seed stocks, #366, now a part <strong>of</strong> MCIA, was constructed in 1945 at<br />
a cost <strong>of</strong> $57,082.75. It is a stucco-covered concrete-block building.<br />
Greenhouse north <strong>of</strong> garage, #370A, was constructed in 1948 at a<br />
cost <strong>of</strong> $30,084.13. It stood alone for several years until the 370B section<br />
was constructed.<br />
Seed storage north, #366B, was constructed in 1950 at a cost <strong>of</strong><br />
$20,640.59. It is a frame building with stucco exterior.<br />
Minnesota Crop Improvement Association building, #366C, was<br />
constructed in 1949 at cost <strong>of</strong> $51,207.84. The agronomy department<br />
contributed $28,000.00 from its seed stocks fund.<br />
East section <strong>of</strong> greenhouse, #370B, attached to 370A, <strong>and</strong> the head<br />
house were constructed in 1951 at cost <strong>of</strong> $191,106.96. The head house,<br />
a concrete-block structure, has a concrete floor <strong>and</strong> soil bins.<br />
Crops service buildings, first phase, #388, was the first unit <strong>of</strong> the<br />
complex first known as the plant science building. All <strong>of</strong> these units were<br />
considered to be for use <strong>of</strong> the three departments: agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant<br />
genetics, plant pathology, <strong>and</strong> soil, water <strong>and</strong> climate. Planning for this<br />
complex began in 1955-1956 with Will M. Myers, head <strong>of</strong> agronomy <strong>and</strong><br />
plant genetics, taking the lead. The first phase was constructed in 1958 at<br />
a cost <strong>of</strong> $100,000. A prominent feature <strong>of</strong> this service building is a dustremoval<br />
system that permits threshing <strong>and</strong> cleaning seed inside at any time.<br />
Crops research building, #389, was the second unit <strong>of</strong> the “plant science<br />
building.” Urgent requests to build this unit on the west side <strong>of</strong><br />
Gortner Avenue were denied. When construction began two major units to<br />
a laboratory-type building were planned, with the west unit twice as long<br />
as the present crops research building. The appropriation for this second<br />
unit was approved in 1959, but a suit against the state for assuming larger<br />
debt for building construction caused a two-year delay. In 1961 the leg-
29<br />
<strong>Department</strong><br />
Buildings<br />
Locator Map<br />
478<br />
North<br />
Future<br />
containment<br />
greenhouse<br />
388<br />
388A<br />
398<br />
423<br />
370B<br />
432<br />
389<br />
Future<br />
Microbial<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong><br />
Genomics<br />
Center<br />
366<br />
366A,B,C<br />
Buford Ave.<br />
370A<br />
Gortner Ave.<br />
364<br />
Folwell Ave.<br />
365<br />
396<br />
Farm<br />
House<br />
was<br />
here<br />
429<br />
Upper Buford Circle<br />
Buford Circle<br />
339
30<br />
islature took special action to permit the construction. The building was<br />
constructed in 1961-62 at a cost <strong>of</strong> $1,130,000.<br />
USDA Weed Research Laboratory, #398, formerly 370 K, is the<br />
greenhouse unit located north <strong>of</strong> the crops research building. It was completed<br />
in 1965 at a total cost <strong>of</strong> $90,000, paid with USDA funds.<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> Science Building, #396, now named Christensen Laboratory,<br />
is located between Hayes Hall <strong>and</strong> Stakman Hall. A change in administration<br />
<strong>and</strong> policy enabled the three departments to request <strong>and</strong> receive permission<br />
to have this building constructed west <strong>of</strong> Gortner Avenue <strong>and</strong><br />
between <strong>and</strong> connected to both Hayes Hall <strong>and</strong> Stakman Hall. It cost<br />
$1,327,000. This building, which contains only laboratories, is presently<br />
assigned to the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Pathology.<br />
Crops Service Building, #388(a), phase II, was the final addition to the<br />
crops service building It has drying ovens, a temperature- <strong>and</strong> humidity-controlled<br />
seed storage room <strong>and</strong> other special types <strong>of</strong> services. It was completed<br />
in 1969 at a cost <strong>of</strong> $259,000. The entire crops service building is a<br />
one-story structure with a significant unheated area for bundle storage.<br />
Borlaug Hall, #429, appeared in schematic drawings as early as<br />
1958 but construction was not authorized for several years because <strong>of</strong><br />
University limitations on building requests. It finally was completed in 1985<br />
at a cost <strong>of</strong> about $13,000,000. A greenhouse shown in the initial plans<br />
could not be built because <strong>of</strong> cost limitations. Borlaug Hall is occupied by<br />
agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics, plant pathology, <strong>and</strong> soil, water <strong>and</strong> climate.<br />
Teaching Greenhouse <strong>and</strong> Classroom Head House, # 432, were not<br />
included in the Borlaug Hall project; they were completed in 1986 at a cost<br />
<strong>of</strong> approximately $800,000. Because inflation had subsided the Borlaug<br />
Hall project came in under budget <strong>and</strong> this facility was constructed from the<br />
cost savings. This facility provides students in agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics<br />
<strong>and</strong> plant pathology courses the opportunity to conduct h<strong>and</strong>s-on experiments<br />
<strong>and</strong> observe crops <strong>and</strong> weeds at various stages <strong>of</strong> growth.<br />
Chemical Storage Facility, #478, was constructed in 1993 on a budget<br />
that reached $917,000 by completion. This facility meets increasingly<br />
stringent regulations for the storage, application <strong>and</strong> disposal <strong>of</strong> agricultural<br />
chemicals such as fertilizers, herbicides <strong>and</strong> other pesticides.<br />
Sequel: When the agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics department moved<br />
into what is now Hayes Hall in 1941, Farm House was dismantled <strong>and</strong><br />
sold. Donald U. Harvey, a plot supervisor <strong>and</strong> later the department plot<br />
foreman until his retirement in 1963, bought some <strong>of</strong> the materials <strong>and</strong><br />
used them in building his home at 1965 North Clevel<strong>and</strong> Avenue in<br />
Roseville. Harvey continued to live in that home until October 1992, when<br />
he moved to Presbyterian Homes, Lake Johanna, at the age <strong>of</strong> 97 years.
Chapter 4<br />
Recollections<br />
In the late 1940s three telephone lines (281,<br />
282, 283) came into the department <strong>and</strong> rang at the desk between Stella<br />
Melbostad <strong>and</strong> Margaret Taarud. One <strong>of</strong> them would answer the line <strong>and</strong><br />
signal the person called to the phone with a buzzer that went to all <strong>of</strong>fices;<br />
one buzz for 281, two for 282 or three for 283. A single phone in the west<br />
end <strong>of</strong> the hall on the fourth floor was for students <strong>and</strong> others who had no<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice. Later, line 311 was installed in Room 213 <strong>and</strong> Elling <strong>and</strong> Harry Hsu<br />
had the first private phone in the department.<br />
Stella Melbostad requested that Bob Robinson be the last person to<br />
hold the 281-83 lines, “Because he was most readily available <strong>and</strong> could<br />
answer more questions than most others,” she said. Still later, personal<br />
phones came to faculty, staff <strong>and</strong> graduate student <strong>of</strong>fices, <strong>and</strong> more<br />
recently answering machines <strong>and</strong> voice mail, <strong>and</strong> a speakerphone in the<br />
department head’s <strong>of</strong>fice.<br />
Duplicating written information was another matter. Into the 1960s<br />
the use <strong>of</strong> carbon paper was very prominent. One <strong>of</strong>ten saw Stella working<br />
on a letter or document with eight or more carbons. An error meant<br />
erasing the mistake on all copies. And this typing was done with a manual<br />
typewriter.<br />
Multiple copies were made on the stencil machine; there was only one<br />
in the college, located in the duplication section. <strong>Agronomy</strong> typists “cut”<br />
the stencil on their typewriters, the type bars striking the stencil without<br />
touching the ribbon. The stencil was then carried to the duplicating room<br />
where copies were made.<br />
By Laddie J. Elling.
32<br />
The department later acquired a “ditto” machine, which used a special<br />
liquid to transfer impressions from the stencil onto paper. The stencils lasted<br />
only for a limited number <strong>of</strong> copies.<br />
Next came the xerographic copying machine, in which a heat process<br />
transferred type from the stencil to heat-sensitive paper. Paper left exposed<br />
to light became totally black.<br />
Today copying machines are used extensively <strong>and</strong> each faculty member,<br />
staff member <strong>and</strong> graduate student has an access number coded to<br />
department projects. They can make as many copies as needed; the copies<br />
are charged to the project budget.<br />
In <strong>2000</strong>, as this piece is written, with e-mail, voice mail, computers<br />
<strong>and</strong> speakerphones in many if not all <strong>of</strong>fices, it is difficult to imagine the<br />
limitations <strong>of</strong> department communications in the 1940s.<br />
CIVIL SERVICE PERSONNEL<br />
While it is true that the faculty is the primary leader in the theory,<br />
research <strong>and</strong> writing <strong>of</strong> the results in the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>, the civil service personnel contribute greatly to the department’s<br />
success. Work would be very inefficient without the plot supervisors,<br />
statisticians, secretaries, financial managers <strong>and</strong> others in the civil service<br />
group. While it is impossible to do justice to all <strong>of</strong> them, I would like<br />
to say a bit about a few that I will not forget.<br />
The first was Donald U. Harvey, the department plot supervisor. Don<br />
was born in 1895 <strong>and</strong> died in 1997. He graduated from the University’s<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture in 1917 <strong>and</strong> joined the U.S. Army in 1918. He contacted<br />
influenza, received a discharge from the Army, <strong>and</strong> joined the<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota staff later that year. He began working under Pr<strong>of</strong>.<br />
A.C. Arny in the Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Farm Management.<br />
Another staff member <strong>of</strong> that time was Stella Melbostad, a secretary<br />
who started with the Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Farm Management. She<br />
retired in the 1970s after working more than 48 years with the department<br />
<strong>and</strong> the University.<br />
Lee Alex<strong>and</strong>er, a mature person at that time, joined the University<br />
staff about the same time as Mr. Harvey. Alex<strong>and</strong>er worked with seed<br />
packaging <strong>and</strong> helped with plot work. It seemed he was directly under Dr.<br />
Hayes, but that is only my best guess. I could find no records <strong>of</strong> him <strong>and</strong><br />
have only memories to go by.<br />
The fourth <strong>and</strong> fifth <strong>of</strong> my group came along after the Division <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> was separated from Farm Management in<br />
1928.
33<br />
Mrs. Margaret Taarud was born in Glenwood, Minnesota, <strong>and</strong> joined<br />
the department about 1933 as a joint financial manager for the department<br />
<strong>and</strong> for Minnesota Crop Improvement Association. She <strong>and</strong> Stella<br />
Melbostad shared the management <strong>of</strong> the agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice. Their desks were arranged so that either could answer the phones<br />
for the department. Mrs. Taarud’s desk was against the wall just outside Dr.<br />
Hayes’ <strong>of</strong>fice.<br />
The fifth person was Mrs. Mattie Westgate who worked in the <strong>of</strong>fice<br />
on the northwest corner <strong>of</strong> the fourth floor <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Agronomy</strong> Building, now<br />
Hayes Hall, where she used a Monroe calculator to assemble <strong>and</strong> analyze<br />
data for the department. Mattie was promoted to senior clerk in June<br />
1948. I can add that most graduate students did their own data analyses<br />
on two Friden calculators in the calculating room.<br />
The morning I first entered the department, April 3, 1946, Stella told<br />
me that Dr. Hayes was busy <strong>and</strong> I should visit with Dr. Burnham for a<br />
while. She led me to Burnham’s <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>and</strong> he was very willing to visit with<br />
me for about 30 minutes. Stella returned <strong>and</strong> said I could see Dr. Hayes,<br />
who signed me on as a graduate student.<br />
After WW II Don Harvey had all the labor force report to him <strong>and</strong> he<br />
would assign high school students or older persons to faculty or graduate<br />
students on a person-to-person basis. On one occasion I asked for a man<br />
to go to Rosemount to help Dr. Thomas <strong>and</strong> me. We were assigned Nels<br />
Olmein, a good big man who was willing <strong>and</strong> able to work. I immediately<br />
supposed that he was just out <strong>of</strong> the Army. Fifty years later his son told me<br />
that his dad had been in the Philippines <strong>and</strong> Japan <strong>and</strong> worked with the<br />
Red Cross in Japan for a year. Nels was later appointed plot supervisor for<br />
the corn project; he served there very well.<br />
Harold Scott became the department plot supervisor after Don Harvey<br />
retired. On one occasion Scotty, Mr. Kramer from the soils department<br />
<strong>and</strong> I were in the crops service building. Suddenly Scotty started yelling,<br />
“Why, did you jerk my cap <strong>of</strong>f my head” Then I recognized why he was<br />
so aroused. I hurriedly explained that the dust <strong>and</strong> straw exhaust system<br />
sucked his cap into the system <strong>and</strong> into the storage tank as he walked<br />
under one <strong>of</strong> the intakes. I was glad I was there to explain what had happened,<br />
as it would have been hard put to settle the matter without a good<br />
explanation.<br />
I remember an experience I had with Lee Alex<strong>and</strong>er while I was a<br />
graduate student. I noted that he had a small set <strong>of</strong> tools, so I asked to borrow<br />
a hammer. He let me take it, <strong>and</strong> when I came back with the hammer,<br />
I made sure he knew I had returned it. I thanked him for the use <strong>of</strong> the<br />
hammer, <strong>and</strong> his reply was, “If you had not brought it back, I would not<br />
have loaned you tools again.” I am sure he was firm in that statement.
34<br />
I also especially remember seven more <strong>of</strong> the civil service staff.<br />
Avis Kunkel, the administrative assistant for 10 or more years, retired a<br />
few years ago <strong>and</strong> now lives in Coon Rapids.<br />
Mauritz Linder, a plot supervisor for the soybean project, is retired <strong>and</strong> living<br />
near Stillwater.<br />
Tom Warnke transferred <strong>and</strong> is now senior administrative director in farm<br />
<strong>and</strong> grounds maintenance.<br />
Louise O’Leary, who joined the department out <strong>of</strong> high school, was secretary<br />
to the department head; she now lives in Oregon with her family.<br />
Patricia Kessler has transferred to the University police department.<br />
Bob Peterson retired from the corn project last year <strong>and</strong> lives near the<br />
campus in St. Anthony Park.<br />
Duane Smith is retired from the alfalfa project <strong>and</strong> lives in Maple Plain.
Chapter 5<br />
Undergraduate<br />
Teaching<br />
The record <strong>of</strong> undergraduate agronomy courses<br />
taught from 1899 to 1929 shows that field (farm) crops <strong>and</strong> seeds, crop<br />
(plant) breeding, thremmatology <strong>and</strong> field agriculture were <strong>of</strong>fered prior to<br />
1910. Courses emphasizing grain <strong>and</strong> corn judging, principles <strong>of</strong> genetics,<br />
cereal crops, <strong>and</strong> corn <strong>and</strong> potato crops were added to the departmental<br />
<strong>of</strong>fering from 1910 to 1924. W.M. Hays, Andrew Boss, C.P. Bull, A.C.<br />
Arny, H.K. Hayes, A.D. Wilson, H.K. Wilson, E.C. Parker, L.B. Bassett<br />
<strong>and</strong> J.B. Thompson were involved in various aspects <strong>of</strong> teaching <strong>and</strong> advising<br />
students. It appeared that the courses <strong>and</strong> advising emphasized preparation<br />
for graduate study.<br />
It is not known how many students were taught in these courses or<br />
advised by faculty, but a quotation from the College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Forestry, <strong>and</strong> Home Economics Bulletin, Volume 31, #17, March 24,<br />
1928, provides some insight into the educational philosophy <strong>of</strong> the college<br />
then:<br />
Perhaps you would like to go to the college, but you think you can’t afford<br />
to go, or you are not certain <strong>of</strong> the job or pr<strong>of</strong>ession you wish to prepare<br />
for, or you are awed by the great change from high school to a big<br />
University.<br />
If you are not interested in study, if you had a poor record in high school<br />
because <strong>of</strong> your inability to do the work or a dislike for study or if your only<br />
interest in college is some student activity you will save time <strong>and</strong> money by not<br />
going. Many people have attained great success without going to college.<br />
If you made a credible record in high school, if you have a real desire to<br />
learn <strong>and</strong> an ambition to improve your mind <strong>and</strong> to increase your usefulness,<br />
you are justified in at least a trial toward a college education.<br />
By Pr<strong>of</strong>essor L.L. Hardman, a member <strong>of</strong> the department faculty since 1976, incorporating<br />
information provided by Laddie J. Elling.
36<br />
The College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Forestry, <strong>and</strong> Home Economics aims to give to<br />
its students practical, yet fundamental, technical training which prepares<br />
them for some vocation, or pr<strong>of</strong>ession.<br />
It also aims to provide a broad university education which gives students the<br />
breadth <strong>of</strong> view, depth <strong>of</strong> interest, <strong>and</strong> mental grasp which the state has a<br />
right to expect <strong>of</strong> its university graduates. No college course, even though<br />
it is excellent in every respect, can prepare young men completely <strong>and</strong> finally<br />
for the immediate assumption <strong>of</strong> large <strong>and</strong> responsible positions unless<br />
the student has had previous experience fitting him for such positions.<br />
Agriculture is in itself the greatest industry <strong>of</strong> man. Our very existence<br />
depends on a prosperous agriculture. The university <strong>of</strong>fers a wide range <strong>of</strong><br />
courses to prepare men for this field, but two important facts should be<br />
noted, you should have more than average ability <strong>and</strong> you must have an aptitude<br />
<strong>and</strong> real enthusiasm for one <strong>of</strong> the special fields <strong>of</strong> agriculture work.<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> this philosophy is still embraced on the campus <strong>and</strong> in the<br />
<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> today.<br />
CIRCA 1939<br />
The 1938–39 bulletin indicated that a B.S. degree <strong>of</strong>fered in technical<br />
agriculture was developed for students who planned to enter one or<br />
more <strong>of</strong> the technical or applied fields <strong>of</strong> agriculture immediately after<br />
graduation. Training was <strong>of</strong>fered for all types <strong>of</strong> farming in Minnesota, for<br />
extension work (county agent), <strong>and</strong> for technical agricultural work in various<br />
industries – dairy, animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry, agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant industries,<br />
horticulture, agricultural engineering, farm management <strong>and</strong> business. The<br />
tuition for an undergraduate student in the college in 1939 was $20 per<br />
quarter, based on a rate <strong>of</strong> $1.50 per credit.<br />
Students could select from several electives or emphases (majors) in<br />
the sciences or fields represented by the various divisions <strong>of</strong> the college.<br />
For a B.S. degree 204 credit hours were required. About half <strong>of</strong> the courses<br />
in the curriculum were required <strong>and</strong> were to be taken in the first two<br />
years <strong>of</strong> study. Examples were agricultural engineering, agricultural economics,<br />
animal <strong>and</strong> dairy husb<strong>and</strong>ry, horticulture crops, soils, zoology, bacteriology,<br />
botany, chemistry, biochemistry, mathematics <strong>and</strong> rhetoric.<br />
Specific courses taught in the department provided either a plant industry<br />
or a science specialization.<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> courses required during the first two years were general<br />
farm crops, grain crops, grain <strong>and</strong> hay grading, forage crops <strong>and</strong> principles<br />
<strong>of</strong> genetics. Juniors <strong>and</strong> seniors would take problems in farm crops,<br />
crop judging, farm crop (plant) breeding, pasture crops <strong>and</strong> management,<br />
<strong>and</strong> seminar. A.C. Arny, H.K. Hayes, F.R. Immer, I.J. Johnson <strong>and</strong> H.K.<br />
Wilson were shown as teaching faculty.
37<br />
CIRCA 1949<br />
Much <strong>of</strong> the earlier information was in the college catalog for this period,<br />
but this statement was new:<br />
Every prospective student in this curriculum is urged to obtain, before entering<br />
the college, at least six months practical experience on a farm. Entering<br />
students whose farm experience credentials are not satisfactory will be<br />
examined as to their familiarity with farm practices, <strong>and</strong> farm experiences<br />
will be required during the college course in accordance with the results <strong>of</strong><br />
these examinations.<br />
The addition <strong>of</strong> this requirement indicates that students were coming without<br />
farm backgrounds, which was affecting their performance in the college.<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> courses <strong>of</strong>fered for freshmen <strong>and</strong> sophomores were the<br />
same as in 1939 except that a course entitled production <strong>and</strong> grading <strong>of</strong><br />
cereal crops was added. Junior <strong>and</strong> senior courses were also the same<br />
except that a course in weed control, which emphasized cultural <strong>and</strong> chemical<br />
control as well as weed <strong>and</strong> seed laws, was added. This course <strong>of</strong>fering<br />
reflects the availability <strong>of</strong> information about chemical control, which<br />
was rapidly developing in the post World War II years.<br />
Students could now choose either agronomy or plant genetics as an<br />
emphasis under the technical agriculture curriculum. <strong>Plant</strong> industry described<br />
a major or minor that could be selected in certain divisions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
college, including agronomy. R.S. Dunham, L.J. Elling, H.K. Hayes, J.W.<br />
Lambert, W.M. Myers, E.H. Rinke, R.G. Robinson, A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong> H.L.<br />
Thomas were listed in the teaching faculty.<br />
During the period Dunham wrote a 224-page textbook, Introduction<br />
to <strong>Agronomy</strong>, which was published in 1957 by Dryden Press, New York.<br />
CIRCA 1959<br />
The catalog covering this period showed the curriculum title changed<br />
from technical agriculture, used for the previous 20 years, to agricultural<br />
science. The farm experience requirement now stated: “Farm or specialized<br />
experience is desirable <strong>and</strong> failure to have such experience may be a<br />
deterrent to employment after graduation. Consult your advisor concerning<br />
any experience that may be required by your major department.”<br />
In addition to the general <strong>and</strong> specific university <strong>and</strong> college curriculum<br />
requirements, students were required to complete a major <strong>and</strong> a<br />
minor. A major consisted <strong>of</strong> 24 to 36 credits selected from one <strong>of</strong> the subgroups<br />
listed; agronomy was one <strong>of</strong> the choices. Course lists showed that<br />
the introductory course was now called “introduction to agronomy” <strong>and</strong><br />
had a required laboratory. The grain crops course title was changed to”<br />
grain <strong>and</strong> oilseed crops.” New courses on the list were introduction to
38<br />
A laboratory session in Hayes Hall in the 1950s.<br />
genetics, principles <strong>of</strong><br />
genetics, review <strong>of</strong> the<br />
literature <strong>of</strong> agronomy,<br />
<strong>and</strong> advanced forage<br />
crops. L.J. Elling,<br />
J.W. Lambert, E.H.<br />
Rinke, R.G. Robinson<br />
<strong>and</strong> A.R. Schmid,<br />
were shown as teaching<br />
faculty.<br />
In 1962 W.M. Myers,<br />
department head,<br />
hired L.H. (Larry)<br />
Smith on a 50% undergraduate<br />
teaching<br />
<strong>and</strong> advising appointment. Smith led the department through a period <strong>of</strong><br />
extensive planning that would result in some major changes in the undergraduate<br />
program <strong>and</strong> its basic philosophy.<br />
CIRCA 1969<br />
Catalog copy shows the significant changes in the department’s curriculum<br />
that began with the hiring <strong>of</strong> L.H. Smith in 1962. It is now listed<br />
under the agricultural science curriculum, with 192 credits required for<br />
majors in either plant <strong>and</strong> soil science or biological <strong>and</strong> physical sciences<br />
in agriculture. Lower division courses in communication, mathematics,<br />
physical <strong>and</strong> biological sciences, liberal arts <strong>and</strong> electives occupy 90 <strong>of</strong><br />
these credits. Upper division <strong>of</strong>ferings allow a student to specialize or<br />
major in an area <strong>of</strong> interest by taking a minimum <strong>of</strong> 36 credits in that area.<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> courses listed in this catalog reflect the department’s decision<br />
to change from the commodity- based courses in place since the early<br />
1900’s to a series <strong>of</strong> principles-based courses. These course changes were<br />
made after many lengthy <strong>and</strong> heated discussions in department faculty<br />
meetings. The department, for the first time affirmed that course content<br />
would be controlled <strong>and</strong> managed by a departmental committee, but that<br />
methods <strong>of</strong> instruction would be up to the individual faculty member.<br />
Student evaluations would now be used on a regular basis to evaluate<br />
teaching skills <strong>and</strong> student attitudes toward course content.<br />
Titles <strong>of</strong> the new courses for the major were principles <strong>of</strong> agronomy;<br />
adaptation, distribution <strong>and</strong> selection <strong>of</strong> field crops (crop ecology); growth,<br />
development, <strong>and</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> field crops; maturation, harvest, storage<br />
<strong>and</strong> utilization <strong>of</strong> field crops; introduction to plant breeding; weed control;
39<br />
field plot design (applied statistics) <strong>and</strong> seminar. Electives in crop <strong>and</strong> grain<br />
evaluation, special problems, pasture <strong>and</strong> grassl<strong>and</strong> crops, <strong>and</strong> plant physiology<br />
were suggested as supplements to these basic courses. Increased student<br />
numbers in the agronomy major followed these significant changes.<br />
Enrollment data for this period showed 120 students majored in agronomy<br />
<strong>and</strong> 20 students graduated with a B.S. degree in 1959.<br />
L.H.Smith now served as director <strong>of</strong> undergraduate studies; he implemented<br />
an open-door policy for student advising that allowed students to<br />
stop in any time for advising help or to discuss issues <strong>of</strong> the day. Smith<br />
continued this policy <strong>of</strong> placing the interests <strong>of</strong> students first until he retired<br />
in 1995 <strong>and</strong> was awarded many honors as a result <strong>of</strong> his special interest<br />
in student welfare. Student participation in club activities <strong>and</strong> special judging<br />
teams increased greatly during this era as participation in these activities<br />
was strongly encouraged so students could gain valuable experience<br />
outside the formal classroom setting. These extracurricular activities were<br />
very helpful to students in obtaining jobs after graduation.<br />
The sizeable enrollment increases required additional advising time<br />
<strong>and</strong> more faculty effort was needed to maintain the quality <strong>of</strong> the undergraduate<br />
program in the department. V.B. Cardwell was reassigned from<br />
soybean physiology research to 75% teaching in 1972. S.R. Simmons was<br />
hired in 1977 on a 50% teaching appointment. Classroom <strong>and</strong> laboratory<br />
facilities were upgraded <strong>and</strong> exp<strong>and</strong>ed to accommodate the student enrollment<br />
<strong>and</strong> the new course <strong>of</strong>ferings. Special audio tutorial laboratories were<br />
developed to provide additional experiences for students with insufficient<br />
agricultural backgrounds.<br />
CIRCA 1979<br />
The College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture catalog listed agronomy as one <strong>of</strong> nine<br />
majors students could select in the agricultural science industries curriculum.<br />
This curriculum, one <strong>of</strong> six <strong>of</strong>fered by the college, listed 22 majors to<br />
choose from. A bachelor’s degree required 192 credits. An internship was<br />
now required <strong>of</strong> agronomy majors; it could be fulfilled by taking a pr<strong>of</strong>essional<br />
experience program (Agro 5000, for up to 6 credits). Students who<br />
had completed 90 credits <strong>of</strong> college work could intern with various companies<br />
dealing with agriculture or in one <strong>of</strong> the many research projects in<br />
the department during spring quarter or the summer.<br />
New agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics courses in the catalog were forage<br />
production <strong>and</strong> utilization, management <strong>of</strong> cropping systems (a discussion<br />
<strong>and</strong> case study approach to crop management decision making), seminar<br />
for agronomy majors, morphology <strong>and</strong> identification <strong>of</strong> crops <strong>and</strong> weeds,<br />
<strong>and</strong> advanced seed <strong>and</strong> grain evaluation.
40<br />
Cardwell <strong>and</strong> Smith then served full time in undergraduate teaching<br />
<strong>and</strong> advising. Simmons’ appointment was changed to 75% undergraduate<br />
teaching, <strong>and</strong> John (Jack) Goodding was assigned to a 100% teaching<br />
appointment upon completing his assignment in administration <strong>of</strong> the college.<br />
These four faculty members were primarily responsible for advising<br />
students <strong>and</strong> teaching the core principles courses <strong>of</strong>fered by the department;<br />
it was the first time department faculty were assigned fulltime duties<br />
in teaching <strong>and</strong> advising undergraduate students.<br />
Other department faculty were assigned to teach specific undergraduate<br />
courses on a regular basis. Kent Crookston developed a new course, management<br />
<strong>of</strong> cropping systems, at the suggestion <strong>of</strong> a CSRS review team<br />
that considered it a necessary addition to the principles-based curriculum.<br />
Craig Sheaffer taught forage production <strong>and</strong> utilization, Oliver Str<strong>and</strong><br />
taught morphology <strong>and</strong> identification <strong>of</strong> crops <strong>and</strong> weeds, Donald Wyse<br />
taught weed control <strong>and</strong> W. Anson Elliott <strong>and</strong> Deon Stuthman taught introduction<br />
to plant breeding. Enrollment reports for this period indicated that<br />
124 to 150 students were enrolled in the major <strong>and</strong> that 39 agronomy<br />
majors graduated with a B.S. degree.<br />
CIRCA 1989<br />
In 1987 the College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture applied for <strong>and</strong> was awarded a<br />
grant from the Kellogg Foundation to develop <strong>of</strong> a new curriculum in agriculture.<br />
“Project Sunrise,” a task force with representatives from various<br />
departments in the college was appointed to evaluate current programs <strong>and</strong><br />
create new ones; S.R.Simmons chaired it. After many meetings, workshops<br />
<strong>and</strong> interviews with faculty, alumni, farmers <strong>and</strong> agribusiness<br />
employers, a new curriculum was designed. All department-based majors<br />
were to be replaced by college-wide majors, three <strong>of</strong> which utilized courses<br />
<strong>and</strong> faculty from agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics.<br />
Agricultural Industries <strong>and</strong> Marketing (AIM) was created as a major to<br />
provide the scientific knowledge <strong>and</strong> technical skills necessary for an effective<br />
agribusiness pr<strong>of</strong>essional. About one-third <strong>of</strong> the proposed courses<br />
related to communication skills, one-third to economic <strong>and</strong> business skills,<br />
<strong>and</strong> one-third to one <strong>of</strong> four areas <strong>of</strong> emphasis: animal industries, crops<br />
<strong>and</strong> soils industries, horticulture industries or food industries.<br />
Animal <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Systems (ANPL) would prepare students for work as<br />
managers <strong>and</strong> technical advisors <strong>and</strong> for careers in animal <strong>and</strong> crop production<br />
systems. This major was designed as a science-based agricultural<br />
education with a principles emphasis. Students could choose one <strong>of</strong> four<br />
emphases: animal production, crops <strong>and</strong> soils <strong>and</strong> horticultural food production,<br />
environmental horticulture or integrated pest management.
41<br />
Science in Agriculture (SCAG), proposed as an interdisciplinary program<br />
serving seven departments in the college, required intensive course<br />
work in biological, physical, chemical <strong>and</strong> mathematical principles. Students<br />
were also required to select a major emphasis or an individualized<br />
program. An undergraduate thesis was required from research conducted<br />
in one <strong>of</strong> the host departments. This major was viewed as excellent preparation<br />
for advanced degree studies in any <strong>of</strong> the disciplines in the college.<br />
Faculty from the agronomy department initially served as coordinators<br />
<strong>of</strong> these three majors, L.H. Smith, ANPL; V.B. Cardwell, AIM; <strong>and</strong> S.R.<br />
Simmons, SCAG; they also advised students who selected an emphasis in<br />
the department. The number <strong>of</strong> students advised by agronomy faculty varied<br />
from year to year but enrollment data indicated 41 to 60 students had<br />
selected an emphasis in agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics. Twenty-two seniors<br />
graduated in 1989.<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> the courses previously <strong>of</strong>fered by the department survived this<br />
curriculum change, but the content <strong>and</strong> style <strong>of</strong> teaching were changed to<br />
meet current student needs. A good example <strong>of</strong> such change was the integration<br />
<strong>of</strong> case studies into the new curriculum. S.R. Simmons <strong>and</strong> R.K.<br />
Crookston provided leadership to this college-wide emphasis in which<br />
nearly 100 outst<strong>and</strong>ing cases were developed between 1988 <strong>and</strong> <strong>2000</strong>.<br />
<strong>Department</strong>al faculty, especially Simmons <strong>and</strong> Crookston, had significant<br />
roles in planning <strong>and</strong> hosting two highly regarded national workshops on<br />
the use <strong>of</strong> case studies in agriculture courses.<br />
The pros <strong>and</strong> cons <strong>of</strong> organic agriculture, sustainable agriculture,<br />
agroecology <strong>and</strong> the issues related to biotechnology came into departmental<br />
course <strong>of</strong>ferings during this period. Crookston was an early leader<br />
in sustainable crop management research <strong>and</strong> incorporated his research<br />
findings into the crop management course, in which he also used case<br />
studies extensively. C.C. Sheaffer conducted some <strong>of</strong> the early crop management<br />
research comparing maximum input <strong>and</strong> least input agriculture<br />
<strong>and</strong> developed content for use in his forage management course.<br />
In this period departmental <strong>and</strong> college faculty became concerned<br />
about the decreased enrollment in the college <strong>and</strong> in majors related to the<br />
department. Reflective analysis <strong>of</strong> this issue showed that the greatest cause<br />
<strong>of</strong> the reduced enrollment was the shrinking rural population as many<br />
farmers went out <strong>of</strong> business due to the economic stress from low commodity<br />
prices, high-priced l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> the high cost <strong>of</strong> production. There<br />
were fewer farm families <strong>and</strong> those remaining in farming had fewer children,<br />
so the pool <strong>of</strong> students who normally came to the University’s<br />
College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture was smaller <strong>and</strong> competition for them was intense.<br />
A second <strong>and</strong> very important cause <strong>of</strong> reduced enrollment was a controversial<br />
recommendation by the University president <strong>and</strong> action by the
42<br />
board <strong>of</strong> regents to close the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota-Waseca campus in<br />
1992. Previously many Waseca students transferred into our program at<br />
the conclusion <strong>of</strong> their two-year program. We also suffered from the negative<br />
attitude that developed toward the University from this decision. More<br />
<strong>and</strong> more rural Minnesota residents began to look at the University <strong>of</strong><br />
Wisconsin-River Falls, Iowa State University <strong>and</strong> South Dakota State University<br />
as places where they perceived that their children would get “real”<br />
agricultural training.<br />
In 1996 the regents approved another controversial proposal, that the<br />
two-year program at Crookston be exp<strong>and</strong>ed to a full four-year program.<br />
This decision adversely affected enrollment in agronomy at the St. Paul<br />
campus; previously most <strong>of</strong> the best students in that program transferred<br />
to St. Paul to complete their B.S. degrees. Students from central <strong>and</strong><br />
northwest Minnesota who previously would have come to St. Paul for agriculture-related<br />
studies now had the option <strong>of</strong> a smaller college closer to<br />
home.<br />
A third enrollment reduction factor for the St. Paul campus occurred<br />
in 1997 when the University initiated a joint degree program with<br />
Southwest State University (SSU), Marshall, which began with the AIM<br />
major with crops <strong>and</strong> soils emphasis. The second phase <strong>of</strong> this agreement<br />
occurred in 1999 when the crops <strong>and</strong> soils resources management major<br />
was <strong>of</strong>fered to students at Southwest State. E. Dyck <strong>and</strong> L.K. Falkner were<br />
hired in 1997 <strong>and</strong> <strong>2000</strong>, respectively, as agronomy department faculty.<br />
These positions were split teaching-<strong>and</strong>-research appointments, the teaching<br />
at SSU <strong>and</strong> the research at the Southwest Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach<br />
Center, Lamberton.This SSU/UM program now draws students from<br />
southwest Minnesota, northeast Iowa, <strong>and</strong> eastern South Dakota who formerly<br />
would have considered a border-state school or the St. Paul campus.<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> these enrollment declines the faculty decided to aggressively<br />
recruit students from the seven-county metropolitan area, where<br />
nearly half <strong>of</strong> Minnesota’s population resides. We have begun to promote<br />
our programs, especially the SCAG major with a plant science emphasis,<br />
to biology <strong>and</strong> chemistry teachers as well as the guidance counselors in the<br />
schools <strong>of</strong> this area. This promotion program identifies the many careers<br />
that are possible after earning a good science-based agriculture degree.<br />
Brochures <strong>and</strong> posters have been developed for recruiters to use as they<br />
visit the various schools <strong>and</strong> several <strong>of</strong> the department faculty conducted a<br />
summer course providing h<strong>and</strong>s-on experience in various aspects <strong>of</strong><br />
biotechnology for high school teachers.
43<br />
CIRCA 1999<br />
This era brought another series <strong>of</strong> changes to the agronomy teaching<br />
program. The University converted to a semester system in fall 1999. The<br />
animal <strong>and</strong> plant systems major was replaced by three new majors: animal<br />
production systems, environmental horticulture <strong>and</strong> crops <strong>and</strong> soils<br />
resources management (CSRM), the latter housed in agronomy with V.B.<br />
Cardwell as its coordinator.<br />
Significant course <strong>of</strong>ferings for students in this new major are: biology<br />
<strong>of</strong> plant food systems; crops, environment, <strong>and</strong> society; weed biology <strong>and</strong><br />
systematics; integrated weed management; applied crop physiology <strong>and</strong><br />
development; management technologies for crop production; plant breeding;<br />
field plot techniques (applied statistics); environment, global food production<br />
<strong>and</strong> the citizen; issues in sustainable agriculture; field crop scouting<br />
<strong>and</strong> problem diagnosis; <strong>and</strong> capstone course for seniors.<br />
In <strong>2000</strong> department faculty were advising 57 students from four majors,<br />
20 in AIM, 21 in ANPL, 8 in SCAG <strong>and</strong> 8 in CSRM. Nine student advisees<br />
were graduated with a B.S. degree. Faculty regularly teaching in the undergraduate<br />
program in <strong>2000</strong> are: V. Cardwell, B. Durgan, E. Dyck, L. Falkner,<br />
J. Gunsolus, L. Hardman, G. Muehlbauer, J. Orf, P. Porter, K. Smith, C.<br />
Sheaffer, S. Simmons, D. Stuthman <strong>and</strong> D.Wyse. Tuition for an undergraduate<br />
student in the college for the fall <strong>2000</strong> semester was $2,520.22, based<br />
on $163 per credit for the first 12 credits <strong>and</strong> $81.50.per credit thereafter<br />
(16 credits is a normal load). Students must also pay a $238.22 services fee.<br />
Students need 120 credits to earn a B.S. degree.<br />
DISTINGUISHED UNDERGRADUATE TEACHERS<br />
The University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota <strong>and</strong> the COAFES have recognized the<br />
quality <strong>of</strong> the classroom instruction <strong>and</strong> student advising provided by<br />
department faculty over the years. These outst<strong>and</strong>ing faculty <strong>and</strong> the resulting<br />
honors are a legacy <strong>of</strong> the visionary thinking <strong>of</strong>. H. K. Hayes, W. M.<br />
Myers <strong>and</strong> H.W. Johnson, who began the policy <strong>of</strong> hiring <strong>and</strong> rewarding<br />
good teaching, a policy the department continues to this day.<br />
The College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture Distinguished Teaching Award<br />
L. H. Smith (1968), V.B. Cardwell (1981) <strong>and</strong> S.R.. Simmons (1981)<br />
Horace T. Morse/Amoco Outst<strong>and</strong>ing Teaching Award<br />
L.H. Smith (1968), L.J. Elling (1971), V.B. Cardwell (1981)<br />
<strong>and</strong> S.R. Simmons (1989)<br />
Gordon L. Star Award from U <strong>of</strong> M Student Association<br />
(for Outst<strong>and</strong>ing Service to Students)<br />
V.B. Cardwell (1983, 1992), S.R. Simmons (1987)
44<br />
Agricultural Education Club Outst<strong>and</strong>ing Teacher Award<br />
V.B. Cardwell (1988), L.H. Smith (1995)<br />
Outst<strong>and</strong>ing Teacher in the College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture Selected by the<br />
Student Board<br />
V.B. Cardwell (1993). L.H. Smith (1995)<br />
Northrup King Outst<strong>and</strong>ing Performance Award – Education<br />
L.H. Smith (1991)<br />
John Tate Advising Award<br />
L.H. Smith (1990)<br />
Little Red Oil Can Award<br />
L.H. Smith (1969, 1995)<br />
In 1999 the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota created the Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Distinguished Teachers to recognize <strong>and</strong> honor outst<strong>and</strong>ing teachers from<br />
all the colleges <strong>of</strong> the University. V.B. Cardwell <strong>and</strong> S.R.. Simmons were<br />
honored as inductees. Academy members will mentor new faculty <strong>and</strong> participate<br />
in teaching improvement seminars. Until creation <strong>of</strong> this academy<br />
University-wide recognition <strong>of</strong> outst<strong>and</strong>ing faculty was based primarily on<br />
the individual’s research productivity.<br />
EXTRACURRICULAR OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDENTS<br />
CROPS TEAMS*<br />
In early 1922 Pr<strong>of</strong>essor A.C. Arny chaired a committee to organize<br />
an intercollegiate crops contest for students that was patterned after the<br />
collegiate stock judging contest <strong>of</strong>fered for students by animal scientists<br />
since 1902. The first Chicago contest was held on December 6, 1923; the<br />
first Kansas City contest in 1929. Except for a period during World War II,<br />
these contests have operated continuously. University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota student<br />
teams participated in these contests from 1932 until 1991 <strong>and</strong> were<br />
regular team <strong>and</strong> individual winners <strong>of</strong> one or both contests during the<br />
coaching tenures <strong>of</strong> Elling <strong>and</strong> Goodding.<br />
Students competing in these contests needed the ability to correctly<br />
analyze <strong>and</strong> grade grain samples using the federal grain grading st<strong>and</strong>ards,<br />
*For more details about crops contests consult the following publications:<br />
Elling, Laddie J. 1981. The intercollegiate crops contest: 1923-1978. Journal <strong>of</strong><br />
Agronomic Education, Vol. 10: 5-13.<br />
Elling, Laddie J. 1983. The American Royal Intercollegiate Crops Contest: 50 Years <strong>of</strong><br />
Competition (1929-1983). A brochure published by the Kansas City Board <strong>of</strong> Trade.
45<br />
<strong>and</strong> to identify <strong>and</strong> provide scientific <strong>and</strong> common names for several hundred<br />
weed <strong>and</strong> crop plants <strong>and</strong>/or seeds. Students prepared for these contests<br />
by taking classes <strong>and</strong> working independently with their coaches,<br />
reportedly spending as many as 40 hours per week outside <strong>of</strong> class preparing<br />
for these contests. Most look back on crops team participation as a<br />
highlight <strong>of</strong> their undergraduate experience.<br />
<strong>Department</strong>al faculty who served as crop teams coaches <strong>and</strong> their<br />
periods <strong>of</strong> service were:<br />
H.K. Wilson 1931-1941 J.C. Goodding 1980-1988<br />
A.R. Schmid 1948-1960 V.B. Cardwell 1989-1991<br />
L.H. Elling 1961-1979<br />
PLANT INDUSTRIES/GOPHER CROPS AND SOILS CLUB<br />
A committee <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the American Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong><br />
(ASA) met <strong>and</strong> formed a student section in the late 1920s. Minnesota was<br />
one <strong>of</strong> six colleges <strong>and</strong> universities expressing interest in this plan for<br />
involving students in the pr<strong>of</strong>essional society. By 1941 there were 23<br />
active chapters with more than 300 individual student members.<br />
The charter <strong>of</strong> the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota–St. Paul <strong>Plant</strong> Industries<br />
Club, issued by the ASA on Jan. 1, 1935, was signed by department faculty<br />
member H.K. Wilson, chair <strong>of</strong> the committee overseeing student organizations<br />
affiliated with the ASA. Club membership gave students opportunities<br />
to participate in regional <strong>and</strong> national meetings <strong>and</strong> contests. Activities<br />
in which students have been involved include: National <strong>Agronomy</strong> Club<br />
Achievement Book Award Contest, National Manuscript Contest (originally<br />
the National Essay Contest) started in 1932, National Speech Contest,<br />
National Visual Presentation (formerly photo contest), National Research<br />
Symposium <strong>and</strong> Collegiate Crops Judging Contests Club members also can<br />
attend student meetings held in conjunction with various national meetings<br />
<strong>of</strong> the American Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong>, Crop Science Society <strong>and</strong> Soil<br />
Science Society. National student <strong>of</strong>ficers are elected annually.<br />
Local meetings <strong>of</strong> the club are held regularly during the school year.<br />
The club plans educational tours <strong>of</strong> local agribusiness companies, guest<br />
speaker presentations, cookouts with faculty, preliminary contests <strong>and</strong><br />
working sessions for fundraising projects. As a fund-raising activity, club<br />
members collect, package <strong>and</strong> mail plant specimens <strong>and</strong> crop <strong>and</strong> weed<br />
seed samples ordered by high school teachers. Students Clifford<br />
Christenson <strong>and</strong> Oscar Zoebisch started this program during the 1935–36<br />
school year. Arlo Thompson, 1970 club president, initiated an organized<br />
system for collecting <strong>and</strong> storing the plant <strong>and</strong> seed samples.
46<br />
Other types <strong>of</strong> club activities in recent years include pumpkin production<br />
<strong>and</strong> sales, <strong>and</strong> creation <strong>of</strong> an antique machinery (circa 1900) exhibit in<br />
conjunction with the Ramsey County Historical Society <strong>and</strong> Gibbs Farm<br />
Museum. The club was known as the <strong>Plant</strong> Industries Club until 1987 when<br />
the name was changed to the Gopher Crops <strong>and</strong> Soils Club. These soil science<br />
<strong>and</strong> agronomy faculty served as club advisers from 1968 to <strong>2000</strong>:<br />
1968-69<br />
H.F. Arneman <strong>and</strong> L.J. Elling<br />
1969-70<br />
L.J. Elling <strong>and</strong> R.S. Adams, Jr.<br />
1970-71<br />
R.S. Adams, Jr. <strong>and</strong> D.K. Barnes<br />
1971-72<br />
D.K. Barnes <strong>and</strong> C.A. Simkins<br />
1972-73<br />
C.A. Simkins <strong>and</strong> D.D.Stuthman<br />
1973-74<br />
D.D. Stuthman <strong>and</strong> R. Gast<br />
1974-75<br />
R. Gast <strong>and</strong> A. Elliott<br />
1975-76<br />
A. Elliott <strong>and</strong> G. Malzer<br />
1976-78<br />
G. Malzer <strong>and</strong> E.A. Oelke<br />
1978-79<br />
G. Malzer <strong>and</strong> V.B. Cardwell<br />
1979-80<br />
V.B. Cardwell <strong>and</strong> L. Hanson<br />
1980-81<br />
L. Hanson <strong>and</strong> J.A. Goodding<br />
1981-82<br />
J.A. Goodding <strong>and</strong> J. Swan<br />
1982-83<br />
J. Swan <strong>and</strong> C. Sheaffer<br />
1983-84<br />
C. Sheaffer <strong>and</strong> M.P. Russelle<br />
1984-85<br />
M.P. Russelle <strong>and</strong> L.H. Smith<br />
1985-86<br />
L.H. Smith <strong>and</strong> R. Adams, Jr.<br />
1986-87<br />
R. Adams, Jr. <strong>and</strong> L.H. Smith<br />
1987-89<br />
L.H. Smith <strong>and</strong> T. Cooper<br />
1989-90<br />
T. Cooper <strong>and</strong> V.B. Cardwell<br />
1990-91<br />
V.B. Cardwell <strong>and</strong> S. Simmons<br />
1991-92<br />
S. Simmons <strong>and</strong> J. Lamb<br />
1992-93<br />
J. Lamb <strong>and</strong> L.H. Smith<br />
1993-94<br />
L.H. Smith<br />
1994-95<br />
L.H. Smith <strong>and</strong> J. Shaver<br />
1995-96<br />
J. Shaver <strong>and</strong> V.B. Cardwell<br />
1996-<strong>2000</strong><br />
V.B. Cardwell
Chapter 6<br />
Extension Education<br />
The Hackney Bill enacted by the 1909 Minnesota<br />
legislature provided for formal establishment <strong>of</strong> a division <strong>of</strong> agricultural<br />
extension <strong>and</strong> home education at the University. In 1910 Archie D.<br />
Wilson, superintendent <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota Farmers Institutes, was appointed<br />
superintendent <strong>of</strong> agricultural extension work. The activities <strong>of</strong> the farmers<br />
institutes eventually were assumed by the Minnesota Agricultural Extension<br />
Service.<br />
Wilson was an 1899 graduate <strong>of</strong> the University’s School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture<br />
<strong>and</strong> a 1905 graduate <strong>of</strong> the College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture. He had been involved<br />
in organizing the Farmers Club <strong>of</strong> Minnesota, whose members were former<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture students engaged in farming <strong>and</strong> whose purpose<br />
was to promote the general interests <strong>of</strong> agriculture. He was the club’s president<br />
from 1902 to 1905. He was an assistant in agriculture at the<br />
University from 1905 to 1907, when he succeeded Oren Gregg as superintendent<br />
<strong>of</strong> the farmers institutes.<br />
From the 1880s the faculty <strong>of</strong> the college <strong>and</strong> experiment station who<br />
did agronomic work participated in outreach programs that later would be<br />
considered extension functions. Ralph Crim, who had been first a high<br />
school agriculture teacher <strong>and</strong> then Cottonwood county agent, was<br />
appointed as the first full-time extension agronomist. Crim’s field crops<br />
extension activities were: 1) to promote quality <strong>and</strong> yields under varying<br />
soils <strong>and</strong> climate, 2) to st<strong>and</strong>ardize adapted varieties, 3) to increase the<br />
market for pure <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ardized varieties, <strong>and</strong> 4) to demonstrate pr<strong>of</strong>itable<br />
methods <strong>of</strong> crop production. Crim’s appointment was half time extension<br />
<strong>and</strong> half time as consulting agronomist <strong>and</strong> secretary <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota<br />
Crop Improvement Association (MCIA). W.W. Brookins was appoint-<br />
By Laddie J. Elling, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Dale Hicks, extension agronomist <strong>and</strong> a member <strong>of</strong> the department<br />
faculty since 1968, <strong>and</strong> L.L. Hardman.
48<br />
ed extension agronomist in 1934. Brookins then led extension barley, flax<br />
<strong>and</strong> wheat improvement work while Crim concentrated on corn, forage<br />
crops <strong>and</strong> crop improvement association work. Apparently because <strong>of</strong> the<br />
manner in which his position was funded, Brookins does not appear as a<br />
member <strong>of</strong> the agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics faculty.<br />
Frank Peck, who had served as a faculty member in the Division <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Farm Management since 1912, succeeded A.D. Wilson as<br />
director <strong>of</strong> extension in 1921.<br />
Myron Armour was appointed extension specialist in forage crops<br />
management in 1942 <strong>and</strong> served until 1953.<br />
Rodney A. Briggs succeeded Armour as extension forage crops specialist<br />
in 1953. He also served as a director <strong>and</strong> secretary <strong>of</strong> MCIA from<br />
1956 to 1958 <strong>and</strong> taught agronomy courses before becoming superintendent<br />
<strong>of</strong> the West Central School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Experiment Station,<br />
Morris, in 1958.<br />
Edwin Jensen was appointed extension specialist in small grains <strong>and</strong><br />
weed science in 1954. He left Minnesota to join the faculty <strong>of</strong> the University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Nevada in 1956.<br />
William F. Hueg, Jr., was appointed extension specialist in forage<br />
crops in 1957. He became associate director <strong>of</strong> the agricultural experiment<br />
station in 1962.<br />
In 1911 the Better Farming Special Trains, popularly known as "Good<br />
Seed Specials," were operated over seven railroads in Minnesota. These<br />
trains were inaugurated <strong>and</strong> staffed jointly by extension <strong>and</strong> the farmers<br />
institutes. Five trains were focused on seed grain; stops around the state<br />
varied from less than an hour to all day. The average attendance at each<br />
stop was 119.
49<br />
Harley J. Otto was appointed extension specialist for corn, soybean<br />
<strong>and</strong> seed production in 1958. In 1968 he changed to forage production<br />
extension <strong>and</strong> concentrated on forage for beef animals until 1975. Otto<br />
succeeded Briggs as secretary <strong>and</strong> director <strong>of</strong> MCIA <strong>and</strong> served in that role<br />
until 1975, when he became executive secretary <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota Crop<br />
Improvement Association. His title was later changed to president <strong>and</strong> chief<br />
executive <strong>of</strong>ficer; he served in that capacity until his retirement in 1995.<br />
James R. Justin served as extension forage specialist from 1962 until<br />
he moved to Rutgers University in 1967.<br />
Gerald R. Miller was extension weed specialist (corn <strong>and</strong> soybeans)<br />
from 1964 until 1983 when he became agriculture program leader in<br />
extension <strong>and</strong> later became associate dean for extension.<br />
Ervin Oelke served as extension small grains specialist from 1968 until<br />
1972, when wild rice <strong>and</strong> specialty crops were added to his responsibilities.<br />
Oelke was instrumental in establishing the Center for Alternative <strong>Plant</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> Animal Products <strong>and</strong> served as its director for several years prior to his<br />
retirement in June <strong>2000</strong>.<br />
Dale R. Hicks was named extension corn <strong>and</strong> soybean specialist in<br />
1968. He coordinated corn/soybean management research studies in<br />
cooperation with branch station agronomists <strong>and</strong> other extension specialists.<br />
Hicks taught an undergraduate applied statistics course in field plot<br />
design from 1980 until 1998.<br />
Oliver E. Str<strong>and</strong> came from a county agent position to the department<br />
as extension weeds specialist in 1969. He was responsible for weed control<br />
in forage crops, pastures <strong>and</strong> small grains <strong>and</strong> taught an undergraduate<br />
course in morphology <strong>and</strong> identification <strong>of</strong> crops <strong>and</strong> weeds. He died<br />
in 1983.<br />
Roy Thompson served as extension small grains specialist from 1972<br />
until 1978, when he became assistant director <strong>of</strong> the agricultural experiment<br />
station.<br />
Neal Martin was appointed extension forage crops specialist in 1974.<br />
He initially had responsibility for dairy forages but added the beef animal<br />
forage work when Harley Otto left. Martin was instrumental in organizing<br />
the Minnesota Forage <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Council <strong>and</strong> worked with that group<br />
until he became director <strong>of</strong> the USDA Dairy Forage Research Center in<br />
Madison, Wisconsin, in February 1999.<br />
Lel<strong>and</strong> Hardman, appointed extension soybean specialist position in<br />
1976, also was responsible for extension <strong>and</strong> applied research activities on<br />
certain lesser-grown or alternative crops. Hardman is publication coordinator<br />
for the experiment station’s Varietal Trials <strong>of</strong> Farm Crops publica-
50<br />
tion; he presently deals with extension education issues related to biotechnology<br />
<strong>and</strong> teaches two undergraduate courses.<br />
R<strong>and</strong>all G. Jeppson served as extension small grains specialist from<br />
1980 to 1981, when he went to Pioneer HiBred International; he later<br />
held administrative positions at Cargill <strong>and</strong> Monsanto. The small grains<br />
position was lost due to retrenchment <strong>and</strong> the duties were assigned to<br />
other faculty.<br />
Bradley J. Majek served as extension weeds specialist from 1980 until<br />
leaving for a similar position at Rutgers University in 1981. Majek was<br />
developing a research <strong>and</strong> education program on black nightshade, which<br />
was becoming a major problem in soybeans.<br />
Richard Behrens served as extension weeds specialist for a three-year<br />
period (1983-1986) prior to his retirement. His move from a full-time<br />
research position was necessary because <strong>of</strong> Str<strong>and</strong>’s death <strong>and</strong> Miller’s<br />
transfer to extension administration.<br />
Beverly Durgan, who became extension weeds specialist for small<br />
grains in 1985, was the first extension agronomist to be hired on a split<br />
appointment, 75% extension <strong>and</strong> 25% applied research. She taught the<br />
undergraduate morphology <strong>and</strong> identification <strong>of</strong> crops <strong>and</strong> weeds course.<br />
In <strong>2000</strong> she became associate dean for research <strong>and</strong> outreach in the<br />
College <strong>of</strong> Agricultural, Food, <strong>and</strong> Biological Sciences.<br />
Jeffrey Gunsolus was named extension weeds specialist for corn <strong>and</strong><br />
soybeans (75% extension, 25% research) in 1986. Gunsolus is publication<br />
coordinator <strong>of</strong> the Cultural <strong>and</strong> Chemical Weed Control bulletin.<br />
Michael Schmitt served as extension corn specialist from 1987 to<br />
1989 when Hicks was on assignment in Rabat, Morocco. He is now extension<br />
soil fertility specialist in the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Soil, Water <strong>and</strong> Climate.<br />
Roger Becker came in 1987 as extension weeds specialist for forage<br />
<strong>and</strong> non-cropl<strong>and</strong> (75% extension, 25% research). He now works in weed<br />
management in horticultural field crops, primarily sweet corn <strong>and</strong> peas,<br />
<strong>and</strong> water-quality-related herbicide issues.<br />
Jochum Wiersma was hired in 1997 as extension small grains specialist<br />
assigned to the Northwest Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach Center,<br />
Crookston. This new position was partially funded by the Minnesota wheat<br />
<strong>and</strong> barley councils.<br />
Seth Nave was hired in 1998 as extension soybean specialist. This<br />
new position was initally funded by the Minnesota Soybean Research <strong>and</strong><br />
Promotion Council.<br />
Paul Peterson was hired in <strong>2000</strong> as extension forage specialist.
Chapter 7<br />
Alfalfa Breeding <strong>and</strong><br />
Pathology Research<br />
The discovery, testing <strong>and</strong> acceptance <strong>of</strong><br />
Grimm alfalfa was a major step in the establishment <strong>of</strong> forage crop production<br />
in Minnesota. Wendelin Grimm, a migrant from Germany to<br />
Carver County in 1857, brought with him a small lot <strong>of</strong> alfalfa seed. For<br />
more than 30 years he continued to collect seed from the surviving plants<br />
<strong>and</strong> by 1895 had established a winterhardy alfalfa strain. The variety possessed<br />
excellent winterhardiness, good yield potential <strong>and</strong> very satisfactory<br />
forage quality. Grimm alfalfa production gradually moved north as l<strong>and</strong> was<br />
opened <strong>and</strong> satisfactory seed was produced, greatly exp<strong>and</strong>ing the utilization<br />
<strong>of</strong> this crop in the northern states <strong>and</strong> Canada.<br />
The picture changed strikingly in 1924 when Dr. F.R. Jones, USDA<br />
plant pathologist, isolated <strong>and</strong> demonstrated in Wisconsin that bacterial<br />
wilt caused rapid st<strong>and</strong> losses in wilt-susceptible varieties, such as Grimm.<br />
Nonetheless, the term “Minnesota Grimm” was magic to the ears <strong>of</strong> the<br />
forage producers in most northern states, <strong>and</strong> Canada. During the late<br />
1930s <strong>and</strong> early 1940s 10 to 12 million pounds <strong>of</strong> alfalfa seed was produced<br />
annually in northern Minnesota. Large quantities <strong>of</strong> red clover,<br />
sweet clover <strong>and</strong> alsike clover also were produced.<br />
In 1946 H.K. Hayes, then chief <strong>of</strong> agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics, <strong>and</strong><br />
H.L. Thomas arranged for lifting, potting <strong>and</strong> transporting to the St. Paul<br />
campus 25 plants from each <strong>of</strong> seven varieties that had been seeded several<br />
years earlier in a variety trial at the Morris Experiment Station. <strong>Plant</strong><br />
st<strong>and</strong>s in all plots were relatively thin, <strong>and</strong> the plants might be assumed to<br />
be satisfactory for breeding studies. (The varieties from which plants were<br />
selected were Grimm, Ladak, Ranger, Cossack, Hardistan, Orestan <strong>and</strong> a<br />
seed lot designated as Northern Common.)<br />
By Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Emeritus D.K. Barnes, USDA-ARS alfalfa improvement project, who joined the<br />
department in 1969 <strong>and</strong> retired in 1995, <strong>and</strong> Laddie J. Elling.
52<br />
Laddie Elling arrived in Minnesota in April 1946 <strong>and</strong> began work<br />
under Dr. Thomas on the forage project, rooting <strong>and</strong> growing alfalfa stem<br />
cuttings as the basis for maintaining plants <strong>of</strong> various clones. This project<br />
became the subject <strong>of</strong> Elling's master’s thesis.<br />
THE RESEARCH PROCEDURE (1946-1965)<br />
The plan followed by Hayes, Thomas <strong>and</strong> Elling was to select, evaluate<br />
<strong>and</strong> combine clones into synthetic strains. Adequate evaluation for disease<br />
resistance, winterhardiness, forage yield <strong>and</strong> combining ability would<br />
be necessary (the Tysdal plan).<br />
The first step is making <strong>and</strong> rooting stem cuttings to establish clones,<br />
testing clones for resistance to bacterial wilt <strong>and</strong> other diseases, <strong>and</strong> developing<br />
procedures for maintaining <strong>and</strong> evaluating clones for future studies.<br />
The early medium for rooting stem cuttings was vermiculite, which<br />
was sterile, had good water-holding capacity, <strong>and</strong> was easily obtained <strong>and</strong><br />
h<strong>and</strong>led. Another method, suggested by Canadian workers, was to construct<br />
a metal trough, 2” x 2” x 20’, run water over the bottom <strong>of</strong> the<br />
trough <strong>and</strong> place cuttings in the trough. This method was not useful at<br />
Minnesota, possibly because <strong>of</strong> the low temperature <strong>of</strong> the water from the<br />
campus well. The cuttings did not develop disease <strong>and</strong> the stems seemed<br />
to remain clean, but roots seldom developed.<br />
Cuttings from all 175 plants were made in September 1946 <strong>and</strong> transplanted<br />
in soil in greenhouse benches. Those with adequate numbers were<br />
inoculated with the bacterial wilt organism (Corynebacterium insidiosum)<br />
<strong>and</strong> transplanted to the field in 1947. One location was the C-4 Range on<br />
University Farm; the second location was in a garden on the Glen Bergan<br />
farm, north <strong>of</strong> Williams, Minnesota. The Bergan farm location was chosen<br />
because it was in the alfalfa seed producing area, <strong>and</strong> we assumed this location<br />
would have adequate seed production potential. Very little seed was<br />
produced, introducing us to the need for seed production studies. Later<br />
evaluation <strong>of</strong> these plants suggested that many were not resistant to bacterial<br />
wilt, <strong>and</strong> the most resistant variety, Ranger, showed numerous clones<br />
susceptible to wilt. This was a surprise to some as we expected this variety<br />
to produce all wilt-resistant plants. Later studies showed that a heterogeneous<br />
population, such as most alfalfa strains, would contain both resistant<br />
<strong>and</strong> susceptible plants.<br />
During 1947 <strong>and</strong> 1948 crosses between clones were made without<br />
emasculation to study the combining ability <strong>of</strong> the clones. A small piece <strong>of</strong><br />
blotter paper shaped as a +v,+ was very effective in transferring pollen<br />
from flowers <strong>of</strong> one plant to flowers <strong>of</strong> another. Seed set was good, <strong>and</strong><br />
with adequate pollen little self-pollination occurred.
53<br />
In 1948, clones <strong>and</strong> strains were studied for bacterial wilt reaction.<br />
The first major bacterial wilt variety trial was transplanted on the<br />
Rosemount plant pathology farm in 1949 <strong>and</strong> maintained through the<br />
winter <strong>of</strong> 1949-1950. The surviving plants were lifted, the roots cross-sectioned<br />
<strong>and</strong> each plant evaluated for reaction to the disease. We later recognized<br />
that many susceptible plants died during the winter. This gave an<br />
exaggerated resistance reading for that strain (Du Puits, a very susceptible<br />
variety). Varietal trials for bacterial wilt evaluation have been continued<br />
each year.<br />
Production <strong>of</strong> alfalfa seed outside the region <strong>of</strong> adaptation caused concern<br />
regarding the purity <strong>and</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> a seed lot so produced. This<br />
led into the work we call “trueness-to-type” test: Seed in the spring, maintain<br />
during the summer, clip plants back in early September <strong>and</strong> permit to<br />
make fall growth. The less-hardy plants exhibit greater plant growth. These<br />
trials were made on numerous seed lots from 1953 to 1958 to give<br />
Minnesota seedsmen <strong>and</strong> regulatory personnel opportunity to observe the<br />
variability in certified <strong>and</strong> noncertified seed lots. The fall dormancy test has<br />
been used for various trials for 40 years.<br />
In 1955 a USDA-ARS research plant pathologist position was established<br />
at St. Paul to work on alfalfa diseases. Fred Frosheiser accepted the<br />
position in October 1956. Areas <strong>of</strong> studies involved bacterial wilt <strong>and</strong> several<br />
foliar diseases, including common leaf spot <strong>and</strong> spring blackstem. Most<br />
research was in cooperation with Laddie Elling, plant breeder in the<br />
<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>.<br />
Research generally was directed at solving applied problems involved<br />
with alfalfa production in Minnesota <strong>and</strong> with selection for increased disease<br />
resistance. Bacterial wilt <strong>and</strong> fall dormancy trials proved that seed produced<br />
on two clones under cages was not necessarily cross-pollinated.<br />
Specifically, two clones, C-902 <strong>and</strong> Minn-247, greatly different in type,<br />
showed most <strong>of</strong> the seed to be the result <strong>of</strong> self-pollination. These results<br />
greatly weakened the possibility <strong>of</strong> simply planting clones in the field <strong>and</strong><br />
expecting hybrid seed to be produced.<br />
Inspiration for better variety testing <strong>and</strong> the rapid increase <strong>of</strong> alfalfa<br />
varieties produced by commercial organizations suggested the expansion<br />
<strong>of</strong> variety testing, <strong>and</strong> inclusion <strong>of</strong> experimental strains on a fee-per-test<br />
basis. This procedure was initiated in 1961 but changed in 1965 because<br />
the number <strong>of</strong> commercial varieties submitted was nominal compared to<br />
the number being released. Thereafter all varieties favorably reviewed by<br />
the Certified Alfalfa Review Board <strong>and</strong> being sold in Minnesota were<br />
grown at experiment station expense. Experimental entries were still<br />
accepted on a fee basis.
54<br />
In 1956 the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota hosted the National Alfalfa<br />
Improvement Conference; The conference later became an international<br />
event.<br />
THE USDA COMMITS TO A FULL-TIME POSITION<br />
In 1965, the USDA / ARS announced it wished to place a full-time<br />
alfalfa breeder, a USDA research geneticist position, at the St. Paul<br />
Station. It seemed unnecessary to have two individuals on this project. At<br />
this time the Experiment Station had money <strong>and</strong> the need for research on<br />
northern Minnesota grass <strong>and</strong> legume seed production. Consequently,<br />
Elling was transferred from the alfalfa research to the grass-legume seed<br />
production project effective July 1, 1965.<br />
Robert E. Stucker (now retired) came to St. Paul in 1965 to head the<br />
alfalfa-breeding project. Monies from the Elling position were used to hire<br />
a U <strong>of</strong> M research technician. In addition, the department agreed to supply<br />
a vehicle <strong>and</strong> a $1,500 annual budget. The Frosheiser <strong>and</strong> Stucker<br />
positions were established with a common USDA budget <strong>and</strong> the project<br />
became known as the Minnesota USDA Alfalfa Breeding Project. The primary<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> pathological research in 1968 were bacterial wilt, alfalfa<br />
mosaic virus <strong>and</strong> Phytophthora root rot. <strong>Genetics</strong> research explored self<br />
incompatibility.<br />
In 1969 Bob Stucker resigned the USDA geneticist position <strong>and</strong> Don<br />
Barnes, who had been an undergraduate laborer <strong>and</strong> graduate student on<br />
the project from 1953 to 1959, transferred from Beltsville, Maryl<strong>and</strong>, to<br />
become project leader. Both Froshheiser <strong>and</strong> Barnes were comfortable<br />
with many <strong>of</strong> the previous methods <strong>of</strong> operation <strong>and</strong> chose to continue the<br />
previous project structure.<br />
The total USDA<br />
operating budget for<br />
both scientists, about<br />
$2,800 in December<br />
1968, was increased<br />
to about $7,000 by<br />
1970.<br />
Alfalfa root evaluation; from left, Duane Smith,<br />
Don Barnes, Laddie Elling <strong>and</strong> Fred Frosheiser.<br />
The primary area <strong>of</strong><br />
research during this<br />
period was Phytophthora<br />
root rot. The<br />
first resistant variety,<br />
Agate, was released in<br />
1973, along with
55<br />
resistant germplasms that became the basis for several industry varieties.<br />
The screening <strong>and</strong> evaluation techniques developed at Minnesota became<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ards.<br />
During this period the primary pathology research was with Fusarium<br />
wilt <strong>and</strong> Rhizoctonia solani, with lesser emphasis on bacterial wilt,<br />
Phytophthora root rot <strong>and</strong> AMV. Clones with adequate winterhardiness,<br />
good performance, acceptable disease resistance <strong>and</strong> other characteristics<br />
were combined to produce experimental synthetic strains. Ramsey, a winterhardy<br />
disease-resistant variety, was released in 1973. Although Ramsey<br />
appeared to be a good variety it was not well-accepted by the trade.<br />
REORGANIZATION<br />
The USDA went through reorganization in 1972. Project leaders took<br />
this opportunity to write a review <strong>of</strong> the project <strong>and</strong> to develop three CRIS<br />
projects in order to provide more basic thrusts in both pathology <strong>and</strong><br />
genetics. Consequently, the USDA alfalfa research group was strengthened<br />
by the addition <strong>of</strong> two plant physiologists, Carroll Vance <strong>and</strong> Gary<br />
Heichel. Vance, Heichel <strong>and</strong> Barnes developed a major program around<br />
the goal <strong>of</strong> improving the nitrogen fixation potential <strong>of</strong> alfalfa. The pathology<br />
research also became involved with the N 2<br />
fixation research by demonstrating<br />
that pathogens affected nodulation. The emphasis <strong>of</strong> the alfalfabreeding<br />
project changed from a primarily pathology-oriented research<br />
program to a more physiological research program.<br />
In 1979 it became necessary to rewrite the USDA project objectives<br />
again. The new project emphasized breeding for improved physiological<br />
efficiency. During this period evidence began to accumulate that a nematode<br />
problem existed on alfalfa in northeastern Minnesota. Frosheiser conducted<br />
a few studies on the problem; Barnes recruited David Nelson, a<br />
graduate student in plant breeding, to analyze the nematode problem <strong>and</strong><br />
begin studies on host plant resistance. Both Frosheiser <strong>and</strong> Barnes encountered<br />
personal problems during this time; consequently it was not their<br />
most productive period. Frosheiser learned that he had lung cancer in July<br />
1982, retired in March 1983 <strong>and</strong> died in October 1983.<br />
RESTRUCTURING ALFALFA RESEARCH IN THE 1980s<br />
The pathology portion <strong>of</strong> the project had reduced visibility by the time<br />
<strong>of</strong> Dr. Frosheiser’s retirement in 1983 <strong>and</strong> some consideration was given<br />
to terminating the position. However, meetings between the research<br />
directors from most private alfalfa breeding companies, the USDA, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station supported the need to contin-
56<br />
ue some pathology assistance for conducting the annual disease evaluations<br />
<strong>and</strong> to support the alfalfa-breeding program.<br />
The monies available from the Frosheiser position were not sufficient<br />
to establish a new research scientist position. A short-term solution was to<br />
establish a GS-9 support scientist position under the supervision <strong>of</strong> a<br />
research geneticist. This position was established <strong>and</strong> Judy Thies was hired<br />
in March 1984. Thies had conducted her M.S. research on nematodes<br />
under Dave MacDonald, begun her Ph.D. program under Fred Frosheiser<br />
in 1982, <strong>and</strong> worked on the project as a graduate research assistant during<br />
1983. Her good work record <strong>and</strong> expertise in nematode research<br />
helped bring her the <strong>of</strong>fer <strong>of</strong> the position.<br />
Judy Thies received her Ph.D. <strong>and</strong> continued on the USDA-ARS<br />
Alfalfa Project until June 1992, when she accepted a position as nematologist<br />
for the U.S. Vegetable Research Lab, Charleston, South Carolina. By<br />
the time she left, the project had achieved national recognition for research<br />
on developing alfalfas with resistance to the root-lesion nematode. Two<br />
resistant germplasms were developed <strong>and</strong> a field-screening program was<br />
established at Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids for industry germplasms. A laboratory evaluation<br />
procedure was also developed.<br />
The USDA-ARS <strong>Plant</strong> Science Research Unit at St. Paul received a<br />
new project titled, “Develop alfalfa to increase N 2<br />
fixation <strong>and</strong> reduce nitrogen<br />
losses to the environment” in 1991. Dr. JoAnn Lamb was hired to<br />
lead this project in cooperation with Barnes, Michael Russell <strong>and</strong> Vance.<br />
This was the first project in the world to breed plants capable <strong>of</strong> removing<br />
nitrogen from soil <strong>and</strong> water below the root systems <strong>of</strong> cereal crops. In<br />
1986 the N 2<br />
fixation research resulted in the release <strong>of</strong> ‘Nitro’ alfalfa,<br />
which was the first legume variety selected for enhanced N 2<br />
fixation <strong>and</strong><br />
N 2<br />
assimilation. The project also released the first ineffective nodulation<br />
mutants, which are used worldwide in N 2<br />
fixation research.<br />
In 1991 the USDA-ARS <strong>Plant</strong> Science Research Unit redirected the<br />
plant physiology position formerly occupied by Gary Heichel to a project<br />
titled “Molecular improvement <strong>of</strong> alfalfa disease resistance <strong>and</strong> plant<br />
microbe interactions,” with emphasis on disease <strong>and</strong> nematode resistance.<br />
Dr. Deborah Samac, hired as lead scientist for this project, was housed in<br />
the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Pathology. This position complements the project<br />
“Physiological, biochemical <strong>and</strong> molecular mechanisms regulating microbial-host<br />
plant interactions,” led by Carroll Vance, <strong>and</strong> “Mechanisms<br />
whereby cell wall phenolics limit forage fiber digestion in the rumen <strong>of</strong><br />
dairy cattle,” led by Hans Jung.<br />
The USDA-ARS alfalfa project underwent major reorganization after<br />
Judy Thies left in 1992. Without plant pathology leadership the alfalfa project<br />
terminated all disease fee tests for the alfalfa industry. The alfalfa yield
57<br />
fee test program, guided by Duane Smith since 1965, was turned over to<br />
Craig Sheaffer <strong>and</strong> Neal Martin.<br />
THE CONTINUING IMPORTANCE OF ALFALFA RESEARCH<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> the increasing importance <strong>of</strong> sustainable agriculture <strong>and</strong><br />
the maturing <strong>of</strong> the industry alfalfa breeding programs, the original USDA-<br />
ARS alfalfa project has been redirected toward developing alfalfas to<br />
enhance crop rotations. This includes breeding alfalfa for non-animal uses,<br />
including paper pulp, biomass for energy production <strong>and</strong> alfalfas for liquid<br />
fuel production. Annual alfalfas (medics) are also being developed for uses<br />
as smother crops, erosion control <strong>and</strong> a nitrogen source. The forage (alfalfa)<br />
program at St. Paul, conducted by both USDA <strong>and</strong> University <strong>of</strong><br />
Minnesota scientists, has grown from modest beginnings in the 1950s to<br />
a million-dollar-per-year effort with more than 30 scientists, support personnel<br />
<strong>and</strong> graduate students. The St. Paul breeding <strong>and</strong> pathology<br />
research program has been recognized for its contributions to Minnesota,<br />
U.S. <strong>and</strong> world forage production. More than 30 graduate students<br />
received degrees while working on the project; most <strong>of</strong> them are still<br />
involved with forage legume research in U.S. <strong>and</strong> world agriculture.<br />
A TRIBUTE TO FRED FROSHEISER<br />
During the 26 years Fred Frosheiser was employed in the USDA alfalfa<br />
pathology position, he served the American taxpayer very well. Alfalfa<br />
scientists around the world considered him the dean <strong>of</strong> alfalfa pathologists.<br />
Dr. Frosheiser was a low-key, practical person who enjoyed solving applied<br />
problems. He was instrumental in developing or refining many <strong>of</strong> the alfalfa<br />
selection procedures used in breeding for improved disease resistance.<br />
His contributions in underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong> developing Phytophthora root rot<br />
resistance are classical.<br />
Unfortunately, many scientists in his own department failed to recognize<br />
his contributions or the stature he had obtained outside <strong>of</strong> the department.<br />
Fred Frosheiser was part <strong>of</strong> a cooperative effort with the alfalfa<br />
breeder that conducted annual evaluations for bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Phytophthora root rot resistance for public <strong>and</strong> private alfalfa entries.<br />
This program became the “st<strong>and</strong>ard test” for most alfalfa scientists<br />
—D. K. Barnes
58<br />
H.L. Thomas worked in forage<br />
<strong>and</strong> turf grass breeding in the<br />
department from 1945 to 1969.<br />
Nancy Ehlke, legume <strong>and</strong> grass<br />
breeder, in evaluation field <strong>of</strong> blue<br />
wild indigo (Baptisa australis).<br />
Wendelin Grimm farm in Carver County in 1924, on the day a monument<br />
to Mr. Grimm <strong>and</strong> the alfalfa variety named for him was dedicated there.
Chapter 8<br />
Barley Improvement<br />
Barley breeding at the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota<br />
began at the turn <strong>of</strong> the 20th century, when modern plant breeding<br />
had its origin. In 1901 Minn 184 barley (later released as Manchuria) was<br />
selected from a mixed lot <strong>of</strong> seed introduced from Manchuria. Minsturdi,<br />
the first Minnesota barley variety <strong>of</strong> hybrid origin, released in 1922, resulted<br />
from the cross “South American x Manchuria,” made in 1909. Sixteen<br />
additional barley varieties were developed <strong>and</strong> released during the period<br />
1918 to <strong>2000</strong>.<br />
Two <strong>of</strong> the 18 varieties, Manchuria <strong>and</strong> Peatl<strong>and</strong>, were introductions<br />
to the Minnesota region. Two others, Regal <strong>and</strong> Forrest, were developed<br />
in cooperation with Canadian researchers. The first nine were feed barleys<br />
<strong>and</strong> all but three <strong>of</strong> the others were industry-approved malting barleys.<br />
Seventeen were six-row types, <strong>and</strong> one, Svansota, was a two-row barley.<br />
BARLEY RESEARCH: A TEAM EFFORT<br />
H.K. Hayes, L. Powers <strong>and</strong> F.R. Immer were early barley researchers<br />
<strong>and</strong>/or project leaders. J.W. Lambert led the barley project from 1946 to<br />
1961. D. C. Rasmusson joined the barley team in 1958 <strong>and</strong> became project<br />
leader in 1961 when Lambert shifted exclusively to soybeans.<br />
Through the years, barley research at Minnesota has been characterized by<br />
a team effort. Early barley breeding was a cooperative effort involving the<br />
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station (MAES) <strong>and</strong> USDA<br />
researchers. USDA’s H.V. Harlan was a cooperator with H.K. Hayes in<br />
the early breeding efforts. Cooperation in barley improvement between<br />
MAES <strong>and</strong> USDA personnel extended from 1901 to about 1930.<br />
By Pr<strong>of</strong>essor D.C. Rasmusson, a member <strong>of</strong> the department faculty since 1961.
60<br />
The MAES team effort has included breeders, geneticists, plant pathologists,<br />
agronomists <strong>and</strong> plant physiologists. C.R. Burnham contributed for<br />
many years in the area <strong>of</strong> barley cytogenetics. Important contributions<br />
were made by plant pathologists J.J. Christensen, E.E. Banttari <strong>and</strong> R.W.<br />
Wilcoxson. Cooperating agronomists, including R.0. Bridgford, R.F. Crim,<br />
R.L. Thompson, E.A. Oelke, Dennis Warnes, J.V. Wiersma. D.N. Moss<br />
<strong>and</strong> later S.R. Simmons, were active for several years in barley physiology<br />
<strong>and</strong> ideotype research.<br />
BARLEY VARIETIES DEVELOPED<br />
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA<br />
CI or PI Year<br />
Variety Number Released Agency Breeder Special Traits<br />
Manchuria CI 2330 1918 MAES — High yield<br />
Minsturdi CI 1556 1922 MAES & USDA — Stiff straw<br />
Svansota — 1926 MAES & USDA H.V. Harlan Two-row<br />
Velvet CI 4252 1926 MAES & USDA — Smooth awn<br />
Peatl<strong>and</strong> CI 5267 1926 MAES & USDA — Resistance to<br />
stem rust <strong>and</strong><br />
scab<br />
Glabron CI 4577 1929 MAES & USDA H.V. Harlan Smooth awn,<br />
stiff straw<br />
Regal CI 5030 1931 MAES & USDA H.V. Harlan Smooth awn,<br />
stiff straw<br />
Mars CI 7015 1945 MAES F.R. Immer Early maturity,<br />
stiff straw<br />
Forrest CI 9187 1957 MAES & Canada J.W. Lambert Stiff straw<br />
Cree CI 9187 1957 MAES & Canada J.W. Lambert Stiff straw<br />
Manker CI 15549 1974 MAES D.C. Rasmusson Straw strength,<br />
kernel number<br />
Morex CI 15773 1978 MAES D.C. Rasmusson Malt extract,<br />
4-day malt<br />
Robust PI 476976 1983 MAES D.C. Rasmusson Kernel<br />
plumpness<br />
Excel PI 54207 1990 MAES D.C. Rasmusson Grain yield,<br />
malt extract<br />
St<strong>and</strong>er PI 564743 1993 MAES D.C. Rasmusson Resistance to<br />
lodging<br />
Royal PI 576855 1994 MAES D.C. Rasmusson Semidwarf<br />
MNBrite PI 603050 1998 MAES D.C. Rasmusson Resistance to<br />
scab <strong>and</strong> kernel<br />
discoloration<br />
Lacey — <strong>2000</strong> MAES D.C. Rasmusson Improved<br />
<strong>and</strong> K.P. Smith malting quality
61<br />
COOPERATION WITH INDUSTRY<br />
A highly significant event for barley breeding research at the University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Minnesota occurred in 1956 when a sizable grant for barley improvement<br />
was provided by the Malting Barley Improvement Association. Until<br />
this time barley research was carried out on a part-time basis by individuals<br />
with responsibility for more than one crop. The grant permitted hiring<br />
D.C. Rasmusson <strong>and</strong> D.R. Westerberg. Westerberg, research plot coordinator,<br />
added expertise <strong>and</strong> continuity to barley work for 34 years, from<br />
1959 to 1993. The industry grant, which continues today through the<br />
American Malting Barley Association,<br />
is shared by the departments <strong>of</strong><br />
agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics <strong>and</strong><br />
plant pathology.<br />
Primary goals in barley breeding<br />
from the beginning were to increase<br />
grain yield, improve lodging resistance<br />
<strong>and</strong> add resistance to disease. In<br />
recent decades enhancing malting<br />
<strong>and</strong> brewing quality has received high<br />
priority. Two smooth-awn varieties,<br />
Velvet (released 1926) <strong>and</strong> Glabron<br />
(released 1929), were developed D.C. Rasmusson<br />
specifically to overcome irritation <strong>and</strong><br />
harshness associated with rough awns that would “climb up pant legs” <strong>and</strong><br />
cause sores in mouths <strong>of</strong> animals. Except for Cree <strong>and</strong> Manker, all varieties<br />
released after Glabron have smooth awns. Morex, released in 1978, <strong>and</strong><br />
Robust, released in 1983, were the first Minnesota varieties to be strongly<br />
preferred on a region-wide basis by maltsters <strong>and</strong> breweries.<br />
From 1980 to 1984 Morex was grown on nearly twice as many acres<br />
as any other barley variety in the United States <strong>and</strong> was the most popular<br />
variety in Idaho from 1988 to 1992. Robust was grown on about one-half<br />
<strong>of</strong> the acreage in the primary six-row malting barley producing area <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Midwest – North Dakota, South Dakota <strong>and</strong> Minnesota – from 1985 to<br />
1999, <strong>and</strong> was especially popular in Minnesota, where it frequently<br />
accounted for more than three-fourths <strong>of</strong> the barley acreage.<br />
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF BARLEY RESEARCH<br />
A report published by agricultural economists at the University <strong>of</strong><br />
Minnesota (Macagno, L.F.; W.B. Sundquist <strong>and</strong> D.C. Rasmusson, 1992),<br />
which focuses on Morex <strong>and</strong> Robust barley, provides an estimate <strong>of</strong> returns<br />
in the tri-state barley area from research that resulted in Morex <strong>and</strong> Robust.
62<br />
The estimate is a $297 million return on a $9.2 million research <strong>and</strong><br />
extension expenditure for the period 1979 to 1989.<br />
This investment resulted in a benefit/cost ratio <strong>of</strong> more than 32:1 <strong>and</strong><br />
a 91% annual internal rate <strong>of</strong> return on investment. Approximately 72%<br />
<strong>of</strong> the benefit was attributed to increases in grain yield <strong>and</strong> malt extract; the<br />
remaining 28% was due to reduced malting time <strong>and</strong> superior performance<br />
<strong>of</strong> Morex in the malting process.<br />
OTHER BARLEY RESEARCH TEAM CONTRIBUTIONS<br />
Minnesota barley breeders <strong>and</strong> plant pathologists, with their counterparts<br />
at North Dakota <strong>and</strong> Wisconsin, were unusually successful in achieving<br />
durable resistance to two diseases. The most spectacular case was<br />
breeding for resistance to stem rust. Kindred, released in 1942 in North<br />
Dakota, Mars, released in 1945 in Minnesota, <strong>and</strong> all barley varieties that<br />
have followed to date possess resistance to stem rust due to the Rpgl(T)<br />
gene. This nearly one-half century <strong>of</strong> protection against races <strong>of</strong> stem rust<br />
may be a record for durable resistance in cereal crops.<br />
The second highly successful resistance breeding effort provided protection<br />
against spot blotch from the time <strong>of</strong> release <strong>of</strong> Dickson in North<br />
Dakota <strong>and</strong> Cree in Minnesota until today. Providing resistance to spot<br />
blotch for more than 25 years is highly valued; this disease was usually<br />
ranked first or second in importance among midwestern barley diseases.<br />
Inheritance <strong>and</strong> breeding methodology studies on barley were common<br />
in the first part <strong>of</strong> the century, as were cooperative studies focusing<br />
on disease resistance. H.K. Hayes, F.R. Immer <strong>and</strong> L. Powers all published<br />
basic papers on barley. Later, J.W. Lambert published on malting quality<br />
<strong>and</strong> agronomic traits. D.C. Rasmusson <strong>and</strong> colleagues published papers<br />
with emphasis on malting quality, diseases <strong>and</strong> breeding methods. Ideotype<br />
breeding, a principal area <strong>of</strong> basic emphasis <strong>and</strong> publication over several<br />
years, was cooperative with D.N. Moss <strong>and</strong> S.R. Simmons.<br />
The graduate education effort <strong>of</strong> the project has been sizable, <strong>and</strong><br />
graduate students have done a large share <strong>of</strong> the research leading to publications.<br />
D.C. Rasmusson advised more than 70 graduate students, including<br />
special-program Moroccan students, from 1961 to 1999.<br />
K.P. Smith joined the barley project in 1998, filling a transition position<br />
anticipating the planned retirement <strong>of</strong> D.C. Rasmusson in <strong>2000</strong>. This<br />
appointment was made possible by support <strong>and</strong> funding from the American<br />
Malting Barley Association, the Minnesota Barley Growers Association,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>. Smith is incorporating<br />
molecular genetic approaches into the barley-breeding program.
Chapter 9<br />
Corn Improvement<br />
It is not entirely correct to state that corn<br />
improvement in Minnesota began when H.K. Hayes joined the staff in<br />
1915. Prior to that date other staff members, prompted by the research<br />
publications <strong>of</strong> Shull in 1908, 1909, 1910 <strong>and</strong> 1911, <strong>of</strong> East in 1908 <strong>and</strong><br />
1909, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> East <strong>and</strong> Hayes in 1911, began making <strong>and</strong> testing the value<br />
<strong>of</strong> crosses between varieties. The first attempt to inbreed maize in<br />
Minnesota was by Hutcheson <strong>and</strong> Olson in 1914. Many local strains <strong>of</strong><br />
Minnesota 13 corn had been developed by farmers <strong>and</strong> were recognized<br />
by specific names, such as the Haney <strong>and</strong> the Morris strains. Before the<br />
advent <strong>of</strong> hybrid corn most farmers carefully selected outst<strong>and</strong>ing ears <strong>of</strong><br />
corn at harvest time for use as seed for the following year.<br />
The development <strong>of</strong> inbred lines for subsequent use in hybrids began<br />
in 1915, the first year <strong>of</strong> Hayes' appointment. The only sources <strong>of</strong> germ<br />
plasm were open-pollinated varieties such as Minnesota 13, a yellow<br />
endosperm variety; Rustler white dent; Northwestern dent, a red-pericarp<br />
early-maturing variety; Pearl flint <strong>and</strong> various other flint corn varieties. In<br />
this first summer <strong>of</strong> research Hayes followed the concepts he had developed<br />
in Connecticut, specifically choosing several varieties from which<br />
inbred lines would be developed in order to enhance the likelihood <strong>of</strong><br />
hybrid vigor because the parents <strong>of</strong> a hybrid originated from many different<br />
sources.<br />
The term “genetic diversity” as related to hybrid vigor was not commonly<br />
known in 1915. Not until 1917 did Jones, successor to Hayes at<br />
lver J. Johnson, a member <strong>of</strong> the Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> staff from 1928<br />
to 1939, was directly associated with H.K. Hayes in the corn improvement project <strong>and</strong> wrote<br />
the account <strong>of</strong> the work from 1915 to 1940. Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Dale R. Hicks, a member <strong>of</strong> the<br />
department faculty since 1968; Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Emeritus James C. Sentz, faculty member from<br />
1954 to 1971; <strong>and</strong> Robert H. Peterson, department member from 1952 to 1996; provided<br />
the account <strong>of</strong> the work from 1940 to the present.
64<br />
Connecticut, formulate an acceptable explanation <strong>of</strong> heterosis. Earlier<br />
studies on variety crosses reported by Collins (USDA) in 1910 had clearly<br />
shown that hybrids between varieties that differed widely in origin produced<br />
the highest yields. The decision by Hayes in 1915 to create inbred<br />
lines from several sources was well-founded on data available at that time.<br />
It is regrettable, from a historic viewpoint, that there is no record <strong>of</strong> the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> plants selected <strong>and</strong> selfed or the number <strong>of</strong> self-pollinated plants<br />
that survived subsequent selections at harvest time. One can safely conclude<br />
that Hayes began this new program on a scale large enough to permit<br />
discarding inferior plants <strong>and</strong> those with poor ear <strong>and</strong> seed characteristics.<br />
It was not known then that only about 1% <strong>of</strong> the initial inbreds usually<br />
survived long enough to be used in later crosses.<br />
Shortly after the corn-breeding program in Minnesota was started<br />
there was a major expansion <strong>of</strong> interest in other states by the USDA <strong>and</strong><br />
by some <strong>of</strong> the leading seed companies. It can be safely stated that an<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed corn improvement program started by Hayes in a state near the<br />
fringe <strong>of</strong> the Corn Belt had stimulated research on this crop worldwide. It<br />
is not surprising that the prestige <strong>of</strong> H.K. Hayes also led to the recognition<br />
<strong>of</strong> his leadership in breeding other crops.<br />
In Minnesota the period from 1915 to 1920 was devoted largely to<br />
self-pollination <strong>and</strong> selection to develop inbred lines for future use as parents.<br />
It was a common practice to wait until inbreds were relatively homozygous<br />
before testing their value as parents <strong>of</strong> hybrids. Extensive studies with<br />
progenies from crosses <strong>of</strong> naturally self-pollinated crops (such as wheat) had<br />
led to the practice <strong>of</strong> waiting until the F 5<br />
generation before considering a<br />
line to be sufficiently homozygous to enter it in yield trials. It was assumed<br />
that the same practice should be followed for inbred lines <strong>of</strong> corn.<br />
From 1915 to 1920 Hayes was the author <strong>of</strong> only one research publication,<br />
<strong>and</strong> that on his previous work in Connecticut on the inheritance<br />
<strong>of</strong> mosaic pericarp color. But important events were underway elsewhere.<br />
D.F. Jones, who succeeded Hayes in Connecticut, made his historic publications<br />
on the double-cross plan for producing hybrid corn seed on an economical<br />
basis by using single crosses rather than inbreds as parents. Jones<br />
also proposed that hybrid vigor was due to the dominance <strong>of</strong> linked growth<br />
factors. This explanation <strong>of</strong> heterosis was in reality an extension <strong>of</strong> previous<br />
explanations published by Dr. Bruce in 1910.<br />
This double-cross plan for producing hybrid corn seed so greatly<br />
impressed Andrew Boss, then chief <strong>of</strong> the Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Farm<br />
Management, that he concluded there should be an expansion <strong>of</strong> research<br />
on hybrid corn. This conclusion resulted in the establishment, in 1920, <strong>of</strong><br />
a corn breeding program at the Waseca branch station, which was closer
65<br />
the center <strong>of</strong> corn production in southern Minnesota. This expansion in<br />
hybrid corn research made it necessary to develop later-maturing inbred<br />
lines <strong>and</strong> to add staff at Waseca. Fortunately, the Waseca station had<br />
enough l<strong>and</strong> to support this expansion.<br />
THE EARLY YEARS WITH EXPERIMENTAL<br />
HYBRIDS: 1920-1925<br />
Between 1920 <strong>and</strong> 1925 many Corn Belt states exp<strong>and</strong>ed programs<br />
to capitalize on the background research by East, Shull, Hayes <strong>and</strong> Jones,<br />
which led to conferences among staff to exchange viewpoints <strong>and</strong> update<br />
their colleagues on progress. Not only were these early corn breeder conferences<br />
important to those involved; they also established a new format<br />
for exchanges <strong>of</strong> data <strong>and</strong> research concepts that ultimately became the<br />
pattern for other crop conferences. During the 1930s the Hybrid Corn<br />
Industry Research Conference became the first large-scale meeting for<br />
public <strong>and</strong> private company corn breeders.<br />
One can only speculate on how the future <strong>of</strong> corn breeding might have<br />
developed during the 1920s without a small group <strong>of</strong> leaders – Hayes in<br />
Minnesota, Stadler in Missouri, Lindstrom in Iowa, Kiesselbach in<br />
Nebraska, Holbert in Illinois <strong>and</strong> Richey in the USDA. These early scientists<br />
did not have the data from corn-breeding research available to those<br />
who succeeded them.<br />
During the early 1920s the exp<strong>and</strong>ing corn breeding program in<br />
Minnesota, especially at Waseca, fostered the addition <strong>of</strong> Harvey<br />
Brewbaker to the staff. He came as a graduate assistant with a B.S. degree<br />
in 1921, completed the M.S. degree in 1923 <strong>and</strong> the Ph.D. degree with<br />
Hayes in 1926. Hayes was becoming more deeply involved in wheat<br />
breeding; adding Brewbaker relieved him <strong>of</strong> some responsibilities in the<br />
corn project.<br />
Several important facts emerged during this early period. Use <strong>of</strong> openpollinated<br />
varieties as source material for inbreeding produced inbred lines<br />
with many defects, such as susceptibility to lodging, generally poor vigor,<br />
reduced pollen production <strong>and</strong> a wide array <strong>of</strong> single-gene or simply inherited<br />
recessive abnormalities in chlorophyll production rarely observed in a<br />
cross-pollinated variety. In the late 1920s the concept <strong>of</strong> testing inbred<br />
lines to determine their general or specific combining ability had not yet<br />
been used as a technique in corn inbred evaluation. Breeders observed that<br />
some inbred lines consistently produced above-average performance in<br />
crosses while other lines either performed poorly or were inconsistent. The<br />
principle <strong>of</strong> difference in combining ability was recognized but unnamed. It<br />
also was recognized that while the possibility <strong>of</strong> making diallel crosses
66<br />
among inbreds was realistic in terms <strong>of</strong> numbers <strong>and</strong> facilities required for<br />
testing, the large number <strong>of</strong> double crosses that could be made <strong>and</strong> tested<br />
exceeded available funds <strong>and</strong> facilities. The obvious solution to these breeding<br />
dilemmas was to study the relationship between numerous characteristics<br />
<strong>of</strong> inbred parents <strong>and</strong> the extent to which the parental means were<br />
related to yield <strong>of</strong> their crosses <strong>and</strong> to similar characters in their hybrids.<br />
Corn breeders made many studies, but only those conducted in Minnesota<br />
will be discussed here.<br />
The first study in Minnesota was made by Nilsson-Leissner, a postdoctorate<br />
student, from Sweden, under the direction <strong>of</strong> H.K. Hayes. The<br />
inbreds in this study were from two groups, 14 from dent corn <strong>and</strong> 9 from<br />
flint corn varieties. These inbred lines were considered to be the best available;<br />
all had been selfed for four or more years. Characters measured<br />
included yield, ear length, number <strong>of</strong> kernel rows, percentage <strong>of</strong> second<br />
ears per plant <strong>and</strong> plant height. All characters <strong>of</strong> the inbreds, except percentage<br />
<strong>of</strong> second ears, were positively <strong>and</strong> significantly correlated with<br />
yield <strong>of</strong> their F 1<br />
crosses. Jorgensen <strong>and</strong> Brewbaker conducted a second<br />
study at the Waseca station using only inbred lines from Silver King dent<br />
corn. All characters <strong>of</strong> the inbreds were positively <strong>and</strong> significantly correlated<br />
with yield <strong>of</strong> their F 1<br />
crosses. These two l<strong>and</strong>mark studies were<br />
reported in the Journal <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Agronomy</strong> Society in 1927.<br />
These two early studies verified that choosing the most desirable<br />
inbred lines as potential parents <strong>of</strong> hybrids was a good selection procedure<br />
to be used in a breeding program. Unfortunately, at this early stage in corn<br />
breeding the use <strong>of</strong> general <strong>and</strong> specific combining ability as tools for<br />
choosing inbred lines for testing their performance in hybrids <strong>and</strong> the use<br />
<strong>of</strong> single-cross data for predicting yields <strong>of</strong> double <strong>and</strong> three-way crosses<br />
had not yet been formulated. These two studies in Minnesota set the pattern<br />
for similar research studies <strong>and</strong> conclusions at several other experiment<br />
stations.<br />
An added <strong>and</strong> obvious value <strong>of</strong> this early research was the choice <strong>of</strong><br />
inbreds for use in producing experimental double crosses for trials. By the<br />
late 1920s the corn-breeding program at University Farm had chosen<br />
inbreds for producing the first three Minnesota double crosses, Minhybrids<br />
401, 402 <strong>and</strong> 403. Preliminary work was underway to increase by h<strong>and</strong><br />
pollination the seed supply <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota 13 inbreds numbers 11 <strong>and</strong><br />
14, the Rustler inbreds 15, 16, 19 <strong>and</strong> 20, <strong>and</strong> the Northwestern Dent<br />
inbreds numbers 21 <strong>and</strong> 22.<br />
F.R. Immer joined the staff in 1929 <strong>and</strong> did his major research on corn<br />
breeding at the Waseca branch station with some additional time on a startup<br />
project breeding sugarbeets. This change allowed Brewbaker to return<br />
to the corn-breeding program at University Farm where he relieved Hayes
67<br />
<strong>of</strong> routine corn-breeding responsibilities, allowing him more time for<br />
administration, advising students <strong>and</strong> addressing pressing problems in<br />
wheat breeding.<br />
New concepts in corn breeding were rapidly emerging at the end <strong>of</strong><br />
the 1920s. It was known that the program needed inbred lines with greater<br />
genetic diversity than could be obtained by using existing open-pollinated<br />
varieties as a source <strong>of</strong> better vigor <strong>and</strong> improved lodging resistance. Hayes<br />
envisioned developing new <strong>and</strong> improved inbreds by following the basic<br />
principles employed in breeding self-pollinated crops.<br />
Corn breeders elsewhere had developed a few outst<strong>and</strong>ing inbreds <strong>and</strong><br />
made them available to the Minnesota program. Because these new lines<br />
generally matured too late for use in hybrids adapted to Minnesota they<br />
were used in crosses with the best local inbreds for subsequent selection in<br />
F 2<br />
<strong>and</strong> later generations. These crosses provided a large number <strong>of</strong> new<br />
inbreds designated as “second cycle inbreds.” Also it was then recognized<br />
that the inbreds used in Minhybrid 401 would be difficult to increase unless<br />
the parent lines were improved. The backcross method <strong>of</strong> breeding in<br />
wheat was used, <strong>and</strong> each <strong>of</strong> the six inbreds in Minhybrids 401 <strong>and</strong> 402<br />
were backcrossed to the other parent: (11 x 14) 11, (11 x 14) 14 <strong>and</strong> so<br />
on. In retrospect, this was a poorly designed program because the result<br />
might be improvement <strong>of</strong> the inbred parents with a very small likelihood <strong>of</strong><br />
changing their performance in hybrids.<br />
THE 1930 – 1940 DECADE<br />
Harvey Brewbaker resigned as corn breeder in spring 1930 to establish<br />
a sugarbeet-breeding program with a large sugar company in<br />
Colorado. Although I (Iver Johnson) had not completed my doctorate thesis<br />
research, all other requirements had been completed. This position was<br />
<strong>of</strong>fered to me <strong>and</strong> I accepted. New concepts in corn breeding were emerging<br />
<strong>and</strong> research on corn was exp<strong>and</strong>ing in both the public <strong>and</strong> private sectors.<br />
That farmers should buy hybrid seed rather than using their own seed<br />
had not yet become an established principle, <strong>and</strong> who would produce certified<br />
seed <strong>of</strong> corn hybrids developed by the Minnesota Agricultural<br />
Experiment Station (MAES) had not yet been determined.<br />
Two important events marked the beginning <strong>of</strong> this period in the<br />
1930s. Double-cross seed <strong>of</strong> Minhybrid 401 had been produced under<br />
contract with a grower from foundation single-cross 11x14 in isolated plots<br />
<strong>of</strong>f Snelling Avenue, north <strong>of</strong> the State Fair grounds. The other single<br />
cross, 16x20, was produced in isolation west <strong>of</strong> Minneapolis. Sufficient<br />
seed <strong>of</strong> Minhybrid 401 was produced to permit about 200 on-farm comparisons<br />
in which the farmer planted four rows <strong>of</strong> Minhybrid 401 near the
68<br />
center <strong>of</strong> a field planted with his own selected seed. Ralph Crim, extension<br />
agronomist, was in charge <strong>of</strong> soliciting cooperating farmers <strong>and</strong> overseeing<br />
these demonstration plantings.<br />
In the fall 50 hills <strong>of</strong> the farmer’s seed were harvested <strong>and</strong> weighed,<br />
<strong>and</strong> 50 hills <strong>of</strong> Minhybrid 401, separated only by one row <strong>of</strong> each kind,<br />
also were harvested <strong>and</strong> weighed. These demonstration plantings gave the<br />
farmers an opportunity to directly determine on their own farms if this new<br />
idea <strong>of</strong> buying hybrid seed corn was worthwhile. In nearly every comparison<br />
the hybrid outyielded the farmer’s own seed source, was more uniform<br />
in maturity, <strong>and</strong> had less lodging <strong>and</strong> fewer broken stalks. The value <strong>of</strong><br />
hybrid corn had been demonstrated, at least to these cooperating farmers.<br />
The second important action came from the belief that commercial<br />
hybrid seed production <strong>of</strong> Minnesota hybrids would be accomplished by a<br />
few certified seed producers who should produce enough seed for their<br />
own use <strong>and</strong> a surplus supply to sell to their neighbors. The research staff<br />
agreed that a training program should be initiated with a few <strong>of</strong> the leading<br />
farmer crop improvement members. Sufficient foundation single-cross<br />
seed for producing Minhybrid 401 had been produced to permit 24 growers<br />
to plant 1 acre each <strong>of</strong> the two parents.<br />
Interested farmer cooperators volunteered <strong>and</strong> extension <strong>and</strong> research<br />
personal visited each <strong>of</strong> them, giving specific instructions on isolation,<br />
planting <strong>and</strong> detasseling. My special grower was George Rauenhorst, from<br />
near Olivia, a prominent member in the Minnesota Crop Improvement<br />
Association. In my first visit on his farm his young son Robert was with<br />
him. George told his son, “Listen carefully to what the pr<strong>of</strong>essor is saying<br />
because this will be your job this summer.” Indeed, Bob did listen carefully<br />
<strong>and</strong> eventually became the owner <strong>of</strong> the Rauenhorst Bellows Seed Co., a<br />
large producer, processor <strong>and</strong> sales company <strong>of</strong> hybrid seed corn. The<br />
concept <strong>of</strong> having a few certified seed producers produce hybrid seed corn<br />
for Minnesota did not prove to be successful.<br />
The growing season <strong>of</strong> 1930 was characterized by the worst drought<br />
in Minnesota history. To save the corn research nursery, water from the<br />
campus water tank was hauled to the nursery <strong>and</strong> the pollination crew<br />
worked barefoot in the water <strong>and</strong> mud. We learned that limited soil moisture<br />
was not the only reason for plant damage but that high temperature<br />
also caused tassel <strong>and</strong> leaf damage. My first summer as a corn breeder was<br />
a trying one. Fortunately, there was a good supply <strong>of</strong> reserve seed from the<br />
1929 nursery to maintain all <strong>of</strong> the inbred lines.<br />
In the early 1930s the dent corn program consisted largely <strong>of</strong> inbreeding<br />
selections from crosses between our own inbreds <strong>and</strong> a few <strong>of</strong> the better<br />
inbreds from breeding programs in other states, with special emphasis<br />
on lodging resistance.
69<br />
SWEET CORN AND POPCORN BREEDING<br />
A breeding project for sweet corn <strong>and</strong> popcorn was initiated during<br />
the 1930s <strong>and</strong> 1940s. We cooperated with the Minnesota Valley Canning<br />
Co., Le Sueur, in return for a grant to employ a graduate assistant to work<br />
with me on sweet corn breeding. We began developing inbreds from<br />
Golden Bantam, a popular variety for home garden use <strong>and</strong> for commercial<br />
production for the fresh corn market. To provide genetic diversity a<br />
smaller number <strong>of</strong> inbreds was developed from Country Gentleman, a<br />
much larger <strong>and</strong> later-maturing white endosperm type. Country<br />
Gentleman was fertile in both florets in each spikelet <strong>of</strong> the ear inflorescence,<br />
which completely eliminated distinct kernel rows. Even in the<br />
1930s the concept <strong>of</strong> using inbreds with different endosperm color to<br />
enhance genetic diversity was an accepted procedure. It was surprising that<br />
the inbreeding depression so strongly evident in dent corn was not as great<br />
in sweet corn. Ten <strong>of</strong> the best Golden Bantam inbreds were chosen in the<br />
S 4<br />
generation <strong>and</strong> a diallel series <strong>of</strong> F l<br />
crosses made among them.<br />
The evaluation <strong>of</strong> sweet corn hybrids presented a different problem.<br />
Pericarp tenderness, sweetness in flavor, ear size <strong>and</strong> kernel color at prime<br />
time for canning were nearly as important as yield. Prime time for consumption<br />
or canning usually was 20 days after silking. To properly evaluate<br />
sweet corn hybrids an experimental laboratory was established in the<br />
laboratory <strong>of</strong> the Farm House. We used a can-sealing machine given to us<br />
by the Minnesota Valley Canning Co., a pressure cooker, <strong>and</strong> an ingenious<br />
device for creating a vacuum in the closed can. We produced two cans <strong>of</strong><br />
vacuum-sealed sweet corn harvested 20 days after silking date from each<br />
replication in the yield test. Surplus prime <strong>and</strong> washed sweet corn was<br />
gladly accepted by staff members <strong>and</strong> their neighbors. The results <strong>of</strong> our<br />
research on sweet corn were published in the <strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal in 1936.<br />
An interesting <strong>and</strong> very valuable study was made on the inheritance <strong>of</strong><br />
pericarp tenderness in sweet corn. H.K. Hayes obtained seed (from his<br />
brother in Connecticut) <strong>of</strong> a very early <strong>and</strong> small-eared white endosperm<br />
sweet corn called Hayes White “with the most tender kernels” <strong>of</strong> any sweet<br />
corn. This seed was planted in our nursery. We obtained a “puncture<br />
tester” that measured the amount <strong>of</strong> pressure required to break through a<br />
membrane <strong>and</strong> used it to measure pericarp thickness 20 days after pollination.<br />
By carefully removing a small portion <strong>of</strong> husk, testing for puncture<br />
resistance <strong>and</strong> replacing this husk portion over the ear, we could obtain<br />
desired data <strong>and</strong> still allow the ear to mature with only a few damaged<br />
seeds. Hayes White truly had a very tender pericarp, requiring 40% less<br />
pressure to puncture than Golden Bantam lines. This variety was crossed<br />
to the parental lines in our Golden Bantam hybrids <strong>and</strong> successively backcrossed<br />
to them with single-plant puncture testing.
70<br />
A preliminary study indicated that the inheritance <strong>of</strong> pericarp tenderness<br />
was conditioned by relatively few genes; thus this quantitatively inherited<br />
character could be managed in a backcross program. By 1940 we had<br />
recovered several lines after backcrossing <strong>and</strong> selfing that had pericarp tenderness<br />
essentially equal to that <strong>of</strong> Hayes White. These lines were made<br />
available to commercial sweet corn breeders. Tender pericarp hybrids such<br />
as Silver Queen derived their pericarp tenderness from our original work.<br />
Popcorn was not as important a crop in Minnesota as in Iowa. The<br />
most desired variety was Japanese Hulless, which had very short multiplerowed<br />
ears that were <strong>of</strong>ten semi-branched at the tip. <strong>Plant</strong>s were small <strong>and</strong><br />
had weak stalks; this variety truly needed to be improved. While we did not<br />
have an extensive program in popcorn breeding it was large enough to<br />
develop inbreds that had better stalk strength <strong>and</strong> longer, well-shaped ears.<br />
The hybrids from the best lines resulted in the release <strong>of</strong> single-cross<br />
Minhybrid 250, a widely used Japanese Hulless with popping qualities<br />
acceptable to the trade. From other research on popcorn we demonstrated<br />
to commercial poppers the importance <strong>of</strong> proper moisture content,<br />
12.0 to 12.5%, which results in maximum popping volume <strong>and</strong> good size<br />
<strong>and</strong> shape <strong>of</strong> the popped kernel.<br />
An important achievement <strong>of</strong> the 1930s was the release for seed production<br />
<strong>of</strong> a new hybrid, a three-way cross, designated Minhybrid 301. Its<br />
parentage was M11 x M14 as the female parent <strong>and</strong> B164, an inbred<br />
obtained from Henry Wallace, as the male parent. This was the first all-yellow-endosperm<br />
hybrid to be released by Minnesota. Because B164<br />
matured 10 days later than M11 x M14 <strong>and</strong> Minhybrid 401, this release<br />
was better adapted to Southern Minnesota. The problem for hybrid seed<br />
producers was that B164, the pollen parent, needed to be planted about<br />
10 days earlier than M11 x M14, the seed parent, to ensure an overlap in<br />
silking <strong>and</strong> pollen-producing dates. B164 was a vigorous inbred with excellent<br />
pollen production, a necessity for a pollen parent in hybrid seed production.<br />
B164 also became the first inbred to be released large-scale to the<br />
foundation seed project <strong>and</strong> Minnesota hybrid seed producers.<br />
THE DILEMMA OF HAVING TOO MANY GOOD INBREDS<br />
The system <strong>of</strong> developing source material from hybrids begun in the<br />
late 1920s became the major breeding program objective for the 1930s.<br />
As a result, more than 100 new inbreds were available as parents <strong>of</strong> new<br />
double-cross hybrids. This large group <strong>of</strong> inbreds was used in a top-cross<br />
program with the Morris strain <strong>of</strong> Minnesota 13 as the tester. The inbreds<br />
also were grown in the yield trials to evaluate possible relationships<br />
between inbreds <strong>and</strong> their top-cross performance. It became evident that
71<br />
it would be difficult to select the best inbreds from these large numbers.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> these could be used as parents <strong>of</strong> double crosses, but a smaller<br />
number based on combined top cross <strong>and</strong> inbred yields might be chosen<br />
as parents in a diallel. The thought also emerged that it should be possible<br />
to use single-cross data to predict the yield <strong>of</strong> a double cross. In this prediction,<br />
among the six possible single crosses with the four inbreds the data<br />
from the two-parent single cross would not be involved in this yield estimate.<br />
In terms <strong>of</strong> numbers, one could make <strong>and</strong> test the possible 190 single<br />
crosses made with 20 <strong>of</strong> the best inbreds among the more than 100 in<br />
the top cross <strong>and</strong> inbred line trials but it would be impossible to make <strong>and</strong><br />
test the more than 14,000 double crosses that could be made from these<br />
20 selected inbreds. After careful thought this concept was discussed with<br />
H.K. Hayes, whose response was, “This idea is so obviously correct that<br />
you should write it up <strong>and</strong> publish.”<br />
I believed that supporting data were required from experimental trials<br />
in which single-cross <strong>and</strong> double-cross data from several double-cross predictions<br />
all came from the same trials. This required producing seed <strong>of</strong> the<br />
three possible double crosses from each combination <strong>of</strong> four inbreds from<br />
available single-cross seed. Consequently, this concept did not become verified<br />
until tested in yield trials in 1935 <strong>and</strong> published in 1936. When the<br />
paper was ready to be submitted to the <strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal, H.K. Hayes<br />
urged that C.W. Doxtater, then conducting the corn-breeding project in<br />
Waseca, be senior author, “Because he needed to have a publication in the<br />
Journal.” By now the work by Jenkins in 1934 had become the first publication<br />
on methods <strong>of</strong> predicting double-cross yields. It is unfortunate that<br />
I did not publish the proposal without supporting data as Hayes suggested.<br />
RESEARCH ON DISEASE RESISTANCE<br />
In the waiting period during the development <strong>of</strong> the second series <strong>of</strong><br />
inbreds there was opportunity to initiate new studies with members <strong>of</strong> the<br />
plant pathology department on breeding for resistance to seedling root rots<br />
<strong>and</strong> to corn smut. We had retained a considerable number <strong>of</strong> inbred lines<br />
from various origins as well as early generation lines from crosses. J.J.<br />
Christensen, plant pathologist, <strong>and</strong> I (Iver Johnson) worked together on<br />
this project. We found that inbreds were quite specific in the location <strong>and</strong><br />
size <strong>of</strong> their smut galls. Smut galls above the ear caused a much greater<br />
loss in yield than those below the ear because they became the sink for<br />
translocation. Of course, large galls caused greater yield loss than small<br />
galls. Although none <strong>of</strong> our inbred lines were entirely smut free, differences<br />
among them suggested the possibilities <strong>of</strong> breeding for at least partial resistance<br />
to this disease.
72<br />
In the greenhouse during winter we conducted extensive studies evaluating<br />
inbreds for levels <strong>of</strong> infestation with seedling root rots caused by<br />
Fusarium <strong>and</strong> Penicillium. Christensen produced pure cultures <strong>of</strong> the two<br />
pathogens <strong>and</strong> seed <strong>of</strong> inbreds was infested <strong>and</strong> grown in s<strong>and</strong>-filled benches<br />
at about 15°C. As might be expected, none <strong>of</strong> the inbreds was entirely<br />
free from damage but some lines were less susceptible to one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pathogens than to the other, indicating partial levels <strong>of</strong> tolerance. Near the<br />
end <strong>of</strong> a series <strong>of</strong> evaluations Dr. Christensen made the comment, “I wonder<br />
what would happen if we infested susceptible inbreds simultaneously<br />
with both pathogens” We did so, <strong>and</strong> to our surprise some <strong>of</strong> the doubleinfested<br />
lines were nearly disease free. Antibiosis <strong>and</strong> antibiotics were not<br />
then fully known; to our discredit, we had made a very important discovery<br />
<strong>and</strong> didn’t know it.<br />
RELATED PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY STUDIES<br />
We were also concerned with the need to improve the lodging resistance<br />
in corn. Lodging susceptibility was mostly due to a poor secondary<br />
root system. One method <strong>of</strong> measuring differences in root growth was to<br />
measure the pressure needed to pull a corn plant out <strong>of</strong> the soil. We set up<br />
a tripod with a 200-pound spring scale <strong>and</strong> pulleys <strong>and</strong> attached the scale<br />
with rawhide to the lowest above-ground node <strong>of</strong> corn plants. Differences<br />
in resistance to pulling among inbreds were large, <strong>and</strong> closely related to<br />
number <strong>and</strong> angle <strong>of</strong> their secondary roots. We concluded that we could<br />
quantify lodging resistance without waiting for the proper combination <strong>of</strong><br />
rain-soaked soil <strong>and</strong> wind to cause lodging.<br />
The general assumption that leaf area <strong>and</strong> plant yield are positively<br />
associated may not always be true for plants in which the products <strong>of</strong> photosynthesis<br />
are translocated to the developing grain. In one yield trial <strong>of</strong><br />
single crosses we estimated leaf area by counting the total number <strong>of</strong> leaves<br />
per plant <strong>and</strong> measuring the length <strong>and</strong> width near the base <strong>of</strong> the leaf arising<br />
at the ear node. Differences among crosses in number <strong>of</strong> leaves per<br />
plant among this group <strong>of</strong> hybrids were not significant but differences in<br />
area <strong>of</strong> the ear node leaf among hybrids were large. At that time in the<br />
1930s the procedures presently used for leaf area measurements had not<br />
been developed. Our best estimate without removing the leaf was the product<br />
<strong>of</strong> length x width x 0.75. We did not find a significant correlation<br />
between this measurement <strong>of</strong> leaf area <strong>and</strong> grain yield. Data from other<br />
studies made at a later date have confirmed that leaf area may not be a limiting<br />
factor in grain yield.
73<br />
CORN RESEARCH FROM 1940<br />
The earlier period in corn breeding at the Universtity <strong>of</strong> Minnesota<br />
ended when Iver Johnson accepted an <strong>of</strong>fer from Iowa State University to<br />
exp<strong>and</strong> its state-supported research in farm crops, lead graduate student<br />
programs in plant breeding <strong>and</strong> initiate new research projects. Johnson<br />
expressed regret about leaving the corn-breeding program <strong>and</strong> the many<br />
promising new inbreds <strong>and</strong> in being unable to have a part in completion<br />
<strong>and</strong> use <strong>of</strong> the new agronomy building. Ernest H. Rinke (1940-65) <strong>and</strong><br />
Emmett L. Pinnell (1942-57) next led the corn-improvement project.<br />
Developing inbreds <strong>and</strong> combining them to produce high-performing<br />
hybrid varieties, the primary objective <strong>of</strong> corn improvement, led to research<br />
on determining the most effective <strong>and</strong> efficient methods to generate <strong>and</strong><br />
evaluate inbreds with superior performance <strong>and</strong> combining ability.<br />
Open-pollinated varieties in Minnesota were generally early maturing<br />
selections from Corn Belt germplasm <strong>and</strong> early northern flints. The first<br />
inbreds selected from these local open-pollinated varieties were limited in<br />
their genetic diversity. To accommodate work with the later-maturing<br />
open-pollinated varieties adapted to southern Minnesota <strong>and</strong> facilitate<br />
introduction <strong>of</strong> later-maturing Corn Belt materials that could not be successfully<br />
accommodated in the shorter seasons at St. Paul, a major breeding<br />
nursery was established at the Southern Experiment Station, Waseca,<br />
<strong>and</strong> led by Pinnell. Rinke directed the St. Paul station corn work. The work<br />
at Waseca concentrated on materials adapted to southern Minnesota; work<br />
at St. Paul concentrated on materials adapted to the northern two-thirds<br />
the state. Many studies involved both regions, <strong>and</strong> yield testing was cooperative.<br />
Marley Gehring was the technician with Pinnell; Nels Olmeim was<br />
the technician with Rinke.<br />
Pinnell <strong>and</strong> Rinke cooperated in the initial “early x late” program in<br />
which early crosses<br />
were made at<br />
Waseca <strong>and</strong> selection<br />
was done at<br />
St. Paul. Highly<br />
promising inbred<br />
lines released by<br />
other experiment<br />
stations in the<br />
Corn Belt were<br />
crossed to a<br />
source <strong>of</strong> earliness<br />
<strong>and</strong> the progeny<br />
were backcrossed Early corn crew at Waseca Station.
74<br />
to the late inbred parent for two or three generations, with stringent selection<br />
for earliness followed by selection for improved combining ability. The<br />
result was an early version <strong>of</strong> the recurrent parent; many <strong>of</strong> these new lines<br />
had performance superior to the recurrent parent.<br />
These procedures involving both Waseca <strong>and</strong> St. Paul nurseries were<br />
effective <strong>and</strong> widely employed in the program by the mid-1950s to derive<br />
pedigreed lines for efficient evaluation <strong>and</strong> development <strong>of</strong> productive double-cross<br />
<strong>and</strong> single-cross hybrids. The most important inbred lines released<br />
from this program probably were A632 selected from B14 <strong>and</strong> A619<br />
from Ohio 43. The single-cross hybrid A632 x A619 was a very successful<br />
hybrid for the Minhybrid seed producers in Minnesota. The same hybrid,<br />
or closely related versions, also were produced by several commercial<br />
corn-breeding companies.<br />
Susceptibility to stalk <strong>and</strong> root lodging was a serious problem. Locally<br />
adapted open-pollinated varieties, such as Minnesota 13 <strong>and</strong> Northwestern<br />
Dent, were highly susceptible to stalk <strong>and</strong> root lodging, which plagued earlier<br />
breeders in the generation <strong>of</strong> inbred lines. When viewing flattened <strong>and</strong><br />
broken inbred plots at Waseca after a particularly bad late-season storm in<br />
the late 1940s, F. R. Immer was reported to have exclaimed “I thought it<br />
would be bad, I knew it would be bad, but I didn’t think it would ever be<br />
this bad!”<br />
Selection among inbreds for stronger inbred line root systems by measuring<br />
pulling resistance started in the 1940s <strong>and</strong> continued through the<br />
1950s. Stalk lodging correlated with Fusarium infection was selected<br />
against by artificial infection after pollination <strong>and</strong> evaluation <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
growth in the pith prior to senescence. An internode below the ear was<br />
punctured with an ice pick <strong>and</strong> a Fusarium-infected toothpick was inserted.<br />
Resistance was scored by the degree <strong>of</strong> spread in the stalk just prior<br />
to senescence. This work was carried out in both the Waseca <strong>and</strong> St. Paul<br />
nurseries in cooperation with the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Pathology, which<br />
selected <strong>and</strong> prepared the Fusarium toothpick cultures.<br />
European corn borer infestations, resulting in stalk breakage <strong>and</strong><br />
dropped ears, were a serious problem in some years. Selection for resistance<br />
was a collaborative effort with the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Entomology, which<br />
provided borer egg masses collected from the natural populations <strong>of</strong> caged<br />
moths. Eggs were inserted into the leaf whorls when corn was at the kneehigh<br />
stage <strong>and</strong> resistance was scored following pollination by rating the<br />
extent <strong>of</strong> leaf feeding.<br />
Concepts <strong>of</strong> general <strong>and</strong> specific combining ability <strong>of</strong> inbreds were<br />
established during the early 1940s. Minnesota corn breeders were leaders<br />
in developing <strong>and</strong> utilizing top-cross testing procedures for identifying
75<br />
superior inbreds <strong>and</strong> single-cross testing for generating double-cross<br />
hybrids. These procedures were well established by the early 1950s,<br />
improving the efficiency <strong>of</strong> inbred selection <strong>and</strong> derivation <strong>of</strong> double-cross<br />
Minhybrids with maturities adapted to Minnesota’s growing seasons. These<br />
early Minhybrids were made available to seedsmen; they set performance<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ards for the rapidly developing hybrid seed corn industry.<br />
Recurrent selection was first proposed in the mid 1940s as a method<br />
to increase the frequency <strong>of</strong> favorable alleles prior to inbred development.<br />
Quantitative gene action <strong>and</strong> variety <strong>and</strong> population studies at North<br />
Carolina <strong>and</strong> Iowa in the late 1940s <strong>and</strong> early 1950s increased awareness<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>and</strong> information on genetic effects associated with hybrid vigor in corn.<br />
Quantitative <strong>and</strong> population improvement methods were emphasized in<br />
the Minnesota corn improvement program started by James C. Sentz,<br />
beginning in 1957.<br />
Sentz had completed graduate degrees at North Carolina State<br />
University before taking a USDA soybean genetics position at St. Paul in<br />
1954. Sentz assumed leadership <strong>of</strong> the corn-improvement program at<br />
Waseca in 1956, following Pinnel’s departure to become chair <strong>of</strong> the<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Missouri field crops department. Sentz managed the Waseca<br />
corn nursery <strong>and</strong> Southern program trials from 1957 until 1971, continuing<br />
pedigree development <strong>and</strong> evaluations <strong>of</strong> improved inbred lines <strong>and</strong><br />
superior hybrids. About one-third <strong>of</strong> the program involved identification<br />
<strong>and</strong> development <strong>of</strong> corn populations <strong>and</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong> various mating<br />
systems estimating genetic <strong>and</strong> environmental parameters relative to<br />
hybrid superiority. Quantitative measures were increasingly used across the<br />
program to better use available genetic variability.<br />
Sentz also extended application <strong>of</strong> quantitative methodologies to the<br />
department <strong>and</strong> college by developing <strong>and</strong> teaching two graduate courses,<br />
quantitative inheritance <strong>and</strong> experimental design. Consequently, he worked<br />
with numerous plant breeding students on quantitative issues related to<br />
their research <strong>and</strong> with others on research design <strong>and</strong> statistical analyses,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten serving on graduate committees.<br />
Both Rinke <strong>and</strong> Pinnell took short-term assignments with the FAO in<br />
the 1950s to help establish corn-breeding programs in southern Europe.<br />
Due to these interactions, the department hosted several corn breeders<br />
from that region for pr<strong>of</strong>essional studies during the late 1950s <strong>and</strong> early<br />
1960s. These international exchanges also extended the use <strong>of</strong> Minnesotadeveloped<br />
corn germplasm to the major corn-growing areas <strong>of</strong> Europe.<br />
Rinke served as acting department head in 1963-64 when W.M.<br />
Myers became the first dean for University international programs.<br />
Following Herbert W. Johnson’s appointment as department head Rinke<br />
became director <strong>of</strong> research at Northrup King Co., <strong>and</strong> the senior project
76<br />
leader position was open for a time. William Compton was hired for the<br />
St. Paul corn-breeding position in 1965 <strong>and</strong> the Waseca position eventually<br />
was discontinued. R.H. Peterson assumed the applied breeding work<br />
<strong>and</strong> continued in it until 1996. Sentz took a two-year leave <strong>of</strong> absence in<br />
1966-68 as a Cornell University visiting pr<strong>of</strong>essor in corn breeding with<br />
the University <strong>of</strong> the Philippines at Los Baños. In 1971 he joined the<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> International Agricultural Programs serving the Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, Forestry <strong>and</strong> Home Economics.<br />
Compton accepted a corn-breeding position at the University <strong>of</strong><br />
Nebraska in 1967. Robert E. Stucker, a faculty member in the department,<br />
then assumed the corn-breeding leadership <strong>and</strong> continued through 1971,<br />
when he took a new position as statistical consultant. Jon L. Geadelmann<br />
was recruited from Iowa State University to lead the project in 1972.<br />
Although the corn-breeding program underwent several changes in mid to<br />
late 1960s, the department remained committed to population improvement<br />
<strong>and</strong> quantitative methodologies. A new position in corn physiology<br />
created in 1978 was filled by Robert J. Jones, who studies the efferts <strong>of</strong><br />
temperature stress on kernel development.<br />
Geadelmann left in 1987 to become northern corn research director<br />
for Holdens Foundation Seeds. Steve Openshaw, his successor, left to<br />
work for Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. in 1992. Robert Stucker<br />
returned <strong>and</strong> served as project leader until he retired in 1995. Because <strong>of</strong><br />
budget reductions, the corn improvement program was then terminated as<br />
an MAES project. An effort to reestablish the project was initiated immediately.<br />
With significant leadership from department faculty <strong>and</strong> corn farmers,<br />
financial support was sought <strong>and</strong> obtained from the corn-breeding<br />
industry <strong>and</strong> the Minnesota Corn Growers Association. This effort resulted<br />
in reestablishment <strong>of</strong> a faculty position in corn breeding funded by an<br />
endowment made possible by a grower–industry–University partnership.<br />
Rex Bernardo filled the position in <strong>2000</strong>.<br />
In the late 1960s double-cross hybrids, the invention that made commercial<br />
hybrid corn feasible, were being replaced by single-cross hybrids.<br />
First- <strong>and</strong> second-generation inbreds were generally low yielding, smallseeded<br />
<strong>and</strong> lacking sufficient vigor to economically produce single crosses.<br />
Recombination <strong>and</strong> selection <strong>of</strong> inbreds accumulating favorable genes,<br />
however, created inbred lines that produced high yields <strong>of</strong> commercially<br />
acceptable seed. These hybrids were preferred for their superiority compared<br />
with their double-cross counterparts. Although some <strong>of</strong> the first single-cross<br />
hybrids were initially less resilient <strong>and</strong> suffered under environmental<br />
stresses, their wide adaptation was soon assured. The single-cross<br />
Minhybrid 4201 was generated by combining the high-yielding larger seeded<br />
A619 inbred with A632. It was superior in performance <strong>and</strong> stability
77<br />
over a wide range <strong>of</strong> environments <strong>and</strong> set early single-cross hybrid st<strong>and</strong>ards<br />
for the industry. As single-cross hybrids became the rule, cornfields<br />
became much more uniform in height, tassel <strong>and</strong> silk extrusion, ear height<br />
<strong>and</strong> other characteristics.<br />
H.K. Hayes was a strong proponent <strong>of</strong> an “early release” policy as<br />
stated in the corn seed stocks announcement:<br />
Inbred lines <strong>of</strong> corn developed by the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota will be released<br />
to the public when they have been proven <strong>of</strong> superior combining ability for<br />
yield <strong>and</strong> other characters....This policy has been adopted by the University <strong>of</strong><br />
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station in an attempt to make research<br />
results from the University’s corn improvement project more effectively <strong>and</strong><br />
readily available for general farm benefit.<br />
In contrast, programs in other states <strong>of</strong>ten delayed release <strong>of</strong> inbreds<br />
until they had been used in experiment station hybrids for 3 to 5 years.<br />
Between 1950 <strong>and</strong> 1996 many inbreds <strong>and</strong> several germplasm pools were<br />
released to the corn-breeding industry. These inbreds played a significant<br />
role in the production <strong>of</strong> top-performing hybrids <strong>and</strong> were used in subsequent<br />
breeding programs. A survey in the late 1970s indicated that<br />
Minnesota inbreds were used in enough commercial hybrids to plant 21%<br />
<strong>of</strong> the U.S. corn acreage. Inbred A632 was the most widely used inbred in<br />
the United States <strong>and</strong> A619 was number four. A632 <strong>and</strong> A619 were also<br />
used significantly in foreign countries.<br />
RELATED COLLABORATION, CONTRIBUTIONS<br />
AND RESPONSIBLITIES<br />
The Minhybrid Growers Association (MGA) was formed in the 1940s<br />
to increase <strong>and</strong> distribute seed <strong>of</strong> inbreds <strong>and</strong> hybrids released by the cornimprovement<br />
program. The MGA was very important in providing quality<br />
seed corn <strong>of</strong> early hybrids adapted to Minnesota conditions <strong>and</strong> continued<br />
to be an active <strong>and</strong> important group until the early 1970s. Eighty<br />
seedsmen in the MGA met regularly with project personnel to discuss the<br />
inbreds <strong>and</strong> hybrid combinations they would grow <strong>and</strong> sell to Minnesota<br />
corn growers.<br />
MGA members continued to grow <strong>and</strong> sell Minhybrids through the<br />
1970s, but disb<strong>and</strong>ed when the corn project stopped releasing <strong>and</strong> naming<br />
Minhybrids. Although the inbreds released by the corn program were<br />
used extensively by private seed companies, the MGA was important<br />
because its members marketed inbreds <strong>and</strong> hybrids identified with the<br />
agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics department <strong>and</strong> the MAES. MGA leaders<br />
included Charlie Simpson, John Evans, Henry Liechew, Hubert Anderson,<br />
Carl Pinney, Carl Borgeson, <strong>and</strong> Bert Enestvedt. Ward Marshall <strong>of</strong> the
78<br />
Minnesota Crop Improvement Association <strong>and</strong> Harley Otto <strong>of</strong> the department<br />
also worked with <strong>and</strong> supported the MGA.<br />
The 1939 Minnesota Legislature enacted a law requiring maturity tests<br />
for all corn hybrids sold in Minnesota <strong>and</strong> that they be labeled using the<br />
Minnesota relative maturity system. The MAES was designated <strong>of</strong>ficial testing<br />
agency for the corn-maturity testing program, which continues to this<br />
day. Six maturity zones were established, ranging from 81 days in the<br />
north to 116 days in the south. Replicated trials are conducted at a minimum<br />
<strong>of</strong> three locations per year in each zone. Hybrids are entered in the<br />
zone in which they are intended to be grown. A hybrid is assigned a tentative<br />
maturity rating after one year <strong>of</strong> testing <strong>and</strong> a permanent rating after<br />
three years <strong>of</strong> testing. These trials, their analyses <strong>and</strong> the resulting publications<br />
were supervised by Gertrude Joachim, Forrest Troyer, <strong>and</strong> Robert<br />
Peterson, assisted by many graduate <strong>and</strong> undergraduate students.<br />
In 1956 the corn-improvement program began testing commercial<br />
hybrids for agronomic performance in order to provide farmers an unbiased<br />
evaluation. This testing program was discontinued in 1968 but reinstated<br />
on a fee-basis in the 1990s.<br />
Experiments conducted in Southern Minnesota in 1962-64 <strong>and</strong><br />
reported in Minnesota Farm <strong>and</strong> Home Science (1965) concluded that<br />
grain yields increased by utilizing narrow (20 inch) rows <strong>and</strong> high plant densities.<br />
Additional research on other corn production technologies was initiated<br />
in the late 1960s when Dale R. Hicks joined the department as extension<br />
agronomist in 1968. He led the corn management committee, which<br />
brought scientists from several disciplines together to focus on corn production<br />
problems. Corn management studies were conducted throughout<br />
the state. The committee designed several studies that resulted in significant<br />
changes in corn production practices; for example, the average planting<br />
date changed from late May to early May because <strong>of</strong> the results <strong>of</strong><br />
planting-date research. Earlier planting has drastically increased grain<br />
yields <strong>and</strong> grain quality, <strong>and</strong> has reduced drying costs for Minnesota corn<br />
producers.<br />
Through the years many students who went on to make important<br />
contributions to the seed corn industry were trained in the corn-breeding<br />
project. Of all University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota Ph.D. graduates who have written<br />
a thesis on some aspect <strong>of</strong> corn breeding or cytogenetics, about 30 have<br />
worked for private industry <strong>and</strong> about 40 have worked for universities or<br />
international centers. Several have been or are research directors or hold<br />
other management positions in the private <strong>and</strong> public sectors. Also, many<br />
who earned B.S. <strong>and</strong> M.S. degrees in agronomy have been employed by<br />
the corn seed industry in various positions.
Chapter 10<br />
Flax Improvement<br />
Flax was a crop <strong>of</strong> increasing importance to<br />
Minnesota in the 1880s. When a disease causing flax plants to wilt threatened<br />
to ruin the flax-growing industry in the Windom area in 1889, O.C.<br />
Gregg, chairman <strong>of</strong> the farmers institutes, suggested that Otto Lugger, the<br />
University’s botanist <strong>and</strong> entomologist, go there to study the disease. In<br />
spring 1890 Governor W.R. Merriam appointed Lugger, with permission<br />
<strong>of</strong> the board <strong>of</strong> regents, “To make all necessary experiments <strong>and</strong> to find,<br />
if possible, a remedy against this disease.”<br />
Lugger, whose experience in flax culture had been gained in Europe,<br />
where the disease symptoms also were known, noted in the first biennial<br />
report <strong>of</strong> the agricultural experiment station (page 19), “that the so-called<br />
disease was not caused by the exhaustion <strong>of</strong> the soil, nor by any parasitic<br />
organism, but that it could be produced at will by the addition <strong>of</strong> old flax<br />
straw to any soil in which flax was to be grown.”<br />
J.H. Shepperd, a student at Minnesota who later became president <strong>of</strong><br />
the agricultural college at North Dakota, saw <strong>and</strong> long remembered<br />
Lugger’s greenhouse experiment in St. Paul during the winter <strong>of</strong> 1890-91.<br />
Lugger had grown three small plots <strong>of</strong> flax on clean virgin soil. Bed 1, the<br />
control, was untreated <strong>and</strong> grew healthy flax. In bed 2, watered with an<br />
infusion made by soaking wilt-infected flax straw in warm water, the plants<br />
were wilted or dead. Bed 3 was watered with the same infusion as bed 2,<br />
except the infusion had been boiled. Flax in bed 3 was as healthy as that<br />
Compiled by Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Emeritus V.E. Comstock based on personal experience <strong>and</strong> department<br />
records, experiment station reports, proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Flax Institute <strong>and</strong> the Institute’s The<br />
History <strong>of</strong> the Linseed Oil Industry in the United States, <strong>and</strong> “Improvement in Flax,” by A.C.<br />
Dillman in USDA’s Yearbook <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, 1936, pp. 745-784. Comstock joined the department<br />
faculty in 1954 <strong>and</strong> retired in 1984. He was a member <strong>of</strong> the USDA-ARS flax investigation<br />
project from 1954 to 1972, serving as the project leader from 1957 until its transfer to<br />
North Dakota in 1972.
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FLAX VARIETIES DEVELOPED AT MINNESOTA<br />
Variety<br />
Release date<br />
Variety<br />
Primost 1900<br />
Redwing 1916<br />
Winona 1922<br />
Chippewa 1923<br />
Redson 1943<br />
Biwing 1943<br />
Crystal 1944<br />
Minerva 1949<br />
Dakota (joint) 1949<br />
Redwood 1952<br />
Arny 1961<br />
Marine 62 1962<br />
Windom 1962<br />
Nored 1968<br />
Norstar 1969<br />
Culbert 1975<br />
Verne 1985<br />
Release date<br />
in bed 1, the control. Lugger acknowledged that he did not know what he<br />
had except that “it evidently was ‘alive’.” Lugger published A Treatise on<br />
Flax Culture, Experiment Station Bulletin 13, in 1890. In his opinion, no<br />
direct remedy for flax wilt seemed possible <strong>and</strong> “a proper rotation <strong>of</strong><br />
crops,” which translated to a flax crop about every 10 years, was the only<br />
way to prevent losses. Lugger, more interested in insects than diseases, did<br />
not follow up his experiments to identify the disease-causing organism.<br />
In 1893, when Shepperd went to North Dakota as agriculturist for the<br />
experiment station, he told H.L. Bolley, the botanist, that he wished to<br />
grow a plot <strong>of</strong> flax continuously, year after year, “until something happens.”<br />
This he did, on plot 30, beginning in the summer <strong>of</strong> 1893. The<br />
yield <strong>of</strong> flax on the plot decreased each year from 1895; in 1900 all the<br />
plants were dead by the Fourth <strong>of</strong> July. Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Shepperd then turned<br />
the plot over to Bolley.<br />
In 1900 Bolley had determined that a parasitic fungus caused flax wilt.<br />
He described the fungus <strong>and</strong> named it “Fusarium lini,” <strong>and</strong> the disease<br />
“flax wilt,” in 1901. Unknown to Bolley, a Japanese researcher had<br />
reported in 1896 that wilt <strong>of</strong> flax was caused by a Fusarium fungus. Bolley<br />
deliberately planted flax in plot 30 <strong>and</strong> patiently selected survivors from<br />
which to develop selections resistant to the disease, a classic work in the<br />
history <strong>of</strong> crop improvement.<br />
Back at Minnesota, Willet Hays had begun the selection <strong>of</strong> flax by the<br />
“centgener method;” that is, by comparing the progeny <strong>of</strong> selected individual<br />
plants grown in squares <strong>of</strong> 100 plants each. By this method he developed<br />
Primost (Minnesota No. 25) from a single plant selected in 1894. So far as<br />
is known, Primost was the first pure-line flax variety produced in the United<br />
States. Hays distributed seed <strong>of</strong> Primost from about 1900 to 1904.<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Bolley went on to develop “North Dakota Resistant No.<br />
114” the first wilt-resistant strain <strong>of</strong> flaxseed in the world. Thereafter<br />
Minnesota <strong>and</strong> North Dakota, major flax-growing states, would lead in the
81<br />
development <strong>of</strong> varieties resistant to flax wilt disease. In early years <strong>of</strong> the<br />
twentieth century little work was done on cross-breeding or hybridization<br />
<strong>of</strong> flax; the priority was to develop varieties resistant to wilt.<br />
The 21st annual report <strong>of</strong> the experiment station, which noted “that<br />
plans have been completed for electric lighting <strong>of</strong> the campus,” stated that<br />
21,800 plants <strong>of</strong> flax were grown for experimental work between July 1,<br />
1912, <strong>and</strong> June 30, 1913. By comparison, there were 23,000 oat plants,<br />
7,300 corn, 56,900 spring wheat <strong>and</strong> 53,700 barley.<br />
A flax wilt nursery established at Minnesota in 1913 by J.J.<br />
Christensen, plant pathologist, was used in selection <strong>of</strong> wilt-resistant varieties<br />
<strong>of</strong> flax. Norman Borlaug, later to become a Nobel laureate, compiled<br />
data for his thesis from work in the nursery plots.<br />
Following the release <strong>of</strong> Primost in 1900, all flax variety improvement<br />
efforts at Minnesota have been a cooperative effort between agronomists<br />
<strong>and</strong> plant pathologists. Redwing, developed by selection by H.K. Hayes<br />
<strong>and</strong> plant pathologists E.G. Stakman <strong>and</strong> H.D. Barker, was the first wiltresistant<br />
oilseed flax variety developed at Minnesota. Redwing was released<br />
in 1916, followed by Winona in 1922 <strong>and</strong> Chippewa in 1923.<br />
A.C. Arny began reselection <strong>of</strong> Redwing in 1925, purifying the variety<br />
for flower color <strong>and</strong> testing for yield <strong>and</strong> wilt resistance. The reselection<br />
was released in 1930, <strong>and</strong> Redwing remained on the recommended<br />
list in Minnesota for many years. Arny led flax development at Minnesota<br />
from the mid 1920s until the mid 1940s, making many crosses involving<br />
Redwing, Bison <strong>and</strong> other varieties in attempting to develop disease-resistant<br />
flax strains <strong>of</strong> high oil content <strong>and</strong> a superior drying quality <strong>of</strong> oil.<br />
Redson <strong>and</strong> Biwing, released in 1943, <strong>and</strong> Minerva <strong>and</strong> Dakota in 1949,<br />
were largely a result <strong>of</strong> Arny’s work.<br />
J.O. (Joe) Culbertson came to Minnesota in 1937 as USDA-ARS sugarbeet<br />
investigations leader <strong>and</strong> later became leader <strong>of</strong> the flax improvement<br />
project. Culbertson led development <strong>of</strong> the Uniform Regional Flax<br />
MINNESOTA FLAX ACREAGE<br />
Year Acres<br />
Year<br />
1890 475,000<br />
1895 716,000<br />
1900 650,000<br />
1905 500,000<br />
1910 380,000<br />
1915 170,000<br />
1920 358,000<br />
1925 740,000<br />
Acres<br />
1930 742,000<br />
1935 702,000<br />
1940 1,590,000<br />
1945 1,067,000<br />
1950 1,217,000<br />
1955 843,000<br />
1960 584,000<br />
Year Acres<br />
1965 444,000<br />
1970 407,000<br />
1975 250,000<br />
1980 125,000<br />
1985 50,000<br />
1990 14,000<br />
1995 9,000<br />
Minnesota’s record flax year was 1948, when 1,661,000 acres were harvested.
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Nursery, in which, by 1945, flax varieties were evaluated at 29 locations<br />
in the midwestern United States <strong>and</strong> in Canada.<br />
Culbertson served until 1957, when he transferred to the USDA-ARS<br />
Oilseeds <strong>and</strong> Industrial Crops Research Branch, Beltsville, Maryl<strong>and</strong>. He<br />
worked with Arny in development <strong>of</strong> the varieties Minerva <strong>and</strong> Dakota,<br />
released Redwood in 1952, <strong>and</strong> developed the varieties Arny, Marine 62,<br />
Windom, Nored <strong>and</strong> Norstar, which were in test programs when he left<br />
<strong>and</strong> were released later. He served from 1955 to 1966 as president <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Flax Institute, an industry group based in Minneapolis that evolved from the<br />
Flax Development Committee, which was formed in 1910 to provide<br />
financial support for flax research <strong>and</strong> sponsored annual institutes to bring<br />
flax researchers together.<br />
V.E. Comstock joined the flax project in 1954 <strong>and</strong> led it from<br />
Culbertson’s departure until 1972, when USDA consolidated its Upper<br />
Midwest flax research work at the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment<br />
Station. J. Harlan Ford, who came to Minnesota to do graduate work<br />
under R.S. Dunham, joined the flax project as USDA research agronomist<br />
in 1960 <strong>and</strong> served until the USDA project closed. He became agronomist<br />
at the Southwest Experiment Station, Lamberton, where he served until<br />
his retirement in 1995.<br />
Following USDA’s withdrawal <strong>of</strong> the flax project from St. Paul in<br />
1972, Comstock continued flax improvement work in the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> on a part-time basis until his retirement in<br />
1984, when the project was closed. He worked with Culbertson on the<br />
development <strong>of</strong> Arny, Marine 62 <strong>and</strong> Windom, developed Culbert <strong>and</strong><br />
Verne, the latter in varietal tests at the time <strong>of</strong> his retirement <strong>and</strong> named<br />
in tribute to him when released in 1987. Comstock succeeded Culbertson<br />
as president <strong>of</strong> the Flax Institute in 1966 <strong>and</strong> served until 1975.<br />
From about 1940 until USDA transferred its flax work to North<br />
Dakota, the agronomy department was repository to the world collection<br />
<strong>of</strong> flax seed, Seed samples came here from throughout the world, were<br />
grown in isolation in a greenhouse, then increased in field nurseries. There<br />
the lines were evaluated for disease reaction <strong>and</strong> agronomic, botanical <strong>and</strong><br />
seed-quality traits. That data <strong>and</strong> seed samples <strong>of</strong> several thous<strong>and</strong> accessions<br />
were available to flax researchers worldwide on request.<br />
Weed control, a major problem in flax culture, was greatly aided by<br />
R.S. Dunham’s work leading to the introduction <strong>of</strong> MCPA, which proved<br />
superior to 2,4-D for controlling weeds in flax <strong>and</strong> did much to solve the<br />
weed-control problem. R.G. Robinson also did extensive work with weed<br />
control in flax.
Chapter 11<br />
Forage Management<br />
Quality <strong>and</strong> Utilization<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> the importance <strong>of</strong> forages for livestock<br />
feeding <strong>and</strong> soil conservation there has been a long history or forage<br />
management research within the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment<br />
Station. While many individuals have been associated with forage management<br />
research, a few names st<strong>and</strong> out because <strong>of</strong> their long tenure <strong>and</strong><br />
significant contributions. In the early years, the few personnel were relatively<br />
nonspecialized <strong>and</strong> conducted research in many areas.<br />
Research was underway at the University Farm in St. Paul in the late<br />
1880’s. Experiment Station Bulletin 2, April <strong>1888</strong>, by James Dodge,<br />
chemist, presented results from testing <strong>of</strong> the yield <strong>and</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> corn varieties<br />
for silage. In 1890, in Experiment Station Bulletin 12, Meadows <strong>and</strong><br />
Pastures in Minnesota, Willet M. Hays, agriculturalist, summarized research<br />
indicting that timothy was the best tame grass for southern<br />
Minnesota pastures <strong>and</strong> red top was best for wet areas. Red clover was a<br />
preferred legume, while alfalfa was still considered experimental. However,<br />
in 1900, Hays <strong>and</strong> Andrew Boss made a three-day trip with the station<br />
team <strong>of</strong> horses to the Grimm farm in Carver County, Minnesota. They<br />
were impressed by the persistence <strong>and</strong> winterhardiness <strong>of</strong> Grimm’s alfalfa<br />
<strong>and</strong> Hays concluded that “We finally have an alfalfa for the east.” In 1903<br />
he authored Press Bulletin 20, in which the new alfalfa was named<br />
“Grimm.”<br />
Particularly noteworthy was the extensive work on alternative crop<br />
rotations that sought to demonstrate that continuous wheat <strong>and</strong> corn cropping,<br />
a common practice, was inefficient <strong>and</strong> degrading to the environment.<br />
In Minnesota Experiment Station Bulletin 125, 1912, Willet Hays<br />
By Pr<strong>of</strong>essors Craig N. Sheaffer, G.C. Marten <strong>and</strong> W.F. Wedin. Sheaffer has been a member<br />
<strong>of</strong> the department faculty since 1977, Marten was a faculty member <strong>and</strong> USDA-ARS forage<br />
management project leader from 1962 to 1989, <strong>and</strong> Wedin was a faculty member <strong>and</strong><br />
USDA-ARS forage management project leader from 1957 to 1961.
84<br />
<strong>and</strong> others reported that over a 10-year period, a 5-year rotation, including<br />
small grains, clover-timothy, <strong>and</strong> corn, was more pr<strong>of</strong>itable than continuous<br />
cropping or grain rotations without legumes. Other reports indicated<br />
that soybeans for forage <strong>and</strong> seed, <strong>and</strong> sweet clover, were studied as<br />
rotation components.<br />
A.C. ARNY<br />
A.C. Arny joined the Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Farm Management<br />
(field crops section) as an assistant agronomist in 1909. His 37-year career<br />
covered research on diverse topics <strong>and</strong> his research program reflected the<br />
dramatic changes in modern agriculture, from the early golden age when<br />
horses were commonly used through two world wars <strong>and</strong> a major depression.<br />
Arny was a hardworking <strong>and</strong> prolific agronomist, who studied forages<br />
but also cropping systems, weed control, plant physiology, as well as crop<br />
variety evaluation. Much <strong>of</strong> his work was aimed at improving the efficiency<br />
<strong>of</strong> agriculture for Minnesota farmers. He <strong>of</strong>ten spread results <strong>of</strong> his<br />
research through experiment station <strong>and</strong> extension division publications.<br />
Arny’s research <strong>and</strong> teaching were critical in promoting alfalfa as the<br />
most important forage legume in Minnesota. In 1912 he evaluated several<br />
alfalfa varieties <strong>and</strong> found that Grimm persisted while other varieties<br />
failed. He wrote an early history <strong>of</strong> Minnesota Grimm alfalfa in the 1922<br />
Minnesota Farmers Institute Annual. In 1937 he wrote the first comprehensive<br />
management guide, Alfalfa in Minnesota, Agricultural<br />
Extension Division Special Bulletin 104, that summarizes his research <strong>and</strong><br />
includes topics such as variety selection, inoculation, methods <strong>of</strong> seeding,<br />
planting depth <strong>and</strong> seed production.<br />
Arny also studied alfalfa physiology <strong>and</strong> contributed to our knowledge<br />
<strong>of</strong> factors affecting winterhardiness. He co-advised the Ph.D. research by<br />
Steinmetz (1926) <strong>and</strong> Tysdal (1931) that helped established the relationship<br />
between alfalfa carbohydrate root reserves <strong>and</strong> winterhardiness <strong>and</strong><br />
the impact <strong>of</strong> environmental factors on cold hardening in alfalfa. This<br />
work, along with others, forms the basis for our current recommendations<br />
on fall cutting <strong>and</strong> winter survival <strong>of</strong> alfalfa.<br />
Perennial grasses have always been important to the forage industry<br />
in Minnesota, <strong>and</strong> Arny <strong>of</strong>ten evaluated traditional species such as timothy,<br />
smooth bromegrass <strong>and</strong> Kentucky bluegrass. He was the first Minnesotan<br />
to extensively study reed canarygrass as a forage species. Experiment<br />
Station Bulletin 252, Reed Canarygrass, summarized his research <strong>and</strong><br />
challenges for the relatively new crop in 1929. Arny noted that reed<br />
canarygrass palatability was sometimes limited, but it would be 40 years<br />
later that G.C. Marten identified sources <strong>of</strong> poor palatability.
85<br />
Arny continued traditional crop rotation research. For example,<br />
Extension Bulletin 170, Crop Rotation Investigations, 1917, reported a<br />
greater net return when timothy-clover was included in a rotation than for<br />
cropping only small grains <strong>and</strong> corn. He also did extensive evaluation <strong>of</strong><br />
sweet clover varieties <strong>and</strong> developed recommendations on their use as<br />
green manure crops in rotations. He further studied the use <strong>of</strong> sudangrass<br />
as an emergency forage in crop rotations.<br />
Arny also conducted pasture management studies. He studied the renovation<br />
<strong>of</strong> Kentucky bluegrass pastures <strong>and</strong> the impact <strong>of</strong> continuous grazing<br />
on pasture productivity. In 1945 he was<br />
author <strong>of</strong> an unique paper on use <strong>of</strong> the inclined<br />
point quadrant for estimation <strong>of</strong> botanical composition<br />
<strong>of</strong> pastures.<br />
During the period 1909 to 1946 other<br />
Minnesota scientists were conducting other<br />
important forage research. For example, in<br />
1927 F.W. McGinnis authored Special Bulletin<br />
113, Hay Making in Minnesota, that details<br />
procedures for production <strong>and</strong> preservation <strong>of</strong><br />
high-quality alfalfa hay. At that time long, loose,<br />
hay was commonly stored in stacks. McGinnis A.C. Arny<br />
indicated that haystacks should hold from 10 to<br />
15 tons <strong>and</strong> be compact, symmetrical, <strong>and</strong> peaked to keep out moisture.<br />
H.K. Hayes, the venerable Minnesota plant breeder, independently developed<br />
a research project on growth habits <strong>and</strong> feeding quality <strong>of</strong> pasture<br />
plants. The level <strong>of</strong> cooperation that existed between Arny <strong>and</strong> Hayes is<br />
not documented.<br />
A.R. SCHMID<br />
A.R. Schmid conducted forage management research from 1946 to<br />
1977. Schmid, who completed an M.S. (1942) <strong>and</strong> Ph.D. (1943) under<br />
Arny, had served with the U.S. Navy near the end <strong>of</strong> WWII. He was assisted<br />
for many years by A. Steen <strong>and</strong> conducted many trials in cooperation<br />
with branch experiment station personnel. In addition to research, Schmid<br />
was actively involved in teaching undergraduate courses in forage management<br />
<strong>and</strong> coached the crops judging team. His research, as Arny’s, was<br />
focused on providing fundamental production information to producers in<br />
the state.<br />
Schmid conducted critical research on increasing the establishment <strong>of</strong><br />
alfalfa, which became a major crop in Minnesota during his tenure, but<br />
establishment was challenging. His research showed that newly developed
86<br />
herbicides were an effective alternative to companion crops. He also conducted<br />
research on other factors that we now know greatly influence alfalfa<br />
establishment. These include b<strong>and</strong> seeding, seeding depths, seeding<br />
rates <strong>and</strong> soil compaction. His work with graduate student A.R. Tewari<br />
documented the importance <strong>of</strong> summer seeding date <strong>and</strong> plant development<br />
for winter survival <strong>of</strong> alfalfa.<br />
Schmid evaluated newly developed sorghum-sudangrass hybrids as<br />
annual forage crops. These hybrids yielded as well as traditionally grown<br />
sudangrass, but had high HCN concentrations. His work with graduate student<br />
D.R. Rabas <strong>and</strong> colleague G.C. Marten showed that high HCN concentration<br />
<strong>of</strong> sorghum species was associated with a lack <strong>of</strong> palatability by<br />
cattle <strong>and</strong> sheep.<br />
He conducted exhaustive investigations focused on determining the<br />
optimum grasses <strong>and</strong> legumes <strong>and</strong> grass-legume mixture for diverse environments<br />
<strong>and</strong> uses. He studied traditional legumes, such as alfalfa <strong>and</strong> red<br />
clover, relatively new legumes, such as birdsfoot trefoil <strong>and</strong> crownvetch,<br />
<strong>and</strong> grasses such as timothy, smooth bromegrass, orchardgrass <strong>and</strong><br />
Kentucky bluegrass.<br />
Because farmers are <strong>of</strong>ten faced with low productivity from permanent<br />
pastures, Schmid studied strategies to enhance productivity by inclusion<br />
<strong>of</strong> legumes. His original work studied alternative tillage approaches<br />
<strong>and</strong> frost seeding. He later conducted the first evaluations <strong>of</strong> herbicides<br />
such as Roundup <strong>and</strong> Paraquat to suppress old sod during pasture renovation.<br />
With N.P. Martin, he conducted extensive statewide research on new<br />
approaches to pasture improvement using newly developed equipment in<br />
combination with herbicides.<br />
WALTER F. WEDIN<br />
W. F. Wedin was appointed to a new position in the department as<br />
research agronomist USDA on May 1, 1957. This cooperative position<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station <strong>and</strong> Humid Pasture <strong>and</strong><br />
Range Investigations, Forage <strong>and</strong> Range Research Branch, ARS, USDA,<br />
had been proposed by W.M. Myers, then head <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Agronomony <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>. Wedin’s immediate USDA supervisor<br />
was Mason Hein, Beltsville, who was soon succeeded by D.E. McCloud.<br />
Wedin worked in cooperation with A.R. Schmid, but also sought <strong>and</strong><br />
realized cooperation with scientists in the departments <strong>of</strong> animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry,<br />
dairy husb<strong>and</strong>ry <strong>and</strong> soils. He hired an agricultural aid, P.<br />
Westerberg, secured equipment for the project <strong>and</strong> located l<strong>and</strong> for new<br />
experiments, primarily at the Rosemount station. A main cooperator (facil-
87<br />
itator) at Rosemount who was very instrumental to the future success <strong>of</strong> the<br />
project was Rollin Denniston, assistant superintendent.<br />
A cooperative project on utilization <strong>of</strong> grass <strong>and</strong> legume-grass pastures<br />
by dairy cows with J. Donker, dairy scientist, began in 1957. Objectives<br />
were to: 1) maximize income through milk production on pastures in the<br />
North Central Region; 2) determine effects <strong>of</strong> forage mixtures, management,<br />
<strong>and</strong> supplementary grain feeding on milk production; 3) determine<br />
effects <strong>of</strong> the several variables on pasture composition; <strong>and</strong> 4) correlate<br />
agronomic pasture production evaluations with other techniques such as<br />
the the chromogen–chromic oxide method.<br />
Pasture research for sheep began in 1958 in cooperation with R.<br />
Jordan, animal scientist. An experiment on annual species for emergency<br />
temporary pastures was established at Rosemount. Annual forage crop<br />
mixtures tested under grazing by early-weaned lambs were: 1) all-summer<br />
pasture (oats-rape together), 2) a two-pasture combination <strong>of</strong> early-summer<br />
peas followed by late-summer solid-seeded corn, <strong>and</strong> 3) a combination <strong>of</strong><br />
early-summer oats-peas, followed by late-summer sudangass. Solid-seeded<br />
corn with several variations <strong>of</strong> oats-rape interseeding was evaluated via<br />
sheep grazing in 1960. Additional research on perennial pastures for finishing<br />
early–weaned lambs on pasture was established in fall 1958.<br />
In addition to grazed-pasture research, Wedin conducted research on<br />
promising forage species <strong>and</strong> management variables that would influence<br />
the efficiency <strong>of</strong> grazing at Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids <strong>and</strong> Rosemount. A legume-nitrogen<br />
study was conducted in cooperation with W.F. Hueg, Jr., extension<br />
agronomist–forages, <strong>and</strong> G.C. Marten.<br />
Graduate students assisting with the research over these years were G.<br />
C. Marten, W.J. Moline, <strong>and</strong> E. Wong Lee (Korea). Wedin left USDA in<br />
March 1961 to become associate pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> agronomy at Iowa State<br />
University, Ames.<br />
GORDON C. MARTEN<br />
Gordon C. Marten conducted research from the initiation <strong>of</strong> his graduate<br />
work in 1958 (Ph.D. thesis completion in 1961) through his 28 years<br />
as a research agronomist for USDA-ARS at the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota<br />
(1961-1989). He completed his ARS career as a senior executive (associate<br />
director <strong>of</strong> the Beltsville area) from 1989 to 1996 <strong>and</strong> returned to<br />
Minnesota as adjunct pr<strong>of</strong>essor emeritus in 1996.<br />
During his active research career he employed several outst<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
support personnel, including technicians <strong>and</strong> scientists. These included<br />
Paul Westerberg, Craig Edwards, James Halgerson, Christina Lacey,
88<br />
R<strong>and</strong>y Ellingboe <strong>and</strong> Eric Ristau. He also served as research leader <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ARS <strong>Plant</strong> Science Research Unit at St. Paul from 1972 to 1989 <strong>and</strong> as<br />
coordinator <strong>of</strong> the National Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS)<br />
Forage Research Project Network, which from 1983 to 1989 included scientists<br />
from nine states as full members <strong>and</strong> eight additional states <strong>and</strong> several<br />
foreign countries as associate members.<br />
Nearly all <strong>of</strong> G.C. Marten’s research was collaborative with other<br />
agronomists, animal scientists, soil scientists, plant pathologists, entomologists,<br />
biochemists <strong>and</strong> plant physiologists, or plant breeders <strong>and</strong> geneticists<br />
at the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota or in several other states. He strongly<br />
believed in interdisciplinary research, <strong>and</strong> nearly all <strong>of</strong> his accomplishments,<br />
published in more than 200 journal articles or other scientific<br />
papers, reflect this belief. Marten led or co-led research with other scientists<br />
or his graduate students that resulted in the following most significant<br />
accomplishments:<br />
1 He devised a method for mapping recurring grazing patterns by dairy cattle<br />
as a way <strong>of</strong> quantifying the significance <strong>of</strong> selective grazing induced by<br />
animal excreta. He then demonstrated that: a) the problem <strong>of</strong> rejection<br />
<strong>of</strong> “dung-spot” herbage by cattle can be overcome by spraying the spots<br />
with sweet flavors, b) a formerly accepted plant P/N imbalance causal<br />
theory was invalid, <strong>and</strong> c) the factor(s) causing the problem is associated<br />
with the dung itself (especially odor) <strong>and</strong> is not inherent in the forage.<br />
2 Marten documented that prevention <strong>of</strong> grain formation will reduce the<br />
maize plant’s efficiency <strong>and</strong> reduce yield <strong>of</strong> fodder digeststib1e dry matter<br />
by 20% or more. Therefore, maximum fodder yields <strong>and</strong> highest<br />
silage quality will be obtained by breeding <strong>and</strong> growing male-fertile<br />
instead <strong>of</strong> male-sterile (high sugar) cultivars. Previous false advertising by<br />
seed companies that male sterile maize provided higher silage yields <strong>and</strong><br />
better silage ceased as a result <strong>of</strong> this research, which was later confirmed<br />
by the University <strong>of</strong> Nebraska.<br />
Marten collaborated with plant breeders to document that genetic variability<br />
exists for several forage quality traits <strong>of</strong> silage maize <strong>and</strong> that<br />
breeding for improved maize stover quality as well as grain yield is superior<br />
to breeding for grain yield alone. They found, however, that whereas<br />
brown midrib-3 mutant germplasm improved stover digestibility, normal<br />
germplasm <strong>of</strong>fered more potential for silage maize breeding because<br />
bm-3 is genetically associated with reduced grain <strong>and</strong> fodder yields.<br />
3 Marten collaborated with soil scientists in a massive research program<br />
that established the potential <strong>of</strong> perennial cool-season grasses, maize,<br />
<strong>and</strong> maize interseeded in reed canarygrass sods as practica1 alternatives<br />
to remove N, P <strong>and</strong> other excess elements from municipal wastewater<br />
effluent <strong>and</strong> sludge. Reed canarygrass was the best species for removing
89<br />
N from effluent <strong>and</strong> it was the most adaptable <strong>of</strong> numerous forages to<br />
fluctuations in harvest management in effluent renovation systems.<br />
4 Marten <strong>and</strong> his Ph.D. student (Simons) provided conclusive evidence that<br />
concentration <strong>of</strong> total basic alkaloids is highly negatively correlated with<br />
palatability <strong>of</strong> reed canarygrass. Other <strong>of</strong> Marten’s students determined<br />
the influence <strong>of</strong> environmental factors on reed canarygrass alkaloids.<br />
This finding was a major breakthrough in that it answered a long-asked<br />
question about the cause <strong>and</strong> remedy for periodic palatability problems<br />
with this widely adapted <strong>and</strong> high-yielding species. Palatability differences<br />
among reed canarygrass genotypes <strong>and</strong> their associated alkaloid<br />
differences proved to have a substantial biological significance for grazing<br />
sheep <strong>and</strong> cattle. These classic experiments by Marten <strong>and</strong> his animal<br />
science colleagues provided the first concrete evidence that palatability<br />
differences <strong>of</strong> forage plants can be more important than yield<br />
<strong>and</strong>/or concentration <strong>of</strong> nutrients in determining grazing animal performance<br />
<strong>and</strong> economic returns per unit <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong>.<br />
The animal performance evidence gave impetus to Marten’s collaborative<br />
breeding work with a University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota grass breeder<br />
(Hovin) <strong>and</strong> an industry breeder (Kalton) to reduce alkaloids in reed<br />
canarygrass. Those efforts led to selection <strong>of</strong> MN-76, (a low-alkaloid,<br />
tryptamine-carboline-free germplasm) <strong>and</strong> to the industry cultivars<br />
Palaton <strong>and</strong> Venture (also low-alkaloid, tryptamine-carboline-free) that<br />
provided substantially greater sheep gains than other commercially available<br />
cultivars. Low-alkaloid cultivars <strong>of</strong> reed canarygrass are now recommended<br />
throughout the nation <strong>and</strong> internationally as a result <strong>of</strong> this<br />
research.<br />
5 Through his technique research he fostered improved methods in forage<br />
<strong>and</strong> grazing experiments:<br />
✔ Marten documented that daily gain per animal <strong>and</strong> seasonal animal gain<br />
per hectare can be validly obtained by use <strong>of</strong> either “put-<strong>and</strong>-take” stocking<br />
or properly controlled “fixed” stocking in grazing experiments. This<br />
finding dissolved a long-st<strong>and</strong>ing disagreement between Americans <strong>and</strong><br />
Australians concerning which <strong>of</strong> the two approaches leads to valid results.<br />
✔ He co-led the NC64 Regional Research Committee, which developed<br />
<strong>and</strong> verified two in vitro rumen fermentation procedures, the second <strong>of</strong><br />
which (direct acidification method) became internationally recognized as a<br />
uniquely efficient substantial modification <strong>of</strong> the classical TiIley <strong>and</strong> Terry<br />
approach. He was senior author <strong>of</strong> the invited (1980) publication <strong>of</strong> these<br />
procedures in St<strong>and</strong>ardization <strong>of</strong> Analytical Methodology for Feeds by<br />
the International Development Research Center <strong>and</strong> International Union<br />
<strong>of</strong> Nutritional Sciences (Canada). The direct acidification method was still<br />
routinely used <strong>and</strong> cited in several journals in <strong>2000</strong>.
90<br />
Karl Fischer moisture-testing apparatus, most precise method for testing<br />
moisture content <strong>of</strong> forages then available, in use in the department<br />
in the 1970s.<br />
✔ Marten <strong>and</strong> cooperators obtained clear evidence that NIRS can efficiently<br />
evaluate chemical composition <strong>and</strong> digestibility <strong>of</strong> alfalfa <strong>and</strong><br />
other forage species <strong>and</strong> that several species can be included simultaneously<br />
in a single calibration equation without substantial loss in accuracy.<br />
This evidence prompted use <strong>of</strong> NIRS by many research labs internationally<br />
<strong>and</strong> led to endorsement <strong>of</strong> NIRS as an alternative method to gain lab<br />
certification for measurement <strong>of</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> alfalfa hay by the National<br />
Alfalfa Hay Testing Association.<br />
These results were referenced in the Hay Testing Laboratory<br />
Certification Manual <strong>of</strong> 1984 published by the National Hay<br />
Association <strong>and</strong> the American Forage <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Council. Leading<br />
public extension <strong>and</strong> private industry forage programs that utilized “relative<br />
feed value” <strong>and</strong> hay grades in ration-balancing <strong>and</strong> hay auctions<br />
(including those in Minnesota) were still heavily relying on NIRS in <strong>2000</strong>.<br />
The USDA-ARS Agric. H<strong>and</strong>book No. 643, Near Infrared Reflectance<br />
Spectroscopy (NIRS): Analysis <strong>of</strong> Forage Quality, <strong>of</strong> which Marten was<br />
the senior editor, was also routinely used <strong>and</strong> cited in <strong>2000</strong>.<br />
✔ He directed studies <strong>of</strong> small grain forage crops (Ph.D. research <strong>of</strong><br />
Cherney <strong>and</strong> Brink) <strong>and</strong> led cooperative research with R. Andersen to<br />
demonstrate that oat, the most popular companion crop used to establish<br />
alfalfa, has inferior forage-quality to barley <strong>and</strong> to the majority <strong>of</strong><br />
annual weeds that commonly invade seedling alfalfa.
91<br />
6 Marten <strong>and</strong> Jordan showed that non-bloat-inducing birdsfoot trefoil has<br />
great potential in sheep grazing systems if it is used either in immature<br />
or stockpiled pure st<strong>and</strong>s to partially substitute for the higher-yielding<br />
alfalfa, which must be mixed with lower-quality grasses to prevent bloat.<br />
He <strong>and</strong> F. Ehle, USDA animal scientist, revealed that cattle may <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
gain more weight when they graze pure st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> birdsfoot trefoil compared<br />
to alfalfa, <strong>and</strong> that birdsfoot trefoil may produce as much or more<br />
beef per hectare as alfalfa without the risk <strong>of</strong> bloat or the need to use<br />
insecticides <strong>of</strong>ten required for grazed alfalfa.<br />
They also disclosed that cicer milkvetch contains an unknown antiquality<br />
constituent(s) that causes palatability problems <strong>and</strong> inferior daily<br />
gains by grazing cattle, even though cicer milkvetch has superior generalized<br />
nutritive value compared to several other alternative legumes. It<br />
was further revealed between 1987 <strong>and</strong> 1990 that the anti-palatability<br />
or other anti-quality constituent(s) in cicer milkvetch can cause severe<br />
photosensitization <strong>of</strong> both grazing cattle <strong>and</strong> sheep. This work alerted<br />
plant breeders in Minnesota <strong>and</strong> Colorado to the potential for removing<br />
the anti-quality constituent(s) by breeding. It also aroused additional<br />
cooperative photosensitization research by veterinary <strong>and</strong> medical scientists.<br />
The plant breeding research was still in progress in 1997.<br />
7 Marten directed research (including the thesis <strong>of</strong> Vough) that revealed<br />
that the use <strong>of</strong> crude protein as the then (1971) primary estimator <strong>of</strong> forage<br />
quality <strong>of</strong> marketed hay <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> ruminant rations can be misleading<br />
because <strong>of</strong> the influence <strong>of</strong> temperature <strong>and</strong> moisture conditions during<br />
alfalfa growth. They further established that fiber components can be<br />
more reliably used to give valid digestibility prediction <strong>of</strong> forages grown<br />
in diverse climates <strong>and</strong> that the highest quality hay crops are likely to<br />
occur in cool, dry climates.<br />
This information was later confirmed by other researchers <strong>and</strong> was<br />
used by the National Hay Marketing Task Force <strong>of</strong> the American Forage<br />
<strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Council to establish equitable <strong>and</strong> uniform hay marketing<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ards in the United States. The Task Force eliminated the use <strong>of</strong><br />
crude protein <strong>and</strong> adopted acid detergent fiber (ADF) as an estimator <strong>of</strong><br />
energy value <strong>of</strong> marketed hay. ADF was still being used in the calculation<br />
<strong>of</strong> relative feed value <strong>of</strong> hay in <strong>2000</strong>.<br />
8 Marten’s additional collaborative research with plant breeders illustrated<br />
the potential <strong>of</strong> breeding oats <strong>and</strong> reed canarygrass for increased forage<br />
quality. Individual genetic improvement programs showed the heritability<br />
<strong>of</strong> several forage quality components <strong>of</strong> oats, in vitro digestibility <strong>of</strong><br />
reed canarygrass, cell wall constituents <strong>of</strong> reed canarygrass, total indole<br />
alkaloids <strong>of</strong> reed canarygrass, <strong>and</strong> hordenine <strong>and</strong> gramine <strong>of</strong> reed<br />
canarygrass.
92<br />
9 Marten’s last notable effort during his 28 years as a research agronomist<br />
was accomplished in collaboration with colleagues C. Sheaffer <strong>and</strong> R.<br />
Jordan. He led investigations that first evaluated kura clover as a grazing<br />
legume in northern climates. Its extraordinary persistence, ability to<br />
spread <strong>and</strong> very high forage quality showed the great potential <strong>of</strong> kura<br />
clover for pasture. Marten’s original plots at Rosemount still existed 20<br />
years after establishment. This research served as a stimulus for kura<br />
clover breeders to continue long-term efforts to produce cultivars that<br />
have better seedling vigor <strong>and</strong> better seed production.<br />
CRAIG C. SHEAFFER<br />
Craig C. Sheaffer has conducted research <strong>and</strong> taught in the department<br />
since 1977 when he succeeded A.R. Schmid. He taught courses in<br />
forage crop management, introductory agronomy <strong>and</strong> sustainable agriculture.<br />
He has served as director <strong>of</strong> graduate studies for the agronomy <strong>and</strong><br />
sustainable agriculture graduate programs. Much <strong>of</strong> his research program<br />
has been collaborative with other scientists located on the St. Paul campus<br />
<strong>and</strong> at branch stations (research <strong>and</strong> outreach centers). Inspired leadership<br />
<strong>of</strong> field <strong>and</strong> laboratory activities was provided by several civil service staff:<br />
Douglas Swanson, Jim Halgerson, Salli Weston, Eric Barberg <strong>and</strong> Eric<br />
Ristau, with able assistance by many undergraduate <strong>and</strong> graduate students.<br />
Craig Sheaffer evaluating a field <strong>of</strong> kura clover.
93<br />
Sheaffer led efforts in promoting development <strong>and</strong> use <strong>of</strong> new<br />
legumes for cropping systems. He collaborated with G. Marten <strong>and</strong> R.<br />
Jordan in first documenting the value <strong>of</strong> kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum)<br />
as a grazing legume in the northern United States, <strong>and</strong> he has conducted<br />
research to underst<strong>and</strong> factors limiting its establishment <strong>and</strong> production.<br />
His research with P. Seguin <strong>and</strong> M. Russelle first documented the N fixation<br />
potential <strong>of</strong> kura clover. His research has spawned the development<br />
<strong>of</strong> public <strong>and</strong> private sector breeding programs <strong>and</strong> a seed production<br />
industry. With N. Ehlke <strong>and</strong> L. DeHaan he developed populations with<br />
improved seedling vigor <strong>and</strong> herbage production.<br />
Sheaffer has also been a leader in promoting use <strong>of</strong> annual legumes in<br />
cropping systems. He participated with D. Barnes in the development <strong>of</strong><br />
Nitro, a high N-producing, nondormant alfalfa (Medicago sativa) that has<br />
been widely used by organic farmers as an annual in crop rotations. He<br />
worked with O. Hesterman , a Ph.D. student, <strong>and</strong> M. Russelle, USDA soil<br />
scientist, in underst<strong>and</strong>ing the contribution <strong>and</strong> economics <strong>of</strong> using annual<br />
alfalfa in rotation. Most recently, he was the first to evaluate use <strong>of</strong> annual<br />
medics (Medicago spp.) in Corn Belt cropping systems <strong>and</strong> has made<br />
considerable progress in underst<strong>and</strong>ing their morphological traits <strong>and</strong> biological<br />
N fixation. His international reputation as a leader in this field was<br />
attested to by his invitation to be a plenary speaker on legumes in cropping<br />
systems at the 18th International Grassl<strong>and</strong> Congress.<br />
Sheaffer is a nationally recognized expert on management <strong>of</strong> alfalfas<br />
<strong>and</strong> other legumes. He has been invited to write chapters in the Alfalfa<br />
Science <strong>and</strong> Technology Monograph; in the CSSA, ASA, <strong>and</strong> SSA<br />
Trilateral Workshop on Persistence <strong>of</strong> Forage Legume; in Forages (5th edition),<br />
a commonly used textbook; <strong>and</strong> other reference texts. He has developed<br />
numerous publications in this area <strong>and</strong> was among the first to show<br />
root lesion nematode as a major cause <strong>of</strong> poor legume st<strong>and</strong> persistence<br />
in the northern United States, variation in persistence <strong>of</strong> legumes in CRP<br />
programs, alfalfa physiological <strong>and</strong> morphological responses to soil moisture<br />
effects, effects <strong>of</strong> temperature <strong>and</strong> photoperiod on multifoliolate leaf<br />
expression by alfalfa varieties, <strong>and</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> cutting during the seeding year<br />
on alfalfa establishment.<br />
Sheaffer has been a leader in evaluating alfalfa forage quality <strong>and</strong> yield.<br />
He developed st<strong>and</strong>ardized forage quality testing procedures for the North<br />
American Alfalfa Improvement Conference. He also led a team that developed<br />
a field test for rapidly determining alfalfa variety winterhardiness.<br />
These tests are now used to verify variety traits for the Alfalfa Variety<br />
Review Board <strong>and</strong> in state variety testing programs. With N. Martin <strong>and</strong> P.<br />
Peterson, he has led the statewide Minnesota Alfalfa Variety Testing
94<br />
Program, which supplies information on variety yield, quality, potato<br />
leafhopper resistance, <strong>and</strong> winterhardiness to producers <strong>and</strong> the industry.<br />
In addition to legumes, Sheaffer has had a significant program on annual<br />
<strong>and</strong> perennial grasses for forage. He was part <strong>of</strong> a team led by D.<br />
Rasmussen that developed Royal, a high-quality forage barley. His pioneering<br />
research on quackgrass as a forage grass led to a breeding program at<br />
the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota. He has led efforts on research <strong>and</strong> promotion<br />
<strong>of</strong> reed canarygrass as a forage grass for mixtures with legumes. Finally, he<br />
has studied the impact <strong>of</strong> management variables, such as N fertilization <strong>and</strong><br />
population, on the yield <strong>and</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> new corn silage hybrids.<br />
NEAL P. MARTIN<br />
Neal P. Martin was a forage extension specialist from 1974 to 1999.<br />
He also had a significant applied research program focused on transfer <strong>of</strong><br />
new technology to producers. He led development <strong>of</strong> NIRS technology for<br />
rapid on-farm testing <strong>of</strong> forage quality. Because <strong>of</strong> his efforts, this technology<br />
is now routinely used in laboratories. He also was a pioneer in pasture<br />
renovation research using new technology. He studied effects <strong>of</strong> various<br />
factors including seeding date, herbicide rate <strong>and</strong> equipment to<br />
enhance the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> pasture renovation.
Chapter 12<br />
Forage <strong>and</strong> Turf Seed<br />
Production in<br />
Northern Minnesota<br />
Forage <strong>and</strong> turf crops, both grasses <strong>and</strong> legumes,<br />
<strong>of</strong>fer a challenge to modern agriculture. For the small grains, flax<br />
<strong>and</strong> most other crops, the seed <strong>and</strong> crop for consumption can be <strong>and</strong> are<br />
produced in the local field <strong>and</strong> can be used for either purpose.<br />
On the other h<strong>and</strong>, many forage <strong>and</strong> turf crops are perennial <strong>and</strong> it is<br />
seldom efficient to produce seed in the area where the crop is best utilized.<br />
Further, many crops perform very well in an area that is not a satisfactory<br />
seed-producing area. For example, Kentucky bluegrass for turf <strong>and</strong> lawns<br />
will produce well in lawns in an environment that is not a quality seed-producing<br />
area. Also, an area that does not use the seed may be a very efficient<br />
<strong>and</strong> economical producer, as in the case <strong>of</strong> perennial ryegrass,<br />
Kentucky bluegrass <strong>and</strong> alfalfa.<br />
The discovery, testing <strong>and</strong> acceptance <strong>of</strong> Grimm alfalfa was a major<br />
step in the establishment <strong>of</strong> forage crop production in Minnesota.<br />
Wendelin Grimm, who immigrated to Carver county, Minnesota, from<br />
Germany in 1857, brought with him a small lot <strong>of</strong> alfalfa seed. He collected<br />
seed from the surviving plants for more than 30 years, <strong>and</strong> by 1895<br />
had established a winterhardy alfalfa strain, greatly exp<strong>and</strong>ing the utilization<br />
<strong>of</strong> this crop in the northern states <strong>and</strong> Canada.<br />
Grimm alfalfa seed production in Minnesota began in Carver county<br />
<strong>and</strong> gradually moved north as l<strong>and</strong> was opened <strong>and</strong> satisfactory seed was<br />
produced. However, in 1924, Dr. F.R. Jones, USDA pathologist in Wisconsin,<br />
isolated <strong>and</strong> showed that bacterial wilt would rapidly destroy st<strong>and</strong>s<br />
<strong>of</strong> Grimm alfalfa, which was very susceptible to the disease. Jones’s discovery<br />
would eventually lead to alfalfa research at Minnesota.<br />
By Laddie J. Elling <strong>and</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Nancy J. Ehlke, a member <strong>of</strong> the department faculty since<br />
1986.
96<br />
Grimm seed production continued to move north until by 1940-1941<br />
there was major production in Minnesota. The term “Minnesota Grimm”<br />
was magic to the ears <strong>of</strong> forage producers in most northern states <strong>and</strong><br />
Canada. During the late 1930s <strong>and</strong> early 1940s some 10 to 12 million<br />
pounds <strong>of</strong> alfalfa seed was produced annually in northern Minnesota, along<br />
with large quantities <strong>of</strong> red clover, sweet clover <strong>and</strong> alsike clover seed.<br />
During World War II (1941-1945), flax <strong>and</strong> other crops were in<br />
dem<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> prices were high. Farmers were known to buy l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> pay<br />
for it from the first crop <strong>of</strong> flax they produced. This factor, along with a<br />
change in climate from the dry 1930s to the more humid 1950s, caused a<br />
decisive decrease in legume seed production. In response to these changes,<br />
a group <strong>of</strong> growers <strong>and</strong> businessmen in northern Minnesota requested<br />
funds from the Iron Range Resources <strong>and</strong> Rehabilitation Commission to<br />
support research on small-seeded legume seed production. This support,<br />
which ranged from $30,000 to $40,000 per year, was used to support<br />
existing projects in agronomy, entomology, plant pathology <strong>and</strong> soils.<br />
Local <strong>and</strong> University<br />
committees met to discuss<br />
research projects<br />
<strong>and</strong> results <strong>of</strong> past trials.<br />
These discussions usually<br />
preceded or followed<br />
local meetings in Roseau,<br />
Warroad or Baudette,<br />
where results were reported<br />
to seed growers<br />
from the area. This collaborative<br />
research led to<br />
some productive research.<br />
A few major findings<br />
from these studies<br />
include:<br />
• Pollination was critical<br />
in the production <strong>of</strong><br />
legume seed.<br />
H.K. Hayes (left), Carl Borgeson <strong>and</strong> E.C.<br />
Stakman with excised alfalfa shoots used to<br />
produce seed in greenhouse, late 1940s. Photo<br />
courtesy <strong>of</strong> Dr. K.J. Fr<strong>and</strong>sen, Denmark.<br />
• Wild pollinators were<br />
not sufficient during this<br />
time to ensure good seed<br />
production <strong>of</strong> alfalfa <strong>and</strong><br />
the clovers.
97<br />
IRON RANGE RESOURCES FUNDING COMMITTEE, 1952<br />
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:<br />
President – Gustav Kveen, Roseau<br />
Vice-President – Peter Shoberg,<br />
Roseau<br />
Secretary-Treasurer – Charles<br />
Christianson, Roseau<br />
Directors:<br />
Robert (Bob) Bergl<strong>and</strong>, Roseau<br />
Elvin Hedlund Roseau<br />
AREA ADVISORY MEMBERS<br />
Albert Gillie, Williams<br />
Ivan Mostoller, Deer River<br />
Charles Raitz, Kelliher<br />
Paul Tangierd, Bagley<br />
E.M, Saul, Crookston<br />
Lee Munger, Warren<br />
Russel Youngren, Hallock<br />
Adrian Brule, Red Lake Falls<br />
Oscar Brule, Red Lake Falls<br />
Oscar Breil<strong>and</strong>, Thief River Falls<br />
Tony Grebenc, Cook<br />
Eino Lahti, Meadowl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Selvin Erickson, Ross<br />
D.B. Fanklin, Roseau<br />
Richard Radway, Roseau<br />
(county agent)<br />
Seth Gavelin, Roseau<br />
Archie R. Lee, Roseau<br />
UNIVERSITY COOPERATORS<br />
The following worked as a loosely<br />
organized committee cooperating<br />
with the funding committee:<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong><br />
L.J. Elling,<br />
cultural practices <strong>and</strong> varieties<br />
R.S. Dunham,<br />
weed control in seed fields<br />
Entomology<br />
F.G. Holdaway, harmful insect<br />
work <strong>and</strong> coordinator<br />
A.G. Peterson,<br />
harmful insect work<br />
R.L. Fischer, pollinating insects<br />
*B.A. Haws, pollinating insects<br />
*Ken Tucker, pollinating insects<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> Pathology<br />
M.F. Kernkamp, disease effect on<br />
seed production<br />
Soil Science<br />
P. M. Burson, soil fertility <strong>and</strong> seed<br />
production<br />
*Haws <strong>and</strong> Tucker succeeded Fischer<br />
• Honeybees were effective pollinators in alsike, red <strong>and</strong> sweet clover, but<br />
not in alfalfa.<br />
• Honeybees, effective in California, <strong>and</strong> alkali bees <strong>and</strong> leaf-cutter bees,<br />
effective in certain areas <strong>of</strong> the west, were ineffective in Minnesota due to<br />
cool <strong>and</strong> humid weather.<br />
In 1965 the project direction was changed to include grasses <strong>and</strong><br />
legumes. Elling transferred from the alfalfa project to the grass <strong>and</strong> legume<br />
seed production project in northern Minnesota. Allan Peterson (entomology),<br />
John Grava (soils) <strong>and</strong> Richard Behrens (weed control) continued their<br />
cooperation. Donald Wyse (perennial weed control) was added to this<br />
group in 1974, <strong>and</strong> Elling <strong>and</strong> Wyse were left to continue the work after<br />
Peterson <strong>and</strong> Grava retired.
98<br />
In 1953 Carl Borgeson, foundation seed project, carried a sample <strong>of</strong><br />
Kentucky bluegrass seed to Gustav Kveen for possible increase <strong>and</strong> evaluation.<br />
This became the Park variety, which performed far beyond expectations<br />
<strong>and</strong> became the major variety for production in northern Minnesota.<br />
Silvertop was recognized as a serious problem in Kentucky bluegrass<br />
production. Alan Peterson found the cause to be the Capsus bug. This<br />
insect hatched at the approximate time Kentucky bluegrass headed. Two<br />
major controls were effective, 1) burning the fields after harvest, <strong>and</strong>/or 2)<br />
spraying with Malathion as the Capsus bugs emerged.<br />
Studies on timothy, fescue species, reed canarygrass, orchardgrass,<br />
red clover, birdsfoot trefoil <strong>and</strong> miscellaneous species also were conducted.<br />
Birdsfoot trefoil production with a new variety, Norcen, was developed.<br />
Varieties <strong>of</strong> timothy, Kentucky bluegrass <strong>and</strong> several other species were<br />
studied for production in northern Minnesota.<br />
Harley J. Otto, extension agronomist, <strong>and</strong> C. S. Garrison, USDA,<br />
cooperated in bringing foreign varieties to northern Minnesota for evaluation<br />
<strong>and</strong> production. The varieties <strong>of</strong> several species have been grown very<br />
successfully <strong>and</strong> their seed certified under the OECD certification plan.<br />
Excellent cooperation by growers <strong>and</strong> businessmen in the area contributed<br />
greatly to the success <strong>of</strong> the program. For more than 20 years the<br />
local groups provided l<strong>and</strong> at no cost for research in the area.<br />
Elling retired in 1985 <strong>and</strong> Nancy J. Ehlke was chosen to lead the seed<br />
production research in northern Minnesota. Donn J. Vellekson, senior<br />
research plot coordinator, provides leadership for the field-based research<br />
program at Roseau; he is assisted by many undergraduate students.<br />
The goal <strong>of</strong> Ehlke’s research is to develop better seed-production management<br />
strategies for new <strong>and</strong> existing species <strong>and</strong> to continue evaluation<br />
<strong>of</strong> new species <strong>and</strong> varieties <strong>of</strong> grasses <strong>and</strong> legumes for seed production<br />
potential in northern Minnesota. Emphasis has been placed on developing<br />
production practices that integrate appropriate variety selection, weed control<br />
practices, fertility requirements, production practices <strong>and</strong> residue management<br />
strategies for numerous species, including birdsfoot trefoil, kura<br />
clover, cicer milkvetch, perennial ryegrass, reed canarygrass, fine fescues,<br />
Kentucky bluegrass <strong>and</strong> native prairie species.<br />
In 1998, the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota received a gift <strong>of</strong> 40 acres from<br />
Mrs. Peggy Magnusson for a permanent research farm dedicated to grass<br />
<strong>and</strong> legume seed at Roseau. The College <strong>of</strong> Agricultural, Food, <strong>and</strong><br />
Environmental Sciences, in cooperation with the Northern Minnesota<br />
Forage Turf Seed Advisory Board, built a structure on the farm that houses<br />
equipment <strong>and</strong> provides <strong>of</strong>fice space for the seed production research<br />
project <strong>and</strong> the Minnesota Crop Improvement Association.
Chapter 13<br />
Forage Breeding<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong><br />
Horace L.Thomas was hired as a forage <strong>and</strong><br />
turf grass breeder in 1945. He was active in grass <strong>and</strong> legume breeding,<br />
but concentrated on smooth bromegrass, red <strong>and</strong> white clover <strong>and</strong><br />
Kentucky bluegrass. Thomas spent a portion <strong>of</strong> his career developing<br />
improved smooth bromegrass varieties <strong>and</strong>, during the 1950s, led a large,<br />
regional research project on smooth bromegrass. He also was recognized<br />
for teaching graduate level statistics courses in the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> to students across the broad disciplines <strong>of</strong><br />
the biological sciences. He also contributed significantly to graduate education<br />
<strong>and</strong> advised numerous students, including M.W. Pedersen, J.R.<br />
Cowan, L.J. Elling, W.R. Kneebone, L.R. Robinson, D.H. Timothy <strong>and</strong><br />
T.A. Yungbluth.<br />
Thomas worked with M.F. Kernkamp, <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Pathology<br />
<strong>and</strong> Botany, to select smooth bromegrass plants with improved resistance<br />
to root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani, <strong>and</strong> to leaf spot diseases caused<br />
by Helminthosporium species. This research culminated in release <strong>of</strong> Fox<br />
smooth bromegrass by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station<br />
(MAES) in 1968.<br />
Thomas also worked with red <strong>and</strong> white clover. He was primarily interested<br />
in self-incompatibility <strong>and</strong> the potential for developing new varieties<br />
<strong>of</strong> red clover by capitalizing on the development <strong>of</strong> inbred lines for use in<br />
hybrid varieties. His primary breeding objective in white clover breeding<br />
was to develop ladino-type varieties with improved winterhardiness. This<br />
research culminated in the release <strong>of</strong> Minn A white clover germplasm by<br />
Thomas <strong>and</strong> A.W. Hovin in 1974.<br />
Thomas’s most significant contribution to Minnesota agriculture was<br />
the development <strong>of</strong> Park Kentucky bluegrass. Park was released by the<br />
By Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Nancy J. Ehlke.
100<br />
MAES in 1957 to the Northern Minnesota Bluegrass Growers Association,<br />
which was formed in the Roseau area to produce <strong>and</strong> market high-quality<br />
Park seed.<br />
In the process <strong>of</strong> developing the variety Park, Thomas extensively<br />
evaluated 281 single-plant collections made by H.K. Hayes in 1937 from<br />
throughout Minnesota for total biomass production <strong>and</strong> seasonal distribution,<br />
disease resistance <strong>and</strong> crude protein concentration. The best 15<br />
apomictic clones were selected <strong>and</strong> combined to form the variety Park,<br />
which was superior in disease resistance <strong>and</strong> seedling vigor to the currently<br />
available Kentucky bluegrass varieties in the Midwest. Park is the major<br />
variety in seed production in northern Minnesota, comprising more than<br />
95% <strong>of</strong> the Kentucky bluegrass acreage; it has produced millions <strong>of</strong> dollars<br />
for the economy <strong>of</strong> northern Minnesota.<br />
Arne W. Hovin was hired in 1969 to lead the forage grass breeding<br />
<strong>and</strong> genetics research project. He played an influential role in developing<br />
new forage grasses with high yield <strong>and</strong> quality <strong>and</strong> in the development <strong>of</strong><br />
plant breeding methodologies that would facilitate the more rapid development<br />
<strong>of</strong> improved varieties <strong>of</strong> cool-season forage grasses for Minnesota.<br />
While the primary species in Hovin’s plant-breeding program was reed<br />
canarygrass, he also had active breeding programs in orchardgrass <strong>and</strong><br />
quackgrass. Hovin’s project also trained many graduate students during his<br />
12 years on the faculty. Three <strong>of</strong> his students are currently successful grass<br />
breeders; they are Reed Barker, USDA-ARS; Michael Casler, now at the<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin; <strong>and</strong> Petter Marum, senior forage breeder for the<br />
entire country <strong>of</strong> Norway.<br />
Hovin worked to improve the forage yield, forage quality <strong>and</strong> seed<br />
yield <strong>of</strong> reed canarygrass. In cooperation with G.C. Marten, USDA-ARS,<br />
he developed reed canarygrass populations with reduced concentrations <strong>of</strong><br />
indole alkaloid, which influence animal intake <strong>and</strong> utilization. This research<br />
was groundbreaking because it definitely linked animal performance with<br />
poor palatability <strong>and</strong> plant chemical composition. These efforts led to the<br />
release <strong>of</strong> MN-76, a low-alkaloid, tryptamine-carboline-free germplasm,<br />
which is the basis for the development <strong>of</strong> all public <strong>and</strong> commercial lowalkaloid<br />
varieties <strong>of</strong> reed canarygrass. In addition to selecting for low alkaloid<br />
concentrations, Hovin’s grass-breeding program developed grasses<br />
with improved forage quality <strong>and</strong> forage intake based on improved in vitro<br />
digestibility <strong>and</strong> reduced cell wall constituents. His pioneering efforts in the<br />
use <strong>of</strong> near infrared reflectance spectroscopy in his breeding program has<br />
influenced the efforts <strong>of</strong> other grass breeders in the development <strong>of</strong> new<br />
varieties <strong>of</strong> grasses with improved forage quality.<br />
Hovin, in conjunction with G.H. Heichel, USDA-ARS, was instrumental<br />
in developing artificial vernalization techniques for reed canary-
101<br />
grass. This technique <strong>of</strong> inducing flowering in young plants allowed Hovin<br />
to obtain two generations <strong>of</strong> seed in one year, doubling the efficiency <strong>of</strong><br />
evaluating traits on initial forage growth. In addition to his groundbreaking<br />
research on reed canarygrass, Hovin developed advanced breeding populations<br />
<strong>of</strong> orchardgrass with improved winterhardiness <strong>of</strong> medium maturity<br />
<strong>and</strong> brought more than 600 quackgrass genotypes from 40 counties in<br />
Minnesota for forage yield-potential evaluations.<br />
Nancy Jo Ehlke has conducted plant breeding research, outreach <strong>and</strong><br />
teaching in the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> since 1986,<br />
when she was hired to continue the work <strong>of</strong> Laddie Elling <strong>and</strong> Arnie Hovin.<br />
She has taught graduate level courses in quantitative genetics <strong>and</strong> plant<br />
breeding <strong>and</strong> is responsible for research <strong>and</strong> outreach to the grass <strong>and</strong><br />
legume seed producers in northern Minnesota. Most <strong>of</strong> her research program<br />
is collaborative with other scientists located on the St. Paul campus<br />
<strong>and</strong> at the research <strong>and</strong> outreach centers. Donn J. Vellekson, senior<br />
research plot coordinator, leads the research program. He is assisted by<br />
many graduate <strong>and</strong> undergraduate students.<br />
Ehlke’s plant breeding program concentrates on small-seeded alternative<br />
legumes, indigenous legumes, <strong>and</strong> turf grasses adapted to the North<br />
Central Region <strong>of</strong> the United States. She utilizes traditional selection procedures<br />
coupled with molecular biology <strong>and</strong> tissue culture techniques. She<br />
chooses species that have the greatest potential for seed production in<br />
northern Minnesota <strong>and</strong> are adapted to forage or turf production practices<br />
in Minnesota <strong>and</strong> the North Central Region <strong>of</strong> the United States.<br />
Certified birdsfoot trefoil seed production in northern Minnesota is limited<br />
by severe infestations <strong>of</strong> Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.],<br />
a competitive perennial broadleaf weed. Ehlke initiated a recurrent selection<br />
program for glyphosate tolerance in birdsfoot trefoil in the greenhouse<br />
in 1987 in cooperation with Donald Wyse. Adequate levels <strong>of</strong> field tolerance<br />
were obtained after six cycles <strong>of</strong> greenhouse selection. Two populations<br />
with the highest levels <strong>of</strong> tolerance to glyphosate were released as the<br />
varieties Nueltin <strong>and</strong> Roseau exclusively to Norfarm Seeds, Inc. in Roseau,<br />
Minnesota. These varieties are in large-scale field plantings to determine<br />
the proper management strategies for seed production in northern<br />
Minnesota.<br />
Cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) is an important, long-lived perennial<br />
forage legume in the Great Plains <strong>and</strong> northern United States. It has<br />
palatability problems, however, <strong>and</strong> produces anti-quality components that<br />
can lead to photosensitization reactions in ruminant animals. Direct screening<br />
<strong>of</strong> populations for these components is not feasible. Ehlke developed a<br />
selection protocol in cooperation with Craig Sheaffer <strong>and</strong> Gordon Marten,<br />
USDA-ARS, utilizing grazing sheep to identify vigorous palatable plants
102<br />
from the world collection <strong>of</strong> cicer milkvetch. They demonstrated that the<br />
high-palatability population was significantly better utilized by grazing<br />
sheep because <strong>of</strong> inherent differences in forage palatability, not to differences<br />
in forage nutritive quality. Norfarm Seeds received the exclusive production<br />
<strong>and</strong> marketing rights to HiPal cicer milkvetch; seed production is<br />
concentrated in northern Minnesota.<br />
Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) has the potential to<br />
become an important pasture species in Minnesota. Poor seedling vigor is<br />
a characteristic <strong>of</strong> most such small-seeded forage legumes, <strong>and</strong> establishment<br />
problems have resulted in limited grower acceptance. A breeding<br />
program was established to improve seedling vigor. Two M.S. students<br />
have been working on this part <strong>of</strong> the selection program, which uses<br />
restricted phenotypic selection to alter root-to-shoot ratios <strong>and</strong> to increase<br />
top growth in the greenhouse. Evaluation <strong>of</strong> populations for seedling vigor<br />
in the field have proved that greenhouse selection can improve seedling<br />
vigor <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong> establishment in the field.<br />
Ehlke’s research group, in cooperation with David Somers <strong>and</strong> Donald<br />
Wyse, developed a tissue-culture system for Kentucky bluegrass that is successful<br />
with a wide range <strong>of</strong> Kentucky bluegrass varieties. Because <strong>of</strong> limited<br />
success with hybridization <strong>and</strong> the lack <strong>of</strong> new traits from plant collection<br />
germplasm, somaclonal variation induced by tissue culture could be a<br />
method <strong>of</strong> introducing greater genetic variation in Kentucky bluegrass.<br />
Ehlke is presently using turf plots to evaluate Kentucky bluegrass lines<br />
from tissue-culture-derived plants for the presence <strong>of</strong> useful somaclonal<br />
variations. Differences in disease susceptibility, color, texture, growth habit,<br />
dormancy <strong>and</strong> inflorescence production have been observed in these nursery<br />
plots. Seed increases are being done for five lines in northern<br />
Minnesota, with the overall goal <strong>of</strong> developing high-turf-quality varieties <strong>of</strong><br />
Kentucky bluegrass that consistently produce good seed yields in northern<br />
Minnesota.<br />
Winterhardiness is important for production <strong>of</strong> perennial ryegrass turf<br />
<strong>and</strong> seed in Minnesota. Only an older, unacceptable, turf variety, NK-200,<br />
has sufficient winterhardiness for seed production in northern Minnesota.<br />
To meet the growing market for perennial ryegrass, Ehlke’s program is<br />
developing winterhardy turf quality varieties <strong>of</strong> perennial ryegrass that produce<br />
consistently high seed yields in northern Minnesota. Three populations<br />
are in seed increase in northern Minnesota for consideration as<br />
potential varieties. These new varieties should have a significant impact on<br />
the market for perennial ryegrass seed by increasing its area <strong>of</strong> adaptation.
Chapter 14<br />
<strong>Genetics</strong>,<br />
<strong>Genetics</strong>,<br />
Cytogenetetics,<br />
Cytogenetics,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Biotechnology<br />
The <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong><br />
<strong>Genetics</strong> at the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota is steeped in a tradition <strong>of</strong> highquality<br />
genetics research. From the early studies on inheritance <strong>of</strong> disease<br />
resistance to recent studies on molecular genetics <strong>and</strong> biotechnology, the<br />
department has fostered extensive contributions in genetics pertaining to<br />
the improvement <strong>of</strong> plants. Students trained in the department have made<br />
major contributions in their careers, including the first person to actually<br />
observe a gene in the electron microscope.<br />
Much <strong>of</strong> the tradition <strong>of</strong> high-quality genetics research has its roots in<br />
the earliest days – 1915 – when H.K. Hayes came to the University <strong>of</strong><br />
Minnesota to teach genetics <strong>and</strong> plant breeding. This was not long after<br />
the rediscovery <strong>of</strong> the principles <strong>of</strong> genetics. He brought the first application<br />
<strong>of</strong> Mendelian principles to the Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Farm<br />
Management. Studies were initiated right after his arrival on the genetic<br />
nature <strong>of</strong> stem rust resistance in wheat, in conjunction with the Division <strong>of</strong><br />
Botany <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Pathology. Many research studies followed on the genetics<br />
<strong>of</strong> disease resistance <strong>and</strong> plant morphology, such as the inheritance <strong>of</strong><br />
spike density in barley.<br />
In 1928 Hayes became chief <strong>of</strong> the new Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>. In 1952 Will Myers became the head <strong>and</strong> the name <strong>of</strong> division<br />
was changed to the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>, the<br />
name that survives to this day. Hayes taught an undergraduate-graduate<br />
course in genetics <strong>and</strong> started a genetics seminar on genetics <strong>and</strong> cytogenetics<br />
problems. Much <strong>of</strong> the information discussed in the genetics seminars<br />
was published in 1921 as a farm crops plant breeding publication.<br />
Hayes taught advanced genetics for many years until C.R. Burnham joined<br />
By Ronald L. Phillips, a member <strong>of</strong> the department faculty since 1968, Regents Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
<strong>and</strong> McKnight President's Chair in <strong>Genetics</strong>.
104<br />
the staff in 1938 to take charge <strong>of</strong> the cytogenetics lab. A chromosome<br />
analysis lab had been established in 1917. F. Griffee was the first to see<br />
barley chromosomes – at least first in the United States – in those early<br />
days.<br />
Burnham took over the graduate courses in genetics <strong>and</strong> cytogenetics<br />
soon after his arrival. Perhaps the most significant teaching tool was the<br />
textbook developed by Hayes, Immer <strong>and</strong> Smith entitled Methods <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong><br />
Breeding. This text was translated into several languages <strong>and</strong> served as the<br />
most important plant breeding text for many years. Immer brought expertise<br />
in statistics that added a high degree <strong>of</strong> rigor to experimentation in<br />
plant breeding <strong>and</strong> genetics. This rigor fostered high-quality research <strong>and</strong><br />
contributed to the st<strong>and</strong>ards <strong>of</strong> excellence that have been an integral part<br />
<strong>of</strong> life in the department. Lambert later taught intermediate genetics for<br />
several years.<br />
Many early students <strong>and</strong> faculty contributed toward the rich heritage <strong>of</strong><br />
genetics in the department (personal notes <strong>of</strong> H.K. Hayes), including P.J.<br />
Olson, R.J. Garber, F. Griffee, H.E. Brewbaker, F.R. Immer, I.J. Johnson,<br />
R.P. Murphy, E.H. Rinke. L. Powers, F.J. Stevenson, W.M. Myers, C.R.<br />
Burnham, H.K. Shultz, C. Borgeson, Y.S. Tsiang, E. Pinnell, D.C. Smith,<br />
E. Heyne, H.L. Carnahan, E.D. Putt, E.F. Frolik, L.C. Saboe, K.T. Payne,<br />
L.S. Wortman, M.A. Ibrahim, W.A. Russell, H.H. Kramer, L.J. Elling, H.L.<br />
Thomas, A.H. Moseman, J.O. Culbertson, K. Quisenberry, O.S. Aamodt,<br />
E.H. Ausemus <strong>and</strong> many others.<br />
H.H. Flor, a student majoring in plant pathology with a physiology<br />
minor who took courses in the department, went on to formulate one <strong>of</strong><br />
the most important hypotheses in the history <strong>of</strong> plant pathology: that for<br />
every resistance gene in the host there is a corresponding avirulence gene<br />
in the pathogen. Oscar Miller, a student <strong>of</strong> Burnham’s, accomplished what<br />
most thought was impossible – to actually see a gene with one’s own eyes<br />
(via electron microscopy); he interpreted its structure in terms <strong>of</strong> gene<br />
organization <strong>and</strong> function. The photograph <strong>of</strong> a ribosomal RNA gene that<br />
Miller published in Science is now in well over 100 textbooks.<br />
Burnham was a key genetics pr<strong>of</strong>essor for many decades. He taught<br />
in-depth courses in advanced genetics <strong>and</strong> cytogenetics, chaired seminars,<br />
<strong>and</strong> presented a course on the planning <strong>of</strong> experiments where he introduced<br />
the concepts <strong>of</strong> maximum likelihood, minimum numbers required to<br />
test a specific hypothesis, <strong>and</strong> LeRoy Powers’ ideas on how to analyze a<br />
quantitative trait by qualitative genetics methods. Burnham was a true<br />
scholar <strong>and</strong> gentleman, but also a very hard worker who expected no less<br />
from his students. As a result, four <strong>of</strong> his students have been elected to<br />
their respective national academy <strong>of</strong> sciences, considered the highest<br />
honor short <strong>of</strong> winning the Nobel Prize. These include Ken Kasha, elected
105<br />
to the Royal Society <strong>of</strong> Canada, <strong>and</strong> John Axtell, Oscar Miller <strong>and</strong> Ronald<br />
(Ron) Phillips elected to the U.S. National Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences.<br />
Burnham himself had trained with the best <strong>of</strong> the best. He studied with<br />
R.A. Brink at the University <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin, who discovered the phenomenon<br />
<strong>of</strong> paramutation in corn. It was there that he figured out the relationship<br />
<strong>of</strong> semi-sterility to chromosome translocations. He then worked at<br />
Cornell with R.A. Emerson <strong>and</strong> was a colleague <strong>of</strong> George Beadle, Nobel<br />
Prize winner for the one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis, Barbara<br />
McClintock, Nobel Prize winner for the discovery <strong>of</strong> jumping genes (known<br />
as transposable elements), <strong>and</strong> Marcus Rhoades, who discovered many<br />
cytogenetic phenomena including neo-centromeres. A famous 1929 photograph<br />
shows Burnham, Rhoades, Emerson, McClintock <strong>and</strong> Beadle at<br />
Cornell University with corn-pollinating bags stuck under their belts.<br />
After becoming a full pr<strong>of</strong>essor in 1943, Burnham was a Gosney<br />
Fellow at California Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology (1947-1948). He also was a<br />
visiting pr<strong>of</strong>essor at Purdue University for one semester in 1961-1962.<br />
His research on chromosome translocations was world renowned. Over<br />
the years, Burnham advised nearly 50 graduate students.<br />
In the 1960s the application <strong>of</strong> DNA <strong>and</strong> molecular biology/molecular<br />
genetics was recognized as an important part <strong>of</strong> teaching <strong>and</strong> research<br />
in the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>. Leon A. Snyder had<br />
spent a sabbatical leave at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, <strong>and</strong> afterward incorporated<br />
considerable molecular genetics into his teaching. He later (1985)<br />
published a genetics text as senior author with D. Freifelder, University<br />
California – San Diego, <strong>and</strong> D.L. Hartl, Washington University School <strong>of</strong><br />
Medicine, formerly at the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota.<br />
Burnham published a cytogenetics text in 1962. His course <strong>and</strong> text<br />
were unique in that they coupled complex inheritance data with the behavior<br />
<strong>of</strong> normal <strong>and</strong> aberrant chromosomes. His course was considered one <strong>of</strong><br />
the toughest in the department, but students knew that they had the opportunity<br />
to form a base that would serve them for many years into the future.<br />
R.S. Caldecott, <strong>of</strong> the department, taught a radiation genetics course<br />
that brought together information on the principles <strong>of</strong> mutagenesis related<br />
to radiation <strong>and</strong> its application to biology <strong>and</strong> plant improvement. F.T. Kao<br />
was a student <strong>of</strong> Caldecott’s working on mutagenesis in wheat. He went<br />
on to work with Puck in the area <strong>of</strong> human genetics <strong>and</strong> made major contributions<br />
in human cell genetics. Alfalfa genetics was quite strong in this<br />
department for many years. Clement, Stucker <strong>and</strong> Barnes all contributed<br />
significantly to this area.<br />
The <strong>Genetics</strong> Center was formed about 1960 <strong>and</strong> the graduate program<br />
in plant genetics became part <strong>of</strong> an interdisciplinary graduate pro-
106<br />
gram. Since the preliminary exams were now formulated by a diverse faculty<br />
across both campuses <strong>of</strong> the University, the nature <strong>of</strong> a student’s<br />
preparation had to change to be much more comprehensive in genetics.<br />
This caused some consternation at first, but probably led to the training <strong>of</strong><br />
students more capable <strong>of</strong> functioning in the future when genetics underwent<br />
such a dramatic increase in knowledge <strong>and</strong> information.<br />
The College <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences was formed in 1965. Subsequently<br />
the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> <strong>and</strong> Cell Biology was established, with<br />
responsibilities for the teaching <strong>of</strong> genetics at the University. That department<br />
assumed responsibility for the teaching <strong>of</strong> basic genetics. Roger<br />
Kleese continued to teach undergraduate genetics during this time, however.<br />
Cytogenetics teaching has remained in the department, with Phillips<br />
taking over responsibility for the course from Burnham in 1970. Phillips<br />
places an emphasis on student learning by videotaping each lecture, since<br />
1970, <strong>and</strong> having those tapes available for student review. Phillips <strong>and</strong><br />
Burnham, in 1977, edited a book useful in teaching cytogenetics containing<br />
many benchmark papers (Vol. 6, Benchmark Papers in <strong>Genetics</strong><br />
Series). In 1998 Phillips initiated a web site for the course.<br />
Starting in the mid to late 1960s, the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> added an emphasis on cell <strong>and</strong> tissue culture <strong>and</strong> molecular<br />
genetics to the mainstay <strong>of</strong> plant genetics <strong>and</strong> its applications to plant<br />
improvement. Roger Kleese had done a thesis under Ken Frey at Iowa<br />
State on the use <strong>of</strong> immunology in assessing plant genetic variation <strong>and</strong><br />
came to the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota with an interest in basic genetics.<br />
Studies on quantitative genetics were quite extensive in the department<br />
during the 1960s through the early 1990s. Heritability estimates,<br />
along with measures <strong>of</strong> additive, dominance, <strong>and</strong> epistatic gene effects,<br />
were performed for numerous traits in various species, mainly by plant<br />
breeders <strong>and</strong> their students. Ralph Comstock, <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Animal<br />
Science <strong>and</strong> later head <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> <strong>and</strong> Cell Biology,<br />
had led the development <strong>of</strong> quantitative genetics applied to plant breeding<br />
<strong>and</strong> stimulated in-depth teaching <strong>and</strong> research. Robert Stucker assumed a<br />
full-time position teaching/consulting in statistical applications to plant<br />
breeding <strong>and</strong> developed <strong>and</strong> taught courses emphasizing the application <strong>of</strong><br />
quantitative genetics to plant breeding.<br />
Ron Phillips had received a Ph.D. in genetics with Burnham <strong>and</strong> then<br />
studied at Cornell on a postdoctoral fellowship with Adrian Srb, a fungal<br />
geneticist who had one <strong>of</strong> the most popular genetics texts <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten spoke<br />
at plant breeding meetings about what was new in genetics. Phillips was<br />
hired in 1967 to eventually take Burnham’s position upon his retirement.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the early accomplishments was to locate on the chromosome the<br />
genes involved in the machinery for the synthesis <strong>of</strong> all proteins in a cell,
107<br />
called ribosomal RNA genes. This was the first time these genes had been<br />
localized in plants. Surprisingly, the accompanying molecular biology<br />
experiments indicated there were thous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> these genes, all located at<br />
the nucleolus organizer region.<br />
H.W. Johnson, department head during this time, encouraged the<br />
application <strong>of</strong> the new genetics to plant breeding. He had learned about<br />
plant tissue culture <strong>and</strong> cell fusions <strong>and</strong> wondered about the appropriateness<br />
<strong>of</strong> such technologies for an agronomy department. After visiting with<br />
Phillips, the decision was made to add a postdoctoral scientist to study with<br />
Phillips on plant tissue culture. Ed Green was appointed to that position,<br />
which later was made into an assistant pr<strong>of</strong>essor position, once significant<br />
progress was obvious on the regeneration <strong>of</strong> corn plants from cells <strong>and</strong> the<br />
in vitro selection <strong>of</strong> improved protein quality types.<br />
In 1975 Green <strong>and</strong> Phillips published a paper on the regeneration <strong>of</strong><br />
corn from cells in tissue culture. This was the first report on the regeneration<br />
<strong>of</strong> corn <strong>and</strong> led to progress on the regeneration <strong>of</strong> other cereals.<br />
Today’s methodologies for the genetic engineering <strong>of</strong> corn all introduce<br />
DNA into cells <strong>and</strong> then regenerate plants using this technology. Even the<br />
most common corn cell lines used today in genetic engineering were developed<br />
in the department by Charles (Chuck) Armstrong, a graduate student.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the original assumptions in plant tissue culture research was<br />
that regenerated plants would be exact clones <strong>of</strong> the parent used to initiate<br />
the culture. Phillips <strong>and</strong> several <strong>of</strong> his graduate students soon recognized<br />
that this was not the case <strong>and</strong> set out on a number <strong>of</strong> studies in an<br />
attempt to underst<strong>and</strong> the basis <strong>of</strong> the so-called somaclonal variation.<br />
Mutations, chromosome breakage, transposable element activation, quantitative<br />
genetic variation <strong>and</strong> changes in DNA methylation were all shown<br />
to be prevalent among tissue culture regenerants. DNA methylation is<br />
implicated in epigenetic control <strong>of</strong> gene expression; that is, gene expression<br />
that is not controlled by the primary DNA sequence but by modifications<br />
<strong>of</strong> the DNA. Several genes related to DNA methylation <strong>and</strong> chromatin<br />
structure are currently being isolated.<br />
Wild rice breeding <strong>and</strong> genetics has been an emphasis in the department<br />
since the early 1960s. Anson Elliot, Robert Stucker, <strong>and</strong> Raymond<br />
Porter <strong>and</strong> students studied the genetics <strong>of</strong> wild rice, especially shattering<br />
resistance, as part <strong>of</strong> their breeding program. Paul Yagu had observed the<br />
chromosomes <strong>of</strong> wild rice. Phillips <strong>and</strong> postdoctoral scientists Grombacher,<br />
Kennard <strong>and</strong> Jackson worked on the molecular genetics <strong>of</strong> wild rice, publishing<br />
the first molecular genetic map in 1999. They found that wild rice<br />
<strong>and</strong> white rice (Oryza sativa) genomes were highly colinear, indicating that<br />
genetic information in white rice would be transferable to wild rice.
108<br />
The development <strong>of</strong> molecular genetic marker maps <strong>and</strong> the placement<br />
<strong>of</strong> major genes onto the maps were emphasized in the research <strong>of</strong><br />
several faculty in the department during the 1990s, including the programs<br />
<strong>of</strong> recently hired faculty Jim Anderson <strong>and</strong> Kevin Smith. Phillips <strong>and</strong> a pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
from the University <strong>of</strong> Florida (Vasil) edited a 1994 book, DNA-<br />
Based Markers in <strong>Plant</strong>s, presenting methods <strong>and</strong> extensive maps for<br />
about 20 species.<br />
Bob Heiner developed Era <strong>and</strong> other varieties <strong>of</strong> wheat in the department<br />
as a cooperative Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station <strong>and</strong><br />
USDA-ARS endeavor. He also performed extensive cell cycle studies during<br />
the early 1970s using tritiated thymidine attempting to correlate cell<br />
cycle parameters to plant variety performance in wheat.<br />
Burle Gengenbach joined the department faculty in 1972 in the area<br />
<strong>of</strong> physiological genetics. He helped elucidate the basis <strong>of</strong> Texas-type cytoplasmic<br />
male sterility in corn through study <strong>of</strong> the behavior <strong>of</strong> this trait in<br />
plants selected from cell <strong>and</strong> tissue culture. He also applied tissue culture<br />
techniques to the selection <strong>of</strong> improved protein quality corn. Over the<br />
years, Gengenbach demonstrated various aspects <strong>of</strong> the biochemical pathways<br />
concerned with the synthesis <strong>of</strong> certain essential amino acids in corn.<br />
This work included the department's first gene isolation <strong>and</strong> sequencing.<br />
He also developed a kernel culture technique that has become an important<br />
feature in physiological research.<br />
He developed a course on the cellular <strong>and</strong> molecular genetics <strong>of</strong> crop<br />
plants that related the new genetics to plant improvement. This course<br />
provided students with plant examples <strong>of</strong> various genetic principles <strong>and</strong><br />
techniques taught in other courses but which were presented with bacteria,<br />
yeast, or other organisms as models. Gengenbach became head <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> in 1999.<br />
Howard Rines joined the faculty in 1976 as a USDA-ARS oat geneticist<br />
working closely with the oat breeder, Deon Stuthman, <strong>and</strong> genetics colleagues<br />
Ron Phillips <strong>and</strong> David Somers. Rines has contributed to the molecular<br />
genetic analysis <strong>of</strong> disease resistance <strong>and</strong> other traits such as dwarfness,<br />
grain quality <strong>and</strong> agronomic characteristics. Oat plants were first<br />
regenerated from tissue culture by Cummings, Green <strong>and</strong> Stuthman. Tom<br />
McCoy, working with Phillips <strong>and</strong> Rines, showed that chromosome breakage<br />
was the principal cytogenetic event occurring in oat tissue culture, a<br />
result soon repeated for several other species.<br />
Rines developed methods to produce oat haploids through anther culture<br />
<strong>and</strong> more recently via crosses between oat <strong>and</strong> corn; both <strong>of</strong> these<br />
achievements were first accomplished in Rines’ laboratory. Rines, Phillips,<br />
<strong>and</strong> their postdoctoral scientists <strong>and</strong> graduate students discovered that the<br />
oat haploids from oat by corn crosses retained one to four corn chromo-
109<br />
somes in about one-third <strong>of</strong> the plants. With this discovery they developed<br />
a highly efficient method for mapping corn genes that had been isolated in<br />
genomics projects around the country. Rines also worked with David<br />
Somers in developing the first transgenic oats.<br />
A formal research program on molecular biology applied to economic<br />
plants was formulated by the agricultural experiment station in 1980.<br />
The stimulus for highlighting this activity followed the successful team<br />
research, recognized by NSF, involving Irwin Rubenstein, <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Genetics</strong> <strong>and</strong> Cell Biology, <strong>and</strong> Phillips, Gengenbach <strong>and</strong> Green. For several<br />
years, starting in 1977,<br />
they organized national<br />
symposia held on the<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota<br />
campus <strong>and</strong> edited four<br />
proceedings books: Molecular<br />
Genetic Modification<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong>s, 1977; The <strong>Plant</strong><br />
Seed: Development, Preservation,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Germination,<br />
1979; Molecular<br />
Biology <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong>s, 1979;<br />
<strong>and</strong> Genetic Improvement<br />
<strong>of</strong> Crops, 1980.<br />
Howard Rines <strong>and</strong> Ron Phillips with oatcorn<br />
cross, first accomplished in Rines'<br />
laboratory.<br />
In 1985 the state legislature funded an exp<strong>and</strong>ed version <strong>of</strong> the program<br />
<strong>and</strong> it was renamed the <strong>Plant</strong> Molecular <strong>Genetics</strong> Institute (PMGI).<br />
This institute recruited Joachim Messing from the University <strong>of</strong> California–<br />
Davis to be an assistant pr<strong>of</strong>essor in the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Biochemistry.<br />
Considerable research was performed by this team on amino acid synthesis<br />
<strong>and</strong> storage proteins <strong>of</strong> corn. PMGI now involves about 25 pr<strong>of</strong>essors<br />
in several departments <strong>of</strong> the College <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences <strong>and</strong> the<br />
College <strong>of</strong> Agricultural, Food, <strong>and</strong> Environmental Sciences.<br />
David Somers joined the staff in 1984 following a postdoctoral study<br />
with E.C. Cocking, a pioneer in plant protoplast research. Somers has<br />
worked on tissue culture <strong>and</strong> the development <strong>of</strong> transgenic methods. His<br />
lab was the first to create interspecific hybrids in Lotus via protoplast<br />
fusions with an interest in transferring resistance to seed shattering to<br />
Lotus corniculatus (birdsfoot trefoil). He has selected several traits including<br />
resistance in corn to acetyl-co A carboxlase inhibitor herbicide using<br />
various tissue culture systems. Somers has collaborated extensively with<br />
other geneticists to implement gene transfer research <strong>and</strong> to isolate genes<br />
<strong>of</strong> interest for gene transfer, including the gene controlling the first step<br />
leading to fatty acid synthesis.
110<br />
Somers has developed techniques for the genetic engineering <strong>of</strong> oats<br />
<strong>and</strong> soybeans <strong>and</strong> has introduced several new traits currently under field<br />
test. Somers accepted an endowed chair in molecular genetics in the<br />
department in 1993.<br />
Somers’ vacated position was filled by Maria Gallo-Meagher in 1994<br />
to conduct molecular genetic studies <strong>of</strong> wheat <strong>and</strong> barley. Since 1997 this<br />
position has been occupied by Gary Muehlbauer, who is focusing on molecular<br />
aspects <strong>of</strong> Fusarium head blight <strong>and</strong> molecular mapping in wheat<br />
<strong>and</strong> barley. The molecular genetic research by Somers in soybean <strong>and</strong> oat<br />
<strong>and</strong> by Muehlbauer in wheat <strong>and</strong> barley provides an essential linkage with<br />
applied breeding programs for collaborative studies in these crops.<br />
Carroll Vance, USDA-ARS, <strong>and</strong> his group <strong>of</strong> colleagues have contributed<br />
significantly to the underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> the biochemical pathways<br />
involved in nitrogen fixation, the genetic steps that may be limiting, <strong>and</strong><br />
the means to modify the trait by molecular genetics techniques.<br />
At this time there is considerable excitement about the application <strong>of</strong><br />
cell <strong>and</strong> molecular genetics to plant improvement. The <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> is a major contributor. Phillips, while serving<br />
as chief scientist <strong>of</strong> the USDA from 1996-1998 (half time) chaired a<br />
White House committee to develop a plan for the future development <strong>of</strong><br />
plant genomics. Major NSF, USDA <strong>and</strong> other grants have been received<br />
by members <strong>of</strong> the department to advance this area <strong>of</strong> work. At the same<br />
time, the public is expressing concern about the safety <strong>of</strong> food <strong>and</strong> possible<br />
ecological risks that might be associated with products derived through<br />
genetic engineering. Several members <strong>of</strong> the department are contributing<br />
to public education in this area, trying to present both points <strong>of</strong> view <strong>and</strong><br />
giving the perspective <strong>of</strong> plant geneticists <strong>and</strong> breeders.<br />
A recent development is the funding <strong>of</strong> a new microbial <strong>and</strong> plant<br />
genomics building that will be completed in 2002. A Center for Microbial<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Genomics has been formed, with Phillips as the first director.<br />
The center will foster research, education <strong>and</strong> outreach in the area <strong>of</strong><br />
genomics. Phillips received the first McKnight Presidential Chair given by<br />
the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota (<strong>2000</strong>) to support the development <strong>of</strong><br />
genomics at the University.<br />
<strong>Genetics</strong> applied to plant improvement clearly has a rich history at the<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota. Faculty <strong>and</strong> students in the department have been<br />
at the forefront <strong>and</strong> have provided a robust environment for education,<br />
research, <strong>and</strong> extension. With the dramatic increase in genetics knowledge<br />
<strong>and</strong> the increasing need for applying scientific principles to agriculture, the<br />
genetics, cytogenetics <strong>and</strong> biotechnology activity in the department will<br />
continue to be central to our mission.
Chapter 15<br />
Oat Improvement<br />
Oat acreage in Minnesota quickly exp<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
from 165,000 in 1866 to a million-plus by 1884 <strong>and</strong> to more than 3 milion<br />
by 1912. Acreage peaked at 5.4 million in 1945 <strong>and</strong> a record yield <strong>of</strong><br />
242 million bushels with an average yield <strong>of</strong> 45 bushels/acre. A record 70<br />
bushels/acre was achieved in 1985 <strong>and</strong> 1992. Minnesota’s present oat<br />
acreage is less than one-tenth that <strong>of</strong> 1945, with much <strong>of</strong> the current crop<br />
likely grown on more marginally productive l<strong>and</strong>. As producers switch to<br />
more attractive crops they plant them on their more productive fields. If<br />
the l<strong>and</strong> base used to produce the oat crop in <strong>2000</strong> were comparable to<br />
that <strong>of</strong> the record year <strong>of</strong> 1945, today’s average state yield might well<br />
approach 100 bushels/acre.<br />
Experiments begun by W.M. Hays in 1889 produced the first reported<br />
results <strong>of</strong> oat improvement efforts at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment<br />
Station (MAES). Rate, date, depth <strong>of</strong> seeding, seeding with <strong>and</strong> without<br />
field peas, <strong>and</strong> planting implements were the variables in the two-year<br />
study reported in the 1892 MAES annual report.<br />
An important experiment was conducted in 1893. As a part <strong>of</strong> a larger<br />
study <strong>of</strong> methods <strong>of</strong> preparing l<strong>and</strong> for oats, seeding dates <strong>of</strong> April 18,<br />
April 29 <strong>and</strong> May 11 were superimposed. The night after the April 18 planting,<br />
“six inches <strong>of</strong> snow fell <strong>and</strong> remained until April 28.” The resulting average<br />
yields <strong>of</strong> 47.6, 37.6 <strong>and</strong> 25.4 bushels/acre for the three dates revolutionized<br />
planting time for oats in Minnesota. The report <strong>of</strong> this research in<br />
the 1893 MAES annual report concludes with advice still valid today:<br />
This experiment suggests that in our extensive system <strong>of</strong> farming a great<br />
loss is sustained annually by leaving the seeding <strong>of</strong> oats until all other grain<br />
is seeded. It has been our experience that the sooner most <strong>of</strong> the small<br />
grains are put into the ground after the frost is out the better.<br />
By Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Deon D. Stuthman, a member <strong>of</strong> the department faculty since 1966.
112<br />
Hays <strong>and</strong> others accumulated seed <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> commercially available<br />
oat varieties to conduct an oat variety trial at two locations in<br />
Minnesota <strong>and</strong> one in North Dakota in 1894, <strong>and</strong> at the two Minnesota<br />
locations in 1895. A severe drought in 1894 hindered obtaining good<br />
experimental results. At least 75 entries were evaluated for days to maturity,<br />
lodging, plant height, straw yield <strong>and</strong> grain yield. The results were<br />
reported in the 1895 MAES annual report, pages 352-3.<br />
Much <strong>of</strong> the effort Hays directed to oat improvement during the<br />
remainder <strong>of</strong> his tenure was focused on fine-tuning the cultivation <strong>of</strong> oats,<br />
variety evaluation, <strong>and</strong> genetic improvement through plant selection within<br />
selected commercially available varieties. Based on these variety evaluations,<br />
seed <strong>of</strong> a few better performers was increased <strong>and</strong> distributed within<br />
the state. The plant selection efforts resulted in the release <strong>and</strong> distribution<br />
<strong>of</strong> Minota, probably midway in the first decade <strong>of</strong> the 1900s.<br />
The 1907 MAES annual report mentions a need to give more attention<br />
to oats, likely prompted by the dramatic increase in acreage to more<br />
that 2 million acres. The oat section <strong>of</strong> the 1909 MAES annual report<br />
(page 379) begins:<br />
The oat crop is increasing in importance to the Minnesota farmer. In many<br />
sections <strong>of</strong> the state where wheat is no longer the stable crop the oat crop<br />
has taken its place. As a crop it fits in well with the st<strong>and</strong>ard rotation <strong>and</strong> is<br />
in good dem<strong>and</strong> in the market. With average yields <strong>of</strong> 50 bushels or more<br />
per acre it is a more pr<strong>of</strong>itable crop than any <strong>of</strong> the other grains.<br />
Two new reselections, Minn #281 <strong>and</strong> Minn #289 were released <strong>and</strong> distributed<br />
to growers in 1910.<br />
In 1914 T.B. Hutcheson, who was head <strong>of</strong> the cereal breeding section<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Farm Management, had begun a new<br />
project, the improvement <strong>of</strong> small grains through hybridization <strong>and</strong> by supplementary<br />
selection. “Especial attention is given to isolating plant characters<br />
<strong>and</strong> to studying their behavior in light <strong>of</strong> the Mendelian hypothesis,”<br />
Hutcheson wrote. This project truly set the stage for the productive career<br />
<strong>of</strong> H.K. Hayes, who was hired in 1915 to replace Hutcheson. Hayes<br />
immeasurably influenced oats in Minnesota, the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota<br />
agronomy group <strong>and</strong> plant breeding <strong>of</strong> all crops everywhere.<br />
About this time Sir Ronald Fisher, British mathematician, published his<br />
l<strong>and</strong>mark work on statistics <strong>and</strong> experimental design. Before Hayes arrived<br />
most <strong>of</strong> the yield plots were one-fortieth acre in size. In 1918 he decided<br />
that the end-trimmed middle two rows <strong>of</strong> replicated four-row plots were<br />
reliable for evaluating grain yield. While this was not the end <strong>of</strong> the big<br />
plots, smaller ones would increasingly replace them.
113<br />
A paragraph in the 1920 MAES annual report (page 34) gives a good<br />
summary <strong>of</strong> the objectives <strong>of</strong> Minnesota’s oat research efforts for the next<br />
decade:<br />
In the oat investigations, the chief studies are an attempt to produce a higher<br />
yielding variety by crossing two <strong>of</strong> the highest yielding varieties now grown,<br />
<strong>and</strong> an attempt to produce a high yielding variety resistant to stem rust. As<br />
second <strong>and</strong> third generations are being grown this coming year, results <strong>of</strong> considerable<br />
interest will be available after the end <strong>of</strong> the crop season. The production<br />
<strong>of</strong> non-lodging varieties is one aim in the breeding studies.<br />
As a result <strong>of</strong> these breeding efforts the variety Gopher was released<br />
<strong>and</strong> distributed to growers in 1923. Gopher enjoyed many years <strong>of</strong> widespread<br />
production <strong>and</strong> is the oldest long-term check variety in USDA’s uniform<br />
midseason oat performance nursery. Performance in this nursery is<br />
considered the final evaluation before release <strong>of</strong> new varieties intended for<br />
production in the Upper Midwest.<br />
Several important changes in oat improvement research took place in<br />
the late 1920s. In 1926 a sub-project, improvement <strong>of</strong> oats, was created<br />
in agronomy, <strong>and</strong> a counterpart, pathology <strong>of</strong> oats, was created in the<br />
<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Pathology <strong>and</strong> Botany. In 1927, because <strong>of</strong> a severe<br />
crown rust epidemic, pathological efforts were divided between crown rust<br />
<strong>and</strong> stem rust, which previously had received most <strong>of</strong> the attention.<br />
Probably more importantly, Matthew B. (Matt) Moore joined the plant<br />
pathology staff. He had a pr<strong>of</strong>ound effect on Minnesota oats, oat pathology,<br />
<strong>and</strong>, specifically on the lives <strong>of</strong> the 3,000 to 4,000 undergraduate students<br />
who took his beginning plant pathology course.<br />
The variety Anthony was released to growers in 1929 <strong>and</strong> Minrus was<br />
released in 1931. Both Anthony <strong>and</strong> Minrus were resistant to prevalent<br />
races <strong>of</strong> stem rust. In 1931 H.C. Murphy discovered the exceptional<br />
source <strong>of</strong> crown rust resistance in Bond, an Australian variety. The<br />
Minnesota team <strong>of</strong> Hayes <strong>and</strong> Moore made the first successful (resulting in<br />
varieties) crosses with Bond in 1931.<br />
Bonda <strong>and</strong> Mindo were released in 1946, 15 years after the cross with<br />
the Bond parent was made. Two additional Bond progeny, Zephyr <strong>and</strong><br />
Andrew, were released in 1949. Of the four, Andrew was by far the most<br />
widely grown <strong>and</strong> the longest in commercial production. It is the oldest<br />
long-term check in USDA’s early oat performance nursery, which provides<br />
the final evaluation for new oat varieties intended for the more southerly<br />
parts <strong>of</strong> the Midwest spring-oat production area.<br />
All <strong>of</strong> these releases were especially important because <strong>of</strong> a new (in<br />
1945) <strong>and</strong> devastating disease caused by Helminthosporium victoriae.<br />
This new disease was directly linked to the Victorian (Australian) source <strong>of</strong><br />
crown rust resistance, <strong>and</strong> every oat variety with Victorian resistance was
114<br />
susceptible. Bonda <strong>and</strong> Mindo were good stop-gap varieties <strong>and</strong> saved the<br />
crop. The respite was only temporary; a new race <strong>of</strong> crown rust, 45,<br />
defeated the Bond crown rust resistance gene in 1950 <strong>and</strong> the oat<br />
research community had to start the breeding process all over.<br />
Shortly before Hayes retired in 1952, two other important <strong>and</strong> closely<br />
related aspects <strong>of</strong> the oat improvement project took shape. One was the<br />
funding <strong>of</strong> oat graduate student research assistantships by the Quaker Oats<br />
Company (QOC). Beginning with William Kehr in 1947, most oat graduate<br />
students have enjoyed financial <strong>and</strong> moral support from QOC for all or<br />
part <strong>of</strong> their graduate study.<br />
Considering that oat breeding was but one <strong>of</strong> his many assignments<br />
the contributions <strong>of</strong> H.K. Hayes to oat breeding <strong>and</strong> oat improvement cannot<br />
be overstated. In tribute, he was presented the Distinguished Service to<br />
Oat Improvement Award.<br />
W.M. Myers succeeded Hayes as both department head <strong>and</strong> oat project<br />
leader. Because Myers had a heavy travel schedule, including international<br />
assignments, Francis S. Koo, one <strong>of</strong> his Ph.D. students, assumed<br />
the day-to-day leadership <strong>of</strong> both oat <strong>and</strong> rye improvement.<br />
Compared to the Hayes era, the Myers era was relatively quiet for oat<br />
improvement. A notable personnel addition was B.J. Roberts, who joined<br />
the USDA Cereal Rust Lab staff in 1954 to work on oat stem rust. The<br />
Myers, Moore <strong>and</strong> Koo group released three varieties, Minl<strong>and</strong> in 1955,<br />
Minhafer in 1957 <strong>and</strong> Minton in 1959. Minhafer was widely grown in the<br />
United States <strong>and</strong> in Australia, the latter because Minhafer seedlings were<br />
frost resistant.<br />
A significant event during this period was the establishment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
buckthorn nursery on the St. Paul campus (1953). Despite considerable<br />
<strong>and</strong> vociferous opposition to his proposal, Matt Moore prevailed. The nursery,<br />
which was exp<strong>and</strong>ed in 1965, provides an alternate host for crown<br />
rust; it is one <strong>of</strong> several in the United States, including one near the campus<br />
<strong>of</strong> the University <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin – Madison <strong>and</strong> another near Aurora,<br />
New York. The St. Paul nursery was initially planted so that breeding material<br />
grown near the bushes would theoretically be exposed to virtually all<br />
crown rust virulence for the entire world.<br />
Genotypes with effective levels <strong>of</strong> resistance in this nursery almost<br />
always had lower average disease scores when grown in international oat<br />
rust nurseries. Further, the resistance was <strong>of</strong>ten not race-specific <strong>and</strong> thus<br />
not as easily defeated by a new virulence gene. The St. Paul buckthorn<br />
nursery is still in use today.<br />
Although Moore spent most <strong>of</strong> his research time on crown rust, he<br />
established (1952) that red leaf <strong>and</strong> blue dwarf are virus-caused diseases
115<br />
transmitted by aphids. While blue dwarf has never been a serious threat,<br />
red leaf (caused by the barley yellow dwarf virus) is now recognized as a<br />
major threat to oat production worldwide.<br />
Koo left the University for Puerto Rico in July 1961, Myers retired in<br />
1963 <strong>and</strong> Roger Kleese, a graduate student with K.J. Frey at Iowa State,<br />
joined the department in December 1962 <strong>and</strong> spent part <strong>of</strong> his time leading<br />
the oat improvement project. The project continued with a rather low<br />
level <strong>of</strong> activity. Fortunately for Minnesota oat producers, the oat-breeding<br />
effort at Wisconsin was in its prime for producing outst<strong>and</strong>ing varieties,<br />
which generally were well adapted to Minnesota.<br />
In the mid-1960s growers persuaded the MAES to again develop oat<br />
varieties for Minnesota, <strong>and</strong> in October 1966 Deon Stuthman, who had<br />
earned a Ph.D. at Purdue, joined the department as a full-time oat breeder/geneticist.<br />
Stuthman inherited some good material in various stages <strong>of</strong><br />
development from Kleese, who had turned his full attention to biochemical<br />
genetics. Although Stuthman had done his thesis research on alfalfa at<br />
Purdue, he had been an undergraduate employee <strong>of</strong> the grain-breeding<br />
program at Nebraska, which included oats, <strong>and</strong> thus had some previous oat<br />
experience.<br />
Stuthman joined forces with Olin Smith, a Ph.D. student already in the<br />
department, who had gained considerable experience in small-grain breeding<br />
at Oklahoma State prior to coming to Minnesota. James Stage, a former<br />
southern Illinois dairy farmer, was hired as oat project technician in<br />
1967. Stage made many significant <strong>and</strong> valuable contributions during<br />
more than 27 years on the project.<br />
During this time Roberts joined the International Center for<br />
Improvement <strong>of</strong> Maize <strong>and</strong> Wheat (CIMMYT) in Mexico. The important oat<br />
crop near Mexico City was decimated by stem rust in 1966. Roberts learned<br />
about the problem while negotiating with CIMMYT <strong>and</strong> essentially volunteered<br />
the help <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota oat program <strong>and</strong> the rust lab. A three-way<br />
relationship was established in 1968: INIA, later INIFAP, from Mexico; the<br />
rust lab people <strong>and</strong> Stuthman from MAES. This relationship was funded<br />
mainly by QOC. The primary contact in INIA was Uriel Maldonado, who<br />
had recently completed an M.S. degree with Frey at Iowa State.<br />
The effort was initiated using a single source <strong>of</strong> stem rust resistance,<br />
CI 3034, identified in the rust lab earlier as having good adult plant, but<br />
not seedling, resistance to all <strong>of</strong> the races <strong>of</strong> stem rust tested. The resistance<br />
<strong>of</strong> CI 3034 was effective in Mexico, but the plants were so poorly<br />
adapted to the relatively short day lengths <strong>of</strong> Mexico that it was nearly<br />
impossible to get them to flower so crosses could be made there.
116<br />
Thus, Tippecanoe, a Purdue variety, was used as a bridge to achieve<br />
proper adaptation. Progeny from the first backcross to Tippecanoe were<br />
sufficiently well adapted to allow crossing in Mexican field conditions, both<br />
winter <strong>and</strong> summer. Stuthman made at least one trip to Mexico annually<br />
from 1967 through 1994, along with at least one person from QOC in<br />
Chicago, to oversee the cooperative breeding effort. This effort produced<br />
a number <strong>of</strong> stem-rust-resistant derivatives, including Diamante <strong>and</strong><br />
Carma, that were ultimately used in commercial oat production near<br />
Mexico City to supply QOC’s plant there with grain to make oat products<br />
for the local market.<br />
Soon after Roberts left for CIMMYT, Paul Rothman transferred to the<br />
cereal rust lab from Stoneville, Mississippi, where he had been working on<br />
winter oats for the south. He combined some useful winter-oat germ plasm<br />
with rust resistance from Avena sterilis <strong>and</strong> an octoploid oat he had developed<br />
while at Mississippi for ploidy bridging purposes. He ultimately produced<br />
some very useful rust-resistant germ plasm, overcoming very high<br />
levels <strong>of</strong> sterility.<br />
In 1968 Stuthman launched recurrent selection for grain yield, which<br />
became the backbone <strong>of</strong> his plant breeding research. Starting with 12 varieties<br />
or advanced breeding lines chosen for their high yield potential, <strong>and</strong><br />
considering diversity for both maturity <strong>and</strong> pedigree, these parents were<br />
crossed in all possible combinations except two, producing 64 different<br />
combinations. Ten F 2<br />
seeds per combination were advanced to homozygosity<br />
in the greenhouse via single seed descent (SSD) <strong>and</strong> the resulting<br />
640 lines were evaluated for grain yield in replicated hill plots at one location.<br />
For the next <strong>and</strong> succeeding cycles, 21 parents were chosen, first<br />
based on average family (combination) performance <strong>and</strong> then the best line<br />
from each <strong>of</strong> the 21 selected families. These selected parents were then<br />
crossed in a circulant partial diallel with each parent participating in 6<br />
crosses for a total <strong>of</strong> 63 combinations. Ten seeds per combination were<br />
again advanced via SSD <strong>and</strong> the rest <strong>of</strong> the cycle completed. Cycle-eight<br />
progeny will be evaluated for grain yield in the summer <strong>of</strong> 2001. Estimates<br />
<strong>of</strong> grain yield increase for the first seven cycles ranged from 35% to more<br />
than 40%. Until his retirement in 1994, Jim Stage made virtually all <strong>of</strong> the<br />
necessary crosses for this recurrent selection program.<br />
Graduate students, beginning with Jim Radtke in 1981 <strong>and</strong> including<br />
Thomas Payne, Phil Bregitzer, Gary Pomeranke, James Reysack, Nicholas<br />
Haugerud, Hakima Bahri, David De Koeyer, Dennis Dolan <strong>and</strong> Gilberto<br />
Sosa, all studied some aspect <strong>of</strong> this recurrent selection scheme, or modifications<br />
there<strong>of</strong>, for their thesis research.<br />
During the late 1960s <strong>and</strong> into the 1970s the oat project attempted<br />
to transfer the putative high protein levels <strong>of</strong> Avena sterilis into well adapt-
117<br />
ed backgrounds to improve the protein content <strong>of</strong> commercial varieties.<br />
H.C. Murphy screened the A. sterilis collection from Israel <strong>and</strong> found that<br />
some accessions had considerably elevated protein levels.<br />
The interspecific hybrid approach was ab<strong>and</strong>oned after a decade<br />
because the transfer proved to be difficult, if not impossible, <strong>and</strong> because<br />
there was no premium for high protein. Several other successful varieties,<br />
including Starter, with ordinary protein levels but containing A. sterilis in<br />
their pedigree, may have performed well because <strong>of</strong> the added genetic<br />
diversity.<br />
High-protein varieties, such as Dal from Wisconsin <strong>and</strong> Proat from<br />
Minnesota, were obtained from crosses involving only A. sativa types.<br />
Proat was grown by some livestock producers attracted to its high protein<br />
level.<br />
During the time <strong>of</strong> intense effort to increase oat protein content the<br />
USDA established an oat quality laboratory in conjunction with its barley<br />
quality laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin. All U.S. oat-breeding programs<br />
working on protein content sent samples to the Madison laboratory for<br />
protein analysis.<br />
Matt Moore’s long <strong>and</strong> brilliant career came to a formal close with his<br />
retirement in 1973. His efforts especially on crown rust resistance, his first<br />
love, did not cease, however. He continued to spend countless hours in his<br />
buckthorn nursery observing the crown rust reactions <strong>of</strong> test materials<br />
Deon Stuthman (left), Edyardo Licon <strong>and</strong> Matt Moore examining rustinfected<br />
oat field near Chapingo, Mexico, in 1981.
118<br />
OAT VARIETIES RELEASED BY MAES<br />
Cultivar Year Source Comment Breeder<br />
Minota 1903-10 L<strong>and</strong> race re-selection Boss<br />
Minn #281 1910 Selection from Minn #6 Boss<br />
Minn #289 1910 Selection from Minn #289 Boss<br />
Gopher 1923 Kherson/60 day Hayes<br />
Anthony 1929 White Russian x Victory Hayes<br />
Minrus 1931 White Russian x Victory Hayes<br />
Bonda 1946 Bond x Anthony Hayes/Moore<br />
Mindo 1946 Bond/3/Minota/White Hayes/Moore<br />
Russian/2/Black Mesdag<br />
Zephyr 1949 Bond x Anthony Hayes/Moore<br />
Andrew 1949 Bond x Rainbow Hayes/Moore<br />
Minl<strong>and</strong> 1955 L<strong>and</strong>hafer/3/Mindo/2/ Myers et al.<br />
Hojira/Joanette<br />
Minhafer 1957 Andrew/2/Hojira/ Myers et al.<br />
Joanette/3/L<strong>and</strong>hafer<br />
Otter 1970 LMHJA/Rodney Yield Stuthman et al.<br />
Lyon 1977 Lodi/Portage Yield, lodging Stuthman et al.<br />
resistance<br />
Moore 1978 Lodi derivative Yield, rust Stuthman et al.<br />
resistance<br />
Benson 1979 Portage/Burnett Good yield Stuthman et al.<br />
Preston 1982 Otee/Dal Early Stuthman et al.<br />
Proat 1983 Dal/Lyon High protein Stuthman et al.<br />
Starter 1986 Dal derivative Early, stiff Stuthman et al.<br />
Premier 1990 Wisc 1986-1/Noble Good grain Stuthman et al.<br />
quality<br />
Milton 1994 Porter cross Grain yield Stuthman et al.<br />
Pal 1994 Marathon//Froker/ Forage <strong>and</strong> Stuthman et al.<br />
Noble derivative<br />
forage<br />
establishment<br />
Jim 1996 WI2977-1/MN77151//Ogle Yield, early Stuthman et al.<br />
Richard <strong>2000</strong> Newdak/MN86209 Yield, lodging, Stuthman et al.<br />
<strong>and</strong> disease<br />
resistance<br />
throughout each growing season until ill health stopped him. He initiated<br />
what now is a major effort on “slow rusting” at MAES. In recognition <strong>of</strong><br />
his many contributions to the oat community, Moore received the<br />
Distinguished Service to Oat Improvement Award. As a further tribute, the<br />
1984 issue <strong>of</strong> the Oat Newsletter was dedicated to him. His legacy, as that<br />
<strong>of</strong> Hayes, will continue.
119<br />
Following Moore’s retirement several personnel reassignments were<br />
made to cover oat pathology needs. Paul Rothman assumed the formal<br />
responsibility for crown rust in addition to his stem rust efforts. Roy<br />
Wilcoxson assumed responsibility for all smut work, which intensified<br />
because a very popular variety, Froker, had just become susceptible to a<br />
new race <strong>of</strong> smut. Soon other varieties also were found to be susceptible.<br />
Wilcoxson refined the smut test protocol <strong>and</strong> eventually was testing breeding<br />
material from other programs as well. With the increased attention<br />
given to reducing reliance on chemicals, including seed treatments, smut<br />
resistance was added to many lists <strong>of</strong> oat-breeding objectives.<br />
During a major USDA-ARS reorganization in the early 1970s, Lee<br />
Briggle, oat investigations leader, was transferred from Beltsville,<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong>, to St. Paul. Roughly two years later in another reorganization<br />
he moved back to Beltsville. During his short time in Minnesota he hired<br />
Richard Halstead for technical support. Halstead has made numerous contributions<br />
to the Minnesota project.<br />
Following Briggle’s return to Beltsville, the ARS opened a new position<br />
on oat genetics at St. Paul, which was filled by Howard Rines in 1976.<br />
His arrival initiated a productive ARS-MAES relationship that has included<br />
sharing space <strong>and</strong> personnel on a regular basis.<br />
In 1976 Donn Cummings, a graduate assistant on the project who<br />
worked in the laboratory <strong>of</strong> C.E. Green, first reported regenerating oat<br />
plants from tissue culture. This reported ability launched a new area <strong>of</strong><br />
research for the project <strong>and</strong> provided graduate students Tom McCoy <strong>and</strong><br />
Lynne Dahleen with the opportunity to further characterize qualitatively,<br />
quantitatively <strong>and</strong> cytogenetically the somoclonal variability <strong>of</strong> the plant<br />
lines derived from the regeneration process.<br />
In summary, regeneration in oats did not produce clones, but rather<br />
was more similar to mutagenesis. The regenerative ability was important<br />
later as tissue culture cells became good recipients in the gene-transfer<br />
process.<br />
Using traditional breeding methods, the breeding project produced a<br />
series <strong>of</strong> popular varieties, starting with Lyon in 1977, Moore in 1978,<br />
Benson in 1979 <strong>and</strong> Preston in 1982. Preston, then Starter <strong>and</strong> finally<br />
Pal, were released as varieties especially well suited for use as companion<br />
crops to facilitate establishment <strong>of</strong> forage crops, specifically, alfalfa.<br />
Robert Nielsen evaluated several combinations <strong>of</strong> oat <strong>and</strong> alfalfa varieties<br />
for differences among oat varieties in their suitability as companion crops,<br />
but the differences were not large enough to attempt selection among oat<br />
genotypes.
120<br />
In late 1989 a new effort, funded by the QOC <strong>and</strong> entitled “Development<br />
<strong>and</strong> utilization <strong>of</strong> RFLP maps in oats,” was launched with R.L.<br />
Phillips <strong>and</strong> Stuthman as co-leaders. Rines was also a major cooperator on<br />
this effort. There was an expectation that once the oat genome map was<br />
densely populated with markers the breeding program could easily use the<br />
map markers to track loci <strong>of</strong> interest <strong>and</strong> increase the selection efficiency.<br />
The process is known as “marker-assisted selection (MAS).” Unfortunately,<br />
creating the map became a bigger task than first thought <strong>and</strong> the effort was<br />
scaled down considerably after a decade <strong>of</strong> effort. The reality <strong>of</strong> MAS in<br />
oats remains a challenge.<br />
While using MAS in oat improvement is not yet a reality, the progress<br />
made in the creation <strong>of</strong> the map is a notable benefit to oat research. There<br />
were 560 markers in the first published version <strong>of</strong> the map <strong>and</strong> about<br />
1,200 for the next version. Qualitative characters, such as dwarfness <strong>and</strong><br />
disease resistance genes, have been mapped, a major oil locus was found<br />
<strong>and</strong> QTLs for several traits have been identified. A major complication<br />
regarding matching chromosomes <strong>and</strong> linkage groups is the large amount<br />
<strong>of</strong> translocations in the oat genome. This non-parallelism probably is the<br />
major obstacle to effective use <strong>of</strong> MAS in oats.<br />
One permanent benefit <strong>of</strong> the increased funding from QOC was the<br />
ability to use New Zeal<strong>and</strong>’s Crop <strong>and</strong> Food (similar to our USDA-ARS)<br />
facilities for a winter nursery, which permitted harvesting two field crops<br />
each year. This development became especially beneficial because New<br />
Zeal<strong>and</strong>’s nursery, whose latitude is similar to that <strong>of</strong> central Minnesota, is<br />
useful for actual selection as well as generation advance <strong>and</strong> seed increase.<br />
In September 1989 Dr. Gary Fulcher arrived from Ottawa, Canada, to<br />
fill the General Mills L<strong>and</strong> Grant Chair in Cereal Technology in the<br />
University’s <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Food Science <strong>and</strong> Nutrition. Fulcher quickly<br />
added both physical <strong>and</strong> compositional aspects to the grain quality dimension<br />
<strong>of</strong> the oat project. He also brought a new tool with him, digital image<br />
analysis, which greatly facilitated measuring kernel size <strong>and</strong> shape.<br />
David De Koeyer, a graduate assistant on the project, quickly took<br />
advantage <strong>of</strong> this technology to measure changes in kernel size <strong>and</strong> shape<br />
that had occurred during the recurrent selection process. His objective was<br />
to explain the changes in the grain that occurred as a result <strong>of</strong> the intense<br />
<strong>and</strong> repeated effective selection for grain yield. De Koeyer later used molecular<br />
markers then available for oats to evaluate changes in genetic diversity,<br />
<strong>and</strong> also in the frequency <strong>of</strong> the markers themselves following seven<br />
cycles <strong>of</strong> recurrent selection for grain yield. He reported six genomic<br />
regions putatively associated with the increase in grain yield using recurrent<br />
selection.
121<br />
OAT ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION<br />
STATISTICS FOR KEY YEARS<br />
Harvested Yield<br />
Year Acres b/A Production, bu. Comment<br />
1866 165,000 25.0 4,125,000 First reported statistics<br />
1884 1,190,000 35.5 42,245,000 First time > 1 million acres<br />
1912 3,030,000 39.5 119,685,000 First time > 3 million acres<br />
1921 4,249,000 23.0 97,727,000 First time > 4 million acres<br />
1934 4,582,000 19.0 65,930,000 Drought<br />
1945 5,392,000 45.0 242,640,000 Record acreage <strong>and</strong> production<br />
1958 3,836,000 54.0 207,144,000 Maximum yield to date<br />
1965 3,004,000 54.5 163,718,000 Maximum yield to date<br />
1968 3,289,000 60.0 197,340,000 Maximum yield to date<br />
1977 2,060,000 68.0 161,840,000 Maximum yield to date<br />
1985 1,100,000 70.0 77,000,000 Maximum yield to date<br />
1988 751,500 33.0 24,800,000 Drought<br />
1992 500,000 70.0 35,000,000 Maximum yield to date<br />
Several varieties <strong>of</strong> consequence were released between 1990 <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>2000</strong>; Premier in 1990, Milton in 1994, Jim in 1995 <strong>and</strong> Richard, named<br />
for Richard Halstead, long-time USDA technical support staff member for<br />
our program, in <strong>2000</strong>. In its first season, Richard has been well received<br />
by seed growers.<br />
Premier had excellent grain quality <strong>and</strong> likely would have become very<br />
popular had it not succumbed to crown rust almost immediately after it was<br />
released. Milton has become widely grown. Jim had a good yield record in<br />
Minnesota prior to release, but then inexplicably developed yield troubles.<br />
Jim continued to yield well in Iowa <strong>and</strong> South Dakota <strong>and</strong> became more<br />
widely grown in those two states. Both Jim <strong>and</strong> Milton were named in<br />
recognition <strong>of</strong> James Milton Stage.<br />
Minnesota varieties have good smut resistance, so they do not require<br />
chemical seed treatment to protect them from the disease. Roy Wilcoxson,<br />
who made major contributions to our smut testing <strong>and</strong> breeding efforts,<br />
retired in 1991. In 1994 Ruth Dill-Macky succeeded Wilcoxson on the<br />
plant pathology faculty <strong>and</strong> assumed responsibility for the smut efforts.<br />
The cooperative effort with Mexico was terminated in the mid 1990s<br />
<strong>and</strong> Stuthman’s Latin American involvement switched from Mexico to an<br />
ongoing oat research effort in Argentina, Brazil, Chile <strong>and</strong> Uruguay funded<br />
primarily by QOC. Stuthman replaced Robert Forsberg on the South<br />
American team <strong>and</strong> was soon joined by Ron Barnett from the University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Florida. This arrangement provided access to several South American
122<br />
test locations where crown rust continues to be a major issue. This access<br />
became a very important component <strong>of</strong> an effort to shift the Minnesota<br />
approach to breeding for genetic protection for crown rust.<br />
Beginning in 1989, at least one effective major gene for crown rust<br />
resistance was defeated for at least four consecutive years. During two <strong>of</strong><br />
those years crown rust was a major threat to oat production in Minnesota.<br />
Consequently, Don McVey was asked by the administration <strong>of</strong> the cereal<br />
rust laboratory to devote some <strong>of</strong> his time to evaluating slow crown rusting<br />
in oats, beginning with the 1996 growing season.<br />
This decision, combined with the new involvement in South America<br />
<strong>and</strong> availability <strong>of</strong> the New Zeal<strong>and</strong> winter nursery, was very timely. In the<br />
short time <strong>of</strong> five years, the Minnesota program became a primary source<br />
<strong>of</strong> slow crown rusting germ plasm for the world. McVey looks for a few<br />
small pustules on flag leaves <strong>of</strong> plants inoculated with a mixture <strong>of</strong> races<br />
when the plants are in the boot stage <strong>of</strong> development. Matt Moore’s insight<br />
<strong>and</strong> persistence inspired this method.<br />
Today the oat-breeding program focuses on varieties that will function<br />
better in sustainable cropping systems. Consequently, variety trials have<br />
been established on three pesticide-free farms, two <strong>of</strong> which are certified<br />
organic farms. Our objective is to develop varieties better equipped to deal<br />
with disease <strong>and</strong> weed pests that pose production hazards to the crop<br />
grown without purchased inputs. An example is the search for oat genotypes<br />
that compete more successfully with grassy weeds, such as green <strong>and</strong><br />
yellow foxtail. This research is done at the Morris Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach<br />
Center in cooperation with Frank Forcella <strong>of</strong> USDA’s soil <strong>and</strong> water laboratory<br />
at Morris. We also seek varieties that produce a more valuable grain<br />
than just a commodity.<br />
Other faculty, both in the department <strong>and</strong> related disciplines in other<br />
departments, have made major contributions to oat research <strong>and</strong> graduate<br />
student education by co-advising graduate assistants. These faculty<br />
have given students access to expertise, technology <strong>and</strong> equipment that<br />
has markedly enriched their thesis research.
Chapter 16<br />
Soybean<br />
Improvement<br />
The soybean was introduced into Minnesota<br />
in the early part <strong>of</strong> the 20th century, when it was grown as a hay crop or<br />
green manure crop. In the early 1900s the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota evaluated<br />
a number <strong>of</strong> soybean varieties from other areas in the world for their<br />
adaptability to Minnesota conditions <strong>and</strong> their use by Minnesota farmers.<br />
Several varieties were released cooperatively by the Minnesota<br />
Agricultural Experiment Station <strong>and</strong> USDA before 1922. All were pureline<br />
introductions from plant introductions. The varieties that were named<br />
<strong>and</strong> released were Habaro, Chestnut, Minsoy, Soysota, Elton <strong>and</strong><br />
Minnesota Manchu. After the initial varieties were released the activity with<br />
regard to soybean breeding <strong>and</strong> soybean varieties was very limited.<br />
Soybean research was directed mainly toward production <strong>and</strong> utilization<br />
aspects.<br />
AFTER WORLD WAR II, 1946-1960<br />
The soybean was a minor or alternative crop until its production was<br />
encouraged as part <strong>of</strong> the war effort in World War II; there was no breeding<br />
activity during the early years <strong>of</strong> the century. J.W. Lambert joined the<br />
faculty in 1946 <strong>and</strong> began renewed breeding efforts in the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>. Because no crosses had been made,<br />
Lambert turned to the ongoing breeding programs in place at the<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Illinois by the USDA, <strong>and</strong> at Iowa State University.<br />
The cooperation with the program at the University <strong>of</strong> Illinois was the<br />
beginning <strong>of</strong> a relationship that lasted more than 20 years. Among the<br />
populations received from Illinois was a cross <strong>of</strong> Lincoln x (Lincoln x<br />
By Pr<strong>of</strong>essor J.H. Orf, a member <strong>of</strong> the department faculty since 1981.
124<br />
Richl<strong>and</strong>), which was distributed to several states. In Minnesota, Renville,<br />
the first variety released from a cross <strong>of</strong> two lines, was from this population.<br />
Renville, released in 1953 <strong>and</strong> adapted to central <strong>and</strong> south-central<br />
Minnesota, had improved yield <strong>and</strong> higher oil content than varieties previously<br />
grown.<br />
Since soybeans are very sensitive to day length – a given variety is<br />
adapted to a 50- to 100-mile north-south b<strong>and</strong> – the breeding project has<br />
attempted to develop varieties for the various areas <strong>of</strong> the state. Varieties,<br />
pedigrees <strong>and</strong> the year <strong>of</strong> release <strong>of</strong> varieties that have been developed <strong>and</strong><br />
released by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station are shown on<br />
pages 126-127. The various varieties were developed for specific areas <strong>of</strong><br />
the state, for specific end uses, <strong>and</strong>/or to address specific disease or production<br />
problems.<br />
Several researchers were involved with soybean variety testing in the<br />
early years <strong>of</strong> the century. The first leader <strong>of</strong> the soybean breeding <strong>and</strong><br />
genetics project was J.W. Lambert, who served from 1946 to 1982. He<br />
also was project leader for barley breeding from 1946 to 1961, when he<br />
decided to devote his full-time effort to soybeans. The acreage <strong>of</strong> soybeans<br />
had grown significantly <strong>and</strong> had then surpassed barley acreage.<br />
J.H. Orf joined the soybean-breeding project in 1981 to begin the<br />
transition to project leadership in 1982. He continues as project leader in<br />
<strong>2000</strong>.<br />
INCREASED FUNDING FOR RESEARCH, 1960-<strong>2000</strong><br />
As the acreage <strong>of</strong> soybeans grown in Minnesota increased there was<br />
increased pressure to appropriate more funds for soybean research. In<br />
1960 the Minnesota legislature passed the soybean special, which allocated<br />
$50,000 for soybean research. This funding enabled the hiring <strong>of</strong> one<br />
person to work on soybean genetics, <strong>and</strong> another to work on soybean<br />
physiology <strong>and</strong> technical support for the research projects. Mauritz Linder<br />
was hired as the technician on the soybean breeding <strong>and</strong> genetics project<br />
with these funds <strong>and</strong> continued in that position until 1986. Phil Schaus<br />
became the head technician after Linder’s retirement <strong>and</strong> remains so<br />
today.<br />
In 1965 the Minnesota Soybean Growers Association voted to assess<br />
a voluntary check<strong>of</strong>f for the research <strong>and</strong> promotion <strong>of</strong> soybeans. Over the<br />
years the soybean breeding <strong>and</strong> genetics project has been the recipient <strong>of</strong><br />
substantial grant support from the Minnesota Soybean Research <strong>and</strong><br />
Promotion Council for breeding <strong>and</strong> other research efforts, as well as for<br />
research equipment.
125<br />
J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> J.H. Orf in soybean experimental plot, early 1980s.<br />
COLLABORATIVE EFFORT<br />
The soybean breeding <strong>and</strong> genetics project has always been a cooperative<br />
team effort. Besides the USDA personnel there has been continuous<br />
cooperation with breeders from surrounding states <strong>and</strong> Canadian<br />
provinces, which has led to the joint release <strong>of</strong> numerous varieties adapted<br />
to Minnesota. Within Minnesota there has been cooperation with<br />
geneticists, plant pathologists, agronomists, plant physiologists, weed scientists,<br />
molecular biologists, biochemists, animal scientists, soil microbiologists,<br />
soil scientists, food scientists <strong>and</strong> entomologists. Agronomists at the<br />
branch stations have always been part <strong>of</strong> the team effort in developing soybean<br />
varieties for Minnesota.<br />
PROBLEMS TO OVERCOME<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the main efforts <strong>of</strong> the soybean-breeding project that continues<br />
today is the development <strong>of</strong> early-maturing varieties adapted to the various<br />
maturity zones in Minnesota. Improved yield has always been a primary<br />
goal <strong>of</strong> the project. In the early years there was a greater effort on<br />
improving oil content; however, in recent years the emphasis has shifted<br />
to protein content. Ideally, producers would like high-yielding, high-oil,<br />
high-protein varieties.<br />
As soybean acreage increased <strong>and</strong> soybeans were grown more frequently<br />
in the crop rotation, diseases became <strong>of</strong> greater concern.<br />
Phytophthora root rot became a concern <strong>of</strong> many producers in the early
126<br />
SOYBEAN VARIETIES SELECTED<br />
AND RELEASED BY THE MINNESOTA<br />
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION<br />
Variety Method <strong>of</strong> Development Year Released<br />
Habaro Pure-line selection from introduction Before 1922<br />
Chestnut Pure-line selection from introduction Before 1922<br />
Minsoy Pure-line selection from introduction Before 1922<br />
Soysota Pure-line selection from introduction Before 1922<br />
Elton Pure-line selection from introduction Before 1922<br />
Minnesota<br />
Manchu<br />
Pure-line selection from introduction Before 1922<br />
Renville Selection from Lincoln x (Lincoln x Richl<strong>and</strong>) 1953<br />
Traverse Selection from Lincoln x Ottawa M<strong>and</strong>arin 1965<br />
Clay Selection from Renville x Capital 1968<br />
Norman Selection from Acme X Hardome 1969<br />
Anoka Selection from [Lincoln x (Lincoln x Richl<strong>and</strong>)] 1970<br />
Ada Selection from Merit x Norman 1972<br />
Steele Selection from Blackhawk x Harosoy 1972<br />
Swift Selection from {[L x R)] x Korean} x {L x (L x R)] x Capital)} 1972<br />
Wilkin Selection from Merit x Harosoy 1972<br />
Evans Selection from Merit x Harosoy 1974<br />
Hodgson Selection from Corsoy x {[L x (L x R)] x PI 180501} 1974<br />
Gr<strong>and</strong>e Selection from Anoka x Magna 1976<br />
Hodgson 78 Selection from Hodgson7 x Merit 1978<br />
McCall Selection from (Acme x Chippewa) x Hark 1978<br />
Simpson Selection from Steele x Hodgson 1982<br />
M70-187 Selection from Merit x [Clark x (Scott2 x Peking)] 1982<br />
Ozzie Selection from Wilkin x Hodgson (yellow hila) 1983<br />
Dawson Selection from Evans x Hodgson (yellow hila) 1983<br />
Selection from [Evans x (Merit x Lee)] x<br />
Chico {[(Capital x Renville) x Corsoy] x 1983<br />
[(Blackhawk x Capital) x Kogane-Jiro]}<br />
Sibley Selection from (Evans x Steele) x Hodgson 1986<br />
Dassel Selection from Evans x (Clay x Altona) 1986<br />
Glenwood Selection from Evans x [(Provar x (Amsoy x PI 248404)] 1987<br />
Kato Selection from [Evans x Hodgson (yellow hila)] x Century 1989<br />
Sturdy Selection from [Evans x Hodgson (yellow hila)] x Century 1989<br />
Minnatto Selection from Evans x PI 437267 1989<br />
Proto<br />
Selection from [(Chippewa 64 x PI 261475) x<br />
PI 189880] x [(PI 261475 x Pridesoy II) x Provar]<br />
1989<br />
Kasota Selection from ([Evans x ([Lincoln2 x Richl<strong>and</strong>) x<br />
Korean] x [Renville x Capital])] x Clay) x Vickery<br />
1990
127<br />
Variety Method <strong>of</strong> Development Year Released<br />
Bert<br />
Selection from [(Renville x Capital) x Corsoy] x<br />
([Korean x [(Lincoln x Richl<strong>and</strong>) x Lincoln) x<br />
([(Lincoln x Richl<strong>and</strong>) x Lincoln) x Capital)] x<br />
Amsoy 71) x [(Corsoy x Wayne)] x Hodgson]<br />
1991<br />
Leslie Selection from Hodgson 78 x Pella 1991<br />
Agassiz Selection from Simpson x (Clay x Evans) 1992<br />
Lambert<br />
Selection from {Evans x [Wayne6 x Clark 63) x<br />
Amsoy 71]} x {[Merit x (Traverse x PI 196163)]<br />
x Hodgson 78}<br />
1992<br />
Parker<br />
Selection from [(Corsoy x Wayne) x ({Mack x<br />
[Wayne x (Clark x Adams)]} x Cutler)] x Dawson<br />
1992<br />
Alpha Selection from Fayette x McCall 1992<br />
Selection from [(Evans x {[(Lincoln2 x Richl<strong>and</strong>) x<br />
Hendricks Korean] x [Renville x Capital)]} x (Clark x Harosoy)] x 1994<br />
({Evans x [Grant x (Lincoln x Hawkeye)]} x Simpson)<br />
Faribault<br />
Selection from {Hodgson 4 x [(Corsoy x Wayne) x<br />
(Chippewa x Higan)]} x (Williams x PI 209332)<br />
1994<br />
M87-1567 Selection from M70-187 x (Williams x PI 87631-1) 1994<br />
Toyopro<br />
Selection from (Dawson x {Provar x [Lincoln2 x<br />
Richl<strong>and</strong>) x PI 180501]}) x {[(Sioux x Harosoy) x 1995<br />
(Sioux x Harosoy)] x [(PI 261475 x Pridesoy II) x Provar]}<br />
Black Kato Black-seeded selection from Kato 1995<br />
Glacier Selection from McCall x Altona 1995<br />
Granite Selection from Sibley x BSR 101 1995<br />
Freeborn Selection from Ozzie x Fayette 1995<br />
MN0301<br />
Selection from Maple Donovan x ({[Merit x (Harosoy x<br />
Norchief)] x [Traverse x PI 196163]} x {Merit x Beeson})<br />
1997<br />
Selection from [((Corsoy x Wayne) x {Mack x [Wayne x<br />
MN1301<br />
(Clark x Adams)] x Cutler}) x {Hodgson4 x [Corsoy x<br />
Wayne) x (Chippewa x Higan)]})] x [Peterson Px20 x<br />
1997<br />
(Hodgson4 x Merit)]<br />
UM3 Selection from Natto x (Chico x PI 437296) 1997<br />
Surge Selection from (Hack x Zane) x Kato 1997<br />
Stride Selection from Hack x Lambert 1997<br />
MN1401 Selection from BSR 101 x Kato 1998<br />
MN0901 Selection from [Evans x (Hodgson x Wells)] x Leslie 1999<br />
MN1801 Selection from Kasota x Kenwood 1999<br />
MN0902CN Selection from Jack x Alpha <strong>2000</strong>
128<br />
1970s. Varieties with Phytophthora resistance were developed <strong>and</strong> rereleased.<br />
Resistance to Phytophthora continues to be an important criterion<br />
for release today.<br />
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) was discovered in Minnesota in<br />
1979. Today, it is a problem in many <strong>of</strong> the major southern Minnesota<br />
soybean-producing areas. Several varieties with SCN resistance that help<br />
producers manage SCN populations have been released. Resistance to<br />
iron deficiency chlorosis has received attention over the years, <strong>and</strong> several<br />
chlorosis-resistant varieties have been released.<br />
Research on nodulation <strong>and</strong> nitrogen fixation has been a long-st<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
cooperative area with scientists from soil microbiology. Non-nodulating<br />
lines as well as lines with improved nitrogen fixation have been developed.<br />
Other more basic research projects have been carried out over the years,<br />
depending on the interests <strong>of</strong> cooperators <strong>and</strong> availability <strong>of</strong> grant funds.<br />
The Minnesota soybean breeding project was the first project in the<br />
department to establish a winter nursery program. The first overwinter<br />
increases were in Mexico <strong>and</strong> Central America; the nursery then was<br />
moved to Chile. The Chile nursery has been valuable for graduate education<br />
as well as more rapid variety development.<br />
Numerous genetic <strong>and</strong> breeding methodology studies carried out by the<br />
soybean breeding project have led to improved varieties <strong>and</strong> germplasm<br />
that has benefited breeders in both the public <strong>and</strong> private sector.<br />
Graduate student education has been a continuing part <strong>of</strong> the project<br />
<strong>and</strong> remains so today.
Chapter 17<br />
Weed Science<br />
Coates P. Bull, Andrew Boss <strong>and</strong> A.C. Arny<br />
taught courses that included weed control <strong>and</strong> identification from about<br />
1910, but there were no specific weed science programs in research,<br />
teaching or extension. From about 1920 weed control was an important<br />
aspect <strong>of</strong> courses <strong>and</strong> farm meetings. From 1923 to 1928 Arny was<br />
superintendent <strong>of</strong> the intercollegiate crops contests, which included weed<br />
identification.<br />
Arny began testing chemicals for control <strong>of</strong> several species <strong>of</strong> perennial<br />
weeds <strong>and</strong> found sodium chlorate to be the most effective. In 1932 he<br />
conducted research on the fluctuation <strong>of</strong> carbohydrate levels in the roots <strong>of</strong><br />
five perennial weed species. His work on the seasonal variation in root<br />
reserves <strong>of</strong> several perennial weed species established when to use tillage<br />
<strong>and</strong>/or chemicals for optimum weed control.<br />
State-federal research on tillage for field bindweed control was the first<br />
major weed control research effort to receive federal support. In 1935<br />
L.M. (Chuck) Stahler was hired by the USDA to conduct research on control<br />
<strong>of</strong> field bindweed on a 160-acre farm at Lamberton, Minnesota. The<br />
farm had been ab<strong>and</strong>oned because <strong>of</strong> field bindweed infections <strong>and</strong> was<br />
condemned by the Minnesota <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Agriculture. Stahler lived in<br />
Lamberton, operated the farm, <strong>and</strong> supervised the research in cooperation<br />
with H.K. Wilson, Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>; the Weed <strong>and</strong><br />
Seed Division <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Agriculture; <strong>and</strong> A. H.<br />
Larson <strong>and</strong> R.B. Harvey, sections <strong>of</strong> agricultural botany <strong>and</strong> plant physiology,<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Pathology <strong>and</strong> Agricultural Botany. Optimum formulations<br />
<strong>and</strong> rates <strong>and</strong> times <strong>of</strong> application <strong>of</strong> sodium chlorate on field<br />
By Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Emeritus Orvin C. Burnside, former department head, who joined the department<br />
faculty in 1985 <strong>and</strong> retired in 1998.
130<br />
bindweed were determined, <strong>and</strong> tillage, competitive cropping, crop<br />
sequence <strong>and</strong> pasturing for control <strong>of</strong> field bindweed were evaluated.<br />
A federal-state project on the use <strong>of</strong> tillage for field bindweed control<br />
was conducted at the Minnesota location at Lamberton <strong>and</strong> at other locations<br />
in Idaho, Iowa, Kansas <strong>and</strong> Nebraska. A major objective was to determine<br />
the optimum cultivation interval for the eradication <strong>of</strong> field bindweed.<br />
The cultivation interval was found to vary with season <strong>and</strong> location. With<br />
the introduction <strong>of</strong> 2,4-D in the mid 1940s the use <strong>of</strong> tillage for field<br />
bindweed control became obsolete. In the final years <strong>of</strong> the federal-state<br />
field bindweed project most <strong>of</strong> the effort was directed toward establishing<br />
the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> 2,4-D for the control <strong>of</strong> broadleaf perennial weeds.<br />
L.M. Stahler <strong>and</strong> R.S. Dunham, who arrived in 1945, were research leaders<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Minnesota 2,4-D project.<br />
W.W. Brookins, followed by M.L. Armour in 1942, were involved in<br />
weed control as part <strong>of</strong> their agronomic extension duties, but there also<br />
was more direct interaction between the public <strong>and</strong> the weed research faculty.<br />
Weed control <strong>and</strong> identification were a part <strong>of</strong> several undergraduate<br />
agronomy courses in both the College <strong>and</strong> the School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture.<br />
Major teaching efforts were involved in short courses such as Farm <strong>and</strong><br />
Home Week, the Flax Institute, Minnesota <strong>and</strong> Northwest Crop<br />
Improvement Association meetings, <strong>and</strong> the Minnesota Weed <strong>and</strong> Seed<br />
Inspectors Short Course, which provided two or more weeks <strong>of</strong> instruction<br />
every winter on the St. Paul campus, mostly in agronomy classrooms.<br />
While the Weed <strong>and</strong> Seed Division <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture organized the program <strong>and</strong> conducted the state regulatory<br />
enforcement sessions, the identification, weed control <strong>and</strong> crop production<br />
sessions were taught by H.K. Wilson, R.S. Dunham, R.G. Robinson <strong>and</strong><br />
A.H. Larson.<br />
The first comprehensive bulletin on weed control, Minnesota<br />
Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 36, was published in 1942.<br />
Publication <strong>of</strong> the weed seedling identification bulletin, Minnesota<br />
Experiment Station Bulletin 397, in 1947, coincided with the advent <strong>of</strong><br />
large-scale spraying to selectively kill weeds in crops. Previous weed identification<br />
publications had dealt with flowering or mature plants; these<br />
growth stages were too late for selective spraying with herbicides.<br />
Field bindweed tillage control work was nearly completed by 1941.<br />
Research was then directed to other nongrass perennial weed species from<br />
1942 to 1944, with emphasis on the less widespread species that Minnesota<br />
<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Agriculture personnel wished to eradicate. Weed<br />
<strong>and</strong> seed inspectors located the problem weed areas. The group that conducted<br />
the trials was led by Stahler <strong>and</strong> included H.K. Wilson, A.H. Larson,<br />
R.G. Robinson <strong>and</strong> C.H. Schafer, chief <strong>of</strong> the Weed <strong>and</strong> Seed Division;
131<br />
<strong>and</strong> occasionally others such as Jack Hyl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Pacific Coast Borax <strong>and</strong><br />
R.B. Harvey. Species to be controlled included such weed species as<br />
Austrian field cress, leafy spurge, horse nettle, poison ivy <strong>and</strong> wild radish.<br />
Lawn weed control research was an agronomy department responsibility<br />
until 1945 when R.B. Harvey developed a large project on lawn <strong>and</strong><br />
golf course weed control.<br />
Research on control <strong>of</strong> annual weeds was begun by R.G. Robinson,<br />
then a graduate student, in the fall <strong>of</strong> 1942 with greenhouse screening trials<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sinox for control <strong>of</strong> about 50 species <strong>of</strong> annual weeds. He began<br />
research on the viability <strong>of</strong> weed seeds in manure in 1943. Robinson's contributions<br />
to weed science extended throughout his career. The availability<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sinox fostered a major weed research effort, led by H.K. Wilson, on<br />
postemergence harrowing versus Sinox for annual weed control in small<br />
grains <strong>and</strong> flax.<br />
R.S. Dunham <strong>and</strong> his students began weed research as a recognized<br />
separate project in the agronomy department. Dunham studied weed seed<br />
biology, weed control in agronomic crops <strong>and</strong> control <strong>of</strong> selected weeds.<br />
R.G. Robinson developed weed control practices for the "new crops" he<br />
studied.<br />
Tillage <strong>and</strong> crop rotation research, begun in 1944 at Waseca, Morris,<br />
Sacred Heart <strong>and</strong> Danube, included comparisons <strong>of</strong> August plowing, fall<br />
plowing <strong>and</strong> surface tillage in preparation for flax production. Crookston<br />
was added to the locations in 1946, <strong>and</strong> Danube <strong>and</strong> Sacred Heart were<br />
dropped. The trials were completed in 1955 <strong>and</strong> reported in Minnesota<br />
Technical Bulletin 230, 1958.<br />
The herbicide 2,4-D became available for testing in 1946 <strong>and</strong> dominated<br />
research effort for the rest <strong>of</strong> the decade. Formulations, rates, dates,<br />
volumes, preemergence <strong>and</strong> postemergence applications, varietal differences,<br />
morphological effects <strong>and</strong> other factors were studied. R.S. Dunham<br />
was chiefly responsible for the early introduction <strong>of</strong> MCPA, which proved<br />
to be superior to 2,4-D in crop safety in oat <strong>and</strong> flax. Many weed species<br />
were screened in MCPA versus 2,4-D trials.<br />
TCA <strong>and</strong> Dalapon were found to selectively kill annual grass weeds in<br />
flax. The flax weed control work from 1946 to 1949 changed flax from<br />
Minnesota's weediest field crop to the cleanest grain-drill-sown annual field<br />
crop (See NCW Research Reports, 1948-50). Dunham's flax research<br />
from 1946 to 1948 <strong>and</strong> Robinson’s work from 1949 to 1958 were summarized<br />
for the NCWCC.<br />
Publication by Robinson in <strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal (41:513-18, 1949) <strong>of</strong><br />
the number <strong>of</strong> viable weed seeds in Minnesota soils was the first published<br />
report in the United States showing the magnitude <strong>of</strong> the weed seed prob-
132<br />
lem in soil. This knowledge contributed to a change from the old concept<br />
<strong>of</strong> weed eradication to the present concept <strong>of</strong> weed control. Robinson’s<br />
reports in the <strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal (41:483- 84 <strong>and</strong> 513-18, 1949) <strong>of</strong> the<br />
use <strong>of</strong> h<strong>and</strong>-weeded plots to measure competitive effects <strong>of</strong> weeds in crops<br />
led to use <strong>of</strong> this technique worldwide by scientists <strong>and</strong> industry.<br />
Robinson also was the first to publish plans for a research plot sprayer<br />
using constant rather than decreasing spray pressure <strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal<br />
(42:57-58. 1950), which led to the adoption <strong>of</strong> this improvement in research<br />
sprayers throughout North America.<br />
R.S. Dunham developed weed control research at the outstate branch<br />
stations to evaluate herbicides <strong>and</strong> crop rotations for weed control. In<br />
1945 he became the first project leader in weed science <strong>and</strong> taught the<br />
first weed control course. He also developed a training course for county<br />
weed inspectors. Dunham also taught agronomy <strong>and</strong> small grains courses;<br />
consequently, his weed control teaching <strong>and</strong> research was a part-time<br />
effort.<br />
In the late 1940s a weed committee was appointed with Dunham as<br />
chairman. The committee had representatives from forestry (Henry<br />
Hansen), botany <strong>and</strong> plant pathology (Thor Kommedahl) <strong>and</strong> horticulture<br />
(Robert Nylund). Its purpose was to coordinate weed science teaching,<br />
research <strong>and</strong> extension activities within the Institute <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Forestry <strong>and</strong> Home Economics. This group developed the first extension<br />
weed control bulletin.<br />
The first use <strong>of</strong> smother crops for biological weed control <strong>and</strong> soil erosion<br />
control in an oilseed crop was reported by R.G. Robinson in the<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal (46:278-81) in 1954. This concept became used in<br />
weed management nationwide.<br />
More practically, the department introduced the concept <strong>of</strong> using<br />
directed rather than over-the-top sprays for weed control in corn, which<br />
also was reported by R.G. Robinson in the <strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal (48:35-37,<br />
1956). The first data showing the fallacy <strong>of</strong> repeated preplanting tillage <strong>of</strong><br />
soil in the spring to kill successive waves <strong>of</strong> emerging weeds upset common<br />
recommendations throughout the U.S. corn-soybean belt (Robinson,<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal, 48:493-95. 1956).<br />
Minnesota was the first to anticipate weed control <strong>and</strong> other problems<br />
in diverting cropl<strong>and</strong> from surplus production to idleness <strong>and</strong> to conduct<br />
weed management research on them. This long-time study, begun in 1956<br />
on both one-year <strong>and</strong> long-time diversions <strong>and</strong> completed in 1968, is still<br />
the most comprehensive scientific base for management <strong>and</strong> restoration <strong>of</strong><br />
diverted acres. In addition to the weed <strong>and</strong> soil erosion control aspects, this<br />
research identified <strong>and</strong> found the cause <strong>of</strong> what is now called the "fallow
133<br />
effect," to which corn is <strong>of</strong>ten susceptible while sunflower <strong>and</strong> many other<br />
crops are not (Robinson, <strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal, 60:619-22 <strong>and</strong> 62:770-<br />
772, 1970). Robinson’s research also showed that crop cover is better for<br />
the following crop than nonseed-producing annual weed cover (<strong>Agronomy</strong><br />
Journal, 62:770-72. 1970).<br />
Dunham retired in 1958. He had served as secretary-treasurer <strong>of</strong> the<br />
North Central Weed Control Committee (NCWCC) in 1948 <strong>and</strong> as president<br />
in 1949. In 1956 he was elected to honorary membership in the<br />
organization. Harley J. Otto arrived as extension agronomist in 1958.<br />
Agronomist R.N. Andersen came to the department in 1961 to conduct<br />
USDA weed control research in sugarbeets. Richard Behrens, who succeeded<br />
Dunham in 1958, was the first faculty member to work full time in<br />
weed science.<br />
In 1959 H.J. Otto began supplying packaged herbicides, plot plans,<br />
<strong>and</strong> instructions for extension agents to establish local demonstration plots<br />
on various weeds <strong>and</strong> crops, but mostly on corn <strong>and</strong> soybean fields.<br />
R.G. Robinson became project leader for "new <strong>and</strong> alternative crops"<br />
<strong>and</strong> led research in weed control for them.<br />
Minnesota researchers were the first to suggest <strong>and</strong> show the value <strong>of</strong><br />
herbicide mixtures to increase the control spectrum <strong>and</strong> the consistency <strong>of</strong><br />
control (Robinson et al., Weeds 12:77-79, 1964). The mixture concept<br />
was not favored by either industry or many weed scientists at the time. This<br />
research was contemporary to the first use <strong>of</strong> vegetable oils to replace<br />
petroleum oil in pesticide sprays, reported by R.G. Robinson in Soybean<br />
Digest (30:14-15, 1970). Bio Veg, manufactured by Bar-zen Inc., Minneapolis,<br />
was the first commercial surfactant to use vegetable instead <strong>of</strong><br />
petroleum oils.<br />
Applied weed control research emphasized the evaluation <strong>of</strong> herbicides<br />
for use in agronomic crops. County demonstration trials provided<br />
important information on crop tolerance <strong>and</strong> weed control efficacy <strong>of</strong> both<br />
widely used <strong>and</strong> new herbicides. This information, as well as data from<br />
more detailed studies at the outstate branch experiment stations, was used<br />
in developing herbicide recommendations for use by Minnesota farmers.<br />
Potential problems <strong>of</strong> herbicide persistence, crop injury symptoms, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
timing <strong>and</strong> rates <strong>of</strong> application were studied. Basic studies during this period<br />
involved the uptake, translocation <strong>and</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> herbicides including<br />
dalapon, phenoxyacetic acids, atrazine <strong>and</strong> EPTC.<br />
R.N. Andersen received recognition for the outst<strong>and</strong>ing article in the<br />
journal Weeds in 1962.
134<br />
R.N. (Bob) Andersen in weed nursery at Rosemount station in the 1970s.<br />
In 1964 G.R. Miller became the department's first full-time extension<br />
weed science specialist. He assumed responsibility for the weed control<br />
demonstration trials from H.J. Otto, <strong>and</strong> for all weed science extension<br />
publications.<br />
One year later the USDA’s ARS built a weed science laboratory on the<br />
St. Paul campus. R.N. Andersen developed a unique weed nursery at the<br />
Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, which he used to evaluate<br />
new herbicides as they became available. This nursery provided a valuable<br />
means <strong>of</strong> determining the relative effectiveness <strong>of</strong> herbicides on 12 important<br />
weed species.<br />
In 1967 R.N. Andersen, USDA, assumed responsibility for soybean weed<br />
control research <strong>and</strong> terminated research on sugarbeet weed control,<br />
Richard Behrens served as president <strong>of</strong> the Weed Science Society <strong>of</strong><br />
America <strong>and</strong> O. E. Str<strong>and</strong> became a half-time weed science extension specialist<br />
while completing his Ph.D.<br />
R. Behrens served as chairman <strong>of</strong> the plant physiology faculty from<br />
1968 to 1970. O.E. Str<strong>and</strong> completed his Ph.D. in 1969 <strong>and</strong> assumed<br />
responsibility for weed identification requests, small grain <strong>and</strong> forage weed<br />
control extension programs, <strong>and</strong> teaching a weed <strong>and</strong> crop identification<br />
course.<br />
Since 1960 any approved herbicide clearances in sunflower, fieldbean,<br />
fieldpea, millet, wild buckwheat, annual canarygrass, grain sorghum, adzu-
135<br />
ki <strong>and</strong> other crops has been based at least partly on field data <strong>and</strong> residue<br />
samples by Robinson. Tolerances <strong>of</strong> dozens <strong>of</strong> species <strong>of</strong> potential crops<br />
to common herbicides were determined.<br />
Comprehensive trials <strong>of</strong> tillage control <strong>of</strong> volunteer sunflower <strong>and</strong> volunteer<br />
proso millet in crop sequences were conducted by Robinson <strong>and</strong><br />
reported in the <strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal (77:288-91 <strong>and</strong> 77:612-16, 1985,<br />
<strong>and</strong> 70:1053-1056, 1978).<br />
During this period considerable effort was directed toward the control<br />
<strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the more troublesome weeds. For the first time, weed scientists<br />
were allowed to develop weed infestations at the branch experiment stations<br />
by seeding such weeds as wild oat or by root cuttings <strong>of</strong> such weeds<br />
as Canada thistle, or through appropriate cultural practices. These uniform<br />
weed infestations were <strong>of</strong> great value in weed competition <strong>and</strong> herbicide<br />
efficacy studies.<br />
Two new troublesome grassy weed species, wild proso millet <strong>and</strong><br />
woolly cupgrass, were identified. These species were tolerant <strong>of</strong> the triazine<br />
herbicides <strong>and</strong> developed into heavy infestations where the triazine<br />
herbicides were used repeatedly for many years. Other weed species<br />
receiving special attention were yellow nutsedge, wild sunflower, white<br />
cockle, leafy spurge <strong>and</strong> American germ<strong>and</strong>er.<br />
Research <strong>of</strong> a more basic nature during this period identified the<br />
extreme sensitivity <strong>of</strong> grassy weed shoots to trifluralin vapors.<br />
Pretreatment environment, light, temperature <strong>and</strong> humidity conditions<br />
were found to have little influence on the response <strong>of</strong> plants to 2,4-D.<br />
Glyphosate translocated to <strong>and</strong> accumulated in the tips <strong>of</strong> quackgrass rhizomes<br />
but did not accumulate in buds close to the treated mother shoot.<br />
These buds survived glyphosate treatments <strong>and</strong> resulted in quackgrass<br />
recovery.<br />
Extensive studies with dicamba confirmed that vapor injury to nearby<br />
sensitive crops may occur for several days after dicamba applications.<br />
Studies with glyphosate indicated that its herbicidal effectiveness is reduced<br />
if plants are wet with dew or rain at the time <strong>of</strong> application.<br />
Excellent st<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Canada thistle were established in one year's time<br />
by transplanting Canada thistle plants, started from root segments in the<br />
greenhouse, at 6-foot spacings in the field. Canada thistle competition with<br />
corn <strong>and</strong> with soybean was compared. The vigor <strong>of</strong> Canada thistle <strong>and</strong><br />
yield loss due to it was greater in soybean than in corn.<br />
A. Dexter was hired with responsibility for sugarbeet weed control<br />
extension <strong>and</strong> research. This position was unique in that Dexter was hired
136<br />
WEED SCIENCE PERSONNEL<br />
Service<br />
Full-Time<br />
Began/ Area <strong>of</strong> % Time Weed Science<br />
Ended Name Responsibility Commitment Equivalents<br />
1910 A.C. Arny Teaching 10 0.10<br />
1927 H.K. Wilson Teaching 25 0.35<br />
1944 L.M. Stahler Research 100 1.35<br />
1945 R.S. Dunham Teaching/research 75 2.10<br />
1948 R.G. Robinson Research 25 2.35<br />
1945 H.K. Wilson Retired – 2.10<br />
1946 A.C. Arny Retired – 2.00<br />
1948 L.M. Stahler Retired – 1.00<br />
1958 R.S. Dunham Retired – 0.25<br />
1958 R. Behrens Teaching/research 100 1.25<br />
1961 R.N. Andersen Research, USDA 100 2.25<br />
1964 G.R. Miller Extension 100 3.25<br />
1969 O.E. Str<strong>and</strong> Extension/teaching 100 4.25<br />
1970 A. Dexter* Research/extension 50 4.75<br />
1974 D.L. Wyse Teaching/research 100 5.75<br />
1980 B.J. Majek Extrension 100 6.75<br />
1981 B.J. Majek Resigned – 6.75<br />
1983 J.W. Gronwald Research, USDA 100 6.75<br />
1983 G.R. Miller To extension administration 5.75<br />
1983 O.E. Str<strong>and</strong> Deceased – 4.75<br />
1984 C.R. Eberlein Teaching/research 100 5.75<br />
1986 R.G. Robinson Retired – 5.50<br />
1985 B.R. Durgan Extension 100 6.50<br />
1986 J. Gunsolus Extension 100 7.50<br />
1986 R. Behrens Retired – 6.50<br />
1987 R. Becker Extension 100 7.50<br />
1989 C.E. Eberlein Resigned – 6.50<br />
1989 B. Maxwell Teaching/research 100 7.50<br />
1989 R.N. Andersen Retired – 6.50<br />
1989 D. Buhler Research, USDA 100 7.50<br />
1990 O.C. Burnside Research/teaching 100 8.50<br />
1992 D.L. Wyse To 50% sustainable agriculture 50 8.00<br />
1993 D. Buhler Transferred to Iowa – 7.00<br />
1992 B. Maxwell Transferred to Montana – 6.00<br />
1994 J.W. Gronwald Left weed science – 5.00<br />
1994 N. Jordan Teaching/research 100 6.00<br />
1994 G. Johnson Research 100 7.00<br />
1998 E. Dyck Teaching/research 40 7.40<br />
*A. Dexter had a joint Minnesota/North Dakota appointment, commiting half his time to<br />
each state.
137<br />
jointly by the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota <strong>and</strong> North Dakota State University<br />
<strong>and</strong> covered sugarbeet weed science activities in both North Dakota <strong>and</strong><br />
Minnesota.<br />
R. Behrens was elected WSSA Fellow <strong>and</strong> NCWCC honorary member<br />
in 1973.<br />
D.L. Wyse was appointed to a new position as a full-time weed scientist<br />
with teaching <strong>and</strong> research responsibilities in 1974. He taught weed<br />
control, <strong>and</strong> conducted research in perennial weed control <strong>and</strong> in weed<br />
control in grass seed production in northern Minnesota.<br />
R. Behrens initiated a new course, advanced weed science, in 1976.<br />
The weed science research team increased to three with the addition<br />
<strong>of</strong> J.W. Gronwald. Herbicide evaluation research <strong>and</strong> studies on specific<br />
troublesome weeds increased, but the county weed control demonstration<br />
trials were terminated in 1980.<br />
In studies <strong>of</strong> the influence <strong>of</strong> post-treatment rainfall on the effectiveness<br />
<strong>of</strong> 2,4-D treatments, ester formulations reached maximum herbicidal<br />
effectiveness if rainfall did not occur for an hour or more after treatment.<br />
Amine formulations required a 24-hour pre-rainfall period to reach maximum<br />
herbicidal effectiveness.<br />
Computer programs were developed for processing data from herbicide<br />
evaluation trials <strong>and</strong> for selecting the appropriate herbicide to use on<br />
specific weed populations in corn, soybean <strong>and</strong> small grains.<br />
The loss <strong>of</strong> carbamate herbicidal effectiveness with repeated annual<br />
use was demonstrated in field experiments.<br />
B.J. Majek was hired to a new position as a full-time weed science<br />
extension specialist responsible for soybean weed control in 1980; he<br />
resigned in 1981. O.C. Burnside was elected president <strong>of</strong> WSSA in 1986.<br />
J.W. Gronwald was hired to a new USDA position as a weed science plant<br />
physiologist with responsibilities on mode <strong>of</strong> herbicide action research in<br />
1983.<br />
Weed science extension activities were disrupted with the sudden<br />
death <strong>of</strong> O.E. Str<strong>and</strong> in 1983 <strong>and</strong> G.R. Miller's transfer to extension<br />
administration in 1983. R. Behrens assumed full-time weed science extension<br />
responsibilities. C.E. Eberlein, a full-time weed science teacher <strong>and</strong><br />
researcher, succeeded R. Behrens who retired in 1986.<br />
R.G. Robinson retired in 1986. His weed science activities on new<br />
<strong>and</strong> alternative crops were discontinued.<br />
G.R. Miller was elected president <strong>of</strong> NCWCC in 1986. B.R. Durgan<br />
was appointed to a full-time weed science teaching, extension <strong>and</strong> research
138<br />
position to replace O.E. Str<strong>and</strong>. Durgan taught weed <strong>and</strong> crop identification<br />
<strong>and</strong> assumed weed science research <strong>and</strong> extension activities on small<br />
grains.<br />
J. Gunsolus was appointed to a full-time weed science extension <strong>and</strong><br />
research position to succeed G.R. Miller in 1986. Gunsolus assumed corn<br />
<strong>and</strong> soybean weed control research <strong>and</strong> extension duties.<br />
R. Becker was hired as full-time weed science extension <strong>and</strong> research<br />
in pasture, forage, <strong>and</strong> non-cropl<strong>and</strong> weed control <strong>and</strong> water quality issures<br />
in 1987. C.E. Eberlein resigned in 1989 <strong>and</strong> was succeeded by B.<br />
Maxwell. R.N. Andersen retired in 1989 <strong>and</strong> was succeeded by D. Buhler<br />
in a USDA full-time weed science research position.<br />
In 1990 Orvin Burnside stepped down as department head to serve<br />
full-time as a weed scientist in teaching <strong>and</strong> research. In 1992 Don Wyse<br />
accepted a half-time appointment as executive director <strong>of</strong> sustainable agriculture.<br />
B. Maxwell resigned in 1992 to go to Montana State University,<br />
<strong>and</strong> D. Buhler, USDA-ARS, was transferred to Iowa. Buhler was not<br />
replaced, <strong>and</strong> the weed science greenhouse <strong>and</strong> headhouse became a facility<br />
for forage breeding.<br />
The 1990s brought an emphasis on the impact <strong>of</strong> weed management<br />
on the environment, with research on reduced tillage, the impact <strong>of</strong> herbicides<br />
on water quality <strong>and</strong> a reinforcing <strong>of</strong> the biological nature <strong>of</strong> weed<br />
control. John Gronwald transferred within USDA-ARS in 1994, shifting<br />
from weed science to biological control. Nick Jordan joined the faculty in<br />
1994 in a teaching/research position with an emphasis on weed ecology.<br />
Roger Becker assumed responsibility for weed control in several key horticultural<br />
crops (potatoes, peas <strong>and</strong> sweet corn) <strong>and</strong> research on biological<br />
control <strong>of</strong> purple loosestrife <strong>and</strong> other perennial weeds.<br />
Weed research <strong>and</strong> outreach activities were strengthened by the addition<br />
<strong>of</strong> department faculty at research <strong>and</strong> outreach centers. Gregg<br />
Johnson joined the Southern Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach Center, Waseca, in<br />
1994, emphasizing site-specific weed management <strong>and</strong> weed population<br />
dynamics. Elizabeth Dyck was employed in 1998 on a joint appointment<br />
between Southwest State University, Marshall, <strong>and</strong> the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota.<br />
In addition to teaching at Marshall she conducts research on weed<br />
management in organic cropping systems at the Southwest Research <strong>and</strong><br />
Outreach Center, Lamberton
Chapter 18<br />
Wheat Improvement<br />
Efforts to develop the best varieties <strong>of</strong> wheat<br />
adapted to the state began soon after the Minnesota Agricultural<br />
Experiment Station was established. In <strong>1888</strong> <strong>and</strong> 1889 agronomist W.M.<br />
Hays <strong>and</strong> cereal chemist D.N. Harper collected about 200 varieties or samples<br />
<strong>of</strong> wheat from various sources — the best varieties then grown in<br />
Minnesota <strong>and</strong> other states; samples from U.S. consuls in Hungary, Russia<br />
<strong>and</strong> elsewhere in Europe; <strong>and</strong> from experiment stations, grain merchants<br />
<strong>and</strong> individuals in Canada.<br />
Harper, the station chemist, analyzed many <strong>of</strong> the varieties, “to determine<br />
whether any ... were superior to our own.” He found some <strong>of</strong> interest,<br />
“but none more valuable than our Fife <strong>and</strong> Blue Stem.” By Dec. 31,<br />
1898, 552 varieties or samples <strong>of</strong> wheat had been entered in the station’s<br />
variety history book. Several came from Minnesota farmers, most came<br />
from foreign countries <strong>and</strong> other states; 49 were listed as originated, 6 <strong>of</strong><br />
them cross-bred. The table (next page) shows the complete list <strong>of</strong> released<br />
varieties from the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
released jointly with the USDA-ARS.<br />
Collecting <strong>and</strong> Testing Varieties <strong>of</strong> Wheat by W.M. Hays <strong>and</strong><br />
Andrew Boss, Station Bulletin 62, issued in 1899, chronicles the early<br />
years <strong>of</strong> wheat variety testing <strong>and</strong> breeding. “<strong>Plant</strong> breeding is in infancy,<br />
<strong>and</strong> plans for extensively <strong>and</strong> scientifically breeding this crop had to be<br />
devised rather than copied,” they wrote. While Gregor Mendel had published<br />
his important laws <strong>of</strong> heredity in 1866, their full significance was not<br />
realized until much later.<br />
“The method <strong>of</strong> planting <strong>and</strong> selecting wheat in the field crop nursery,<br />
when first begun in 1892, was crude in many ways,” wrote Boss <strong>and</strong> Hays.<br />
By Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Emeritus Robert Busch, USDA-ARS spring wheat improvement project leader<br />
from 1978 to <strong>2000</strong>. He retired from the department faculty in <strong>2000</strong>.
140<br />
VARIETIES RELEASED FROM COLLABORATIVE<br />
USDA-ARS / UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA<br />
WHEAT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS<br />
Class <strong>of</strong> Wheat Name Year <strong>of</strong> Release<br />
Durum<br />
Spelmar
141<br />
Preparation for seeding<br />
wheat research plots.<br />
“The important feature <strong>of</strong> dealing with the individual plant in selection was,<br />
however, fully recognized, <strong>and</strong> not only the yield but the quality <strong>of</strong> the grain<br />
<strong>and</strong> other characteristics, were taken into account in selecting plants to<br />
become the mother <strong>of</strong> varieties,” they noted.<br />
Wheat breeding in those early years consisted mostly <strong>of</strong> selection from<br />
l<strong>and</strong>races <strong>and</strong>, in the late 1890s <strong>and</strong> early 1900s, <strong>of</strong> making relatively simple<br />
crosses <strong>and</strong> backcrosses <strong>of</strong> varieties with desirable traits. The 10th<br />
annual report <strong>of</strong> the experiment station, 1901-02, notes that Minn. No.<br />
163 wheat (Improved Fife) was distributed in 1899, “<strong>and</strong> a second newly<br />
bred wheat, No. 169 (Haynes Bluestem), was distributed in spring 1902.”<br />
A third wheat release, No. 188, described as “an early wheat <strong>of</strong> good yielding<br />
quality,” was noted in the 14th annual report, 1905-06. All <strong>of</strong> these<br />
releases were selection from noted l<strong>and</strong>races. In the early 1900s, breeding<br />
effort was directed toward s<strong>of</strong>t winter wheats, hard winter wheats <strong>and</strong><br />
spring wheats, as well as some work on durum wheats.<br />
While cooperation in plant breeding with the USDA was first mentioned<br />
in the experiment station’s 1901-02 annual report, 1907 is generally<br />
acknowledged as the beginning <strong>of</strong> the cooperative wheat-breeding program<br />
between the station <strong>and</strong> USDA. Minard, a hard red winter wheat,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Glyndon, a hard red spring wheat, both released in 1915, were the
142<br />
first Minnesota/USDA wheat releases. Mindum, a durum was released in<br />
1917 <strong>and</strong> Minturki, a hard red winter wheat, was released in 1919.<br />
Stem rust epidemics had become a serious problem <strong>and</strong> no rust-resistant<br />
bread wheats were available. The situation looked bleak because the<br />
only wheats with stem rust resistance were emmers, einkorn <strong>and</strong> some<br />
durums. E.C. Stakman, who came to the University in 1909 as an instructor<br />
in plant pathology <strong>and</strong> later headed that department, began research<br />
to identify various races <strong>of</strong> stem rust <strong>and</strong> their ability to infect specific<br />
wheat varieties. Data he collected led to a cooperative effort between plant<br />
pathologists <strong>and</strong> agronomists to develop rust-resistant wheat varieties.<br />
While it was then generally believed that genetic factors would not permit<br />
combining the rust resistance <strong>of</strong> the emmers, einkorns <strong>and</strong> durums<br />
with the quality <strong>of</strong> the bread wheats, the unexpected occurred. From many<br />
thous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> hybrid plants resulting from a cross between Iumillo durum<br />
<strong>and</strong> Marquis wheat in 1915, four selections combined the bread wheat<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> the Marquis parent with the high stem rust resistance <strong>of</strong><br />
the durum. One <strong>of</strong> these lines became Marquillo, a hard red spring wheat<br />
released in 1928. Marquillo survived stem rust epidemics well but was<br />
unpopular because <strong>of</strong> the poor color <strong>of</strong> its flour.<br />
Under the leadership <strong>of</strong> H.K. Hayes, who came to Minnesota from the<br />
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station as plant breeder in 1915,<br />
another selection from a Marquis/Iumillo cross was crossed with a selection<br />
from a cross <strong>of</strong> Marquis with Kanred, a hard red winter wheat immune to<br />
many races <strong>of</strong> stem rust discovered since 1916. Years later, in 1934,<br />
Thatcher, the best product from this series <strong>of</strong> crosses was released.<br />
Thatcher came through the stem rust epidemics <strong>of</strong> 1935 <strong>and</strong> 1937 virtually<br />
unscathed <strong>and</strong> rose to great popularity. Thatcher was grown on about 17<br />
million acres in the United States <strong>and</strong> Canada in 1941, was still the principal<br />
spring wheat grown in North America in 1951, <strong>and</strong> continued to be the<br />
leading variety in acreage in Montana as late as the mid 1960s.<br />
While Thatcher had strong resistance to stem rust, it was highly susceptible<br />
to leaf rust <strong>and</strong> scab. E.R. Ausemus, who came to the department<br />
in 1929 under a USDA appointment to head the hard red spring wheat<br />
improvement project, was instrumental in development <strong>of</strong> Newthatch,<br />
released in 1944. He <strong>and</strong> Stakman described the genesis <strong>of</strong> Newthatch in<br />
the Oct. 15, 1944, issue <strong>of</strong> Minnesota Farm <strong>and</strong> Home Science:<br />
Thatcher was crossed with Hope, a variety bred in South Dakota by crossing<br />
Marquis with Yaroslav Emmer. Although Hope was not a good wheat,<br />
it did have resistance to leaf <strong>and</strong> stem rust <strong>and</strong> several other diseases. To<br />
retain all <strong>of</strong> Thatcher’s good characters while adding leaf rust resistance to<br />
it, the backcross method was used, which simply means that Thatcher was
143<br />
crossed with Hope <strong>and</strong> then the hybrid was bred back to Thatcher for two<br />
successive generations. Newthatch was obtained from these backcrosses by<br />
selecting plants that were resistant to leaf <strong>and</strong> stem rust.<br />
The battle against stem rust continued unabated during the 1940s <strong>and</strong><br />
1950s <strong>and</strong> led to the introduction <strong>of</strong> stem rust resistant wheats from Kenya<br />
for crossing with wheats adapted to the Upper Midwest. Other significant<br />
wheats were introduced from Brazil for resistance to leaf rust. Ausemus led in<br />
the development <strong>of</strong> Lee, released in 1951, Willet in 1954, <strong>and</strong> Crim in 1963.<br />
He also provided lines <strong>and</strong> germplasm for his successor, Robert Heiner.<br />
In 1965 Heiner released Chris, which occupied the majority <strong>of</strong> acreage<br />
in Minnesota <strong>and</strong> about 20% <strong>of</strong> the acreage in North Dakota as well. It was<br />
the first variety to incorporate adult leaf rust resistance from Frontana, a<br />
variety with high protein <strong>and</strong> excellent leaf rust resistance introduced from<br />
Brazil. This cross was especially significant because almost all Minnesota<br />
released varieties since Chris have possessed adult leaf rust resistance from<br />
Frontana. Frontana also possessed genes for high protein, a trait also present<br />
in Chris. Chris became the bread-making quality st<strong>and</strong>ard for the industry<br />
during its very successful production.<br />
Heiner also released Polk wheat in 1968, which had very high baking<br />
quality but did not have as high a protein as Chris <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fered little additional<br />
agronomic merit.<br />
Era <strong>and</strong> Fletcher, released in 1970, were selections from the same<br />
cross. Both were semidwarf in stature, the first spring wheat semidwarf<br />
varieties released by a public institution in the spring wheat region. These<br />
semidwarf varieties <strong>of</strong>fered improved lodging resistance over the commonly<br />
grown tall wheat varieties.<br />
Era was at least 25% higher yielding than Chris, the leading variety,<br />
<strong>and</strong> had better lodging resistance <strong>and</strong> comparable disease resistance. But<br />
Era had poorer bread-making quality than Chris, with more than 2 percentage<br />
points lower protein, low water absorption <strong>of</strong> the flour <strong>and</strong> lower<br />
loaf volume.<br />
Fletcher, the sister line released simultaneously with Era, was about<br />
15% lower in yield but had higher protein <strong>and</strong> better bread-making quality.<br />
Unfortunately, Fletcher did not possess sufficient adult leaf rust resistant<br />
genes <strong>and</strong> developed susceptibility to leaf rust. Fletcher could not compete<br />
against the high yield <strong>of</strong> Era, which became the dominant variety in<br />
Minnesota occupying over 70% <strong>of</strong> the acreage <strong>and</strong> up to 10% <strong>of</strong> North<br />
Dakota’s acreage for several years. Era remained the leading variety in<br />
Minnesota from 1973 through 1983, primarily because <strong>of</strong> high yielding<br />
ability.
144<br />
Heiner was responsible for the release <strong>of</strong> Kitt in 1975, a mediumyielding<br />
semidwarf variety with medium protein <strong>and</strong> good bread-making<br />
quality. Kitt occupied about 15-20% <strong>of</strong> Minnesota’s acreage but the producers<br />
continued to grow mainly the Era variety. Kitt is notable because <strong>of</strong><br />
its excellent leaf spotting disease resistance <strong>and</strong> resistance to both leaf <strong>and</strong><br />
stem rust. To replace Era with Kitt required a protein premium in the marketplace,<br />
but the protein premium incentives were insufficient to grow the<br />
lower-yielding variety.<br />
Robert Heiner left the USDA-ARS wheat breeding position in 1977<br />
but the germplasm from this program provided the basis for continued hard<br />
red spring wheat development.<br />
Angus, a sister line <strong>of</strong> Kitt, was<br />
released from Minnesota in 1975<br />
after Heiner left. Susceptibility to<br />
bacterial leaf blight, bronze chaff<br />
color (which producers thought<br />
indicated rust), <strong>and</strong> lower yield<br />
than Era all prevented wide-scale<br />
adoption by producers.<br />
Disease-resistance breeding<br />
for leaf <strong>and</strong> stem rust were <strong>of</strong><br />
major importance during this<br />
period. Donald McVey, USDA-<br />
ARS plant pathologist, collaborated<br />
to screen the wheat germplasm<br />
for resistance throughout<br />
the period <strong>of</strong> Heiner’s leadership<br />
<strong>of</strong> the wheat breeding project<br />
<strong>and</strong> was the co-author on most <strong>of</strong><br />
the later varieties released.<br />
Robert (Bob) Busch, wheat breeder<br />
from 1978 to <strong>2000</strong>.<br />
Robert Busch became leader<br />
<strong>of</strong> the USDA-ARS hard red<br />
spring wheat genetics <strong>and</strong> breeding<br />
program in1978 <strong>and</strong> led it through 1999. Donald McVey again was a<br />
close collaborator for improving stem <strong>and</strong> leaf rust resistance <strong>and</strong> was coauthor<br />
on all varieties released during Busch’s leadership.<br />
Marshall was released in 1982 <strong>and</strong> in 1984, only one year after major<br />
seed increase, was seeded on more than 2.5 million acres. Marshall was<br />
the leading variety in Minnesota from 1983 through 1990, grown on more<br />
than 70% <strong>of</strong> Minnesota’s wheat acreage. Marshall also became the leading<br />
variety in North Dakota from 1985 through 1987, occupying more than
145<br />
33% <strong>of</strong> its acreage. During its peak production years Marshall occupied<br />
more than 5 million acres in the United States.<br />
Wheaton, released in 1983, occupied about 20% <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota<br />
acreage at its peak. Although higher yielding, it had trouble competing<br />
with Marshall. The International Maize <strong>and</strong> Wheat Improvement Center<br />
(CIMMYT) in Mexico entered Wheaton <strong>and</strong> several sister lines in its international<br />
yield nurseries because <strong>of</strong> their high stable yields <strong>and</strong> rust resistance.<br />
This germplasm became available to international breeding programs<br />
through these nurseries. A Minnesota selection, MN72131, which<br />
was not released in Minnesota, was tested by CIMMYT in South America<br />
<strong>and</strong> released as Cordillera 4 in Paraguay in 1986 because <strong>of</strong> its excellent<br />
disease resistance.<br />
Potential new varieties had to exceed Marshall for high stable grain<br />
yield, which was a very difficult assignment. No new varieties were released<br />
until introduction <strong>of</strong> Vance <strong>and</strong> Minnpro in 1989. Both had improved protein,<br />
leaf rust resistance <strong>and</strong> baking properties, but were little improved in<br />
yield.<br />
Norm, released in 1992, during its increase year exceeded 100<br />
bushels per acre on an increase field <strong>of</strong> more than 20 acres. Although<br />
Norm had been tested in an inoculated Fusarium head blight (scab) nursery<br />
for several years, the scab epidemic <strong>of</strong> 1993 demonstrated its susceptibility<br />
to growers.<br />
Scab became the main focus <strong>of</strong> the wheat breeding programs in the<br />
Upper Midwest when 1993 losses for wheat <strong>and</strong> barley in Minnesota,<br />
North Dakota <strong>and</strong> South Dakota approached $1 billion. The wheat breeding<br />
program had started a screening nursery for scab in 1986, but wheat<br />
lines are difficult to evaluate for partial resistance. The breeding program<br />
worked collaboratively with Roy Wilcoxson, plant pathology, but major<br />
progress for partial resistance was difficult to obtain. Wheat lines from<br />
China were identified as having superior resistance <strong>and</strong> some hybridization<br />
was done in 1989.<br />
The massive epidemics <strong>of</strong> scab continued in 1994, with the Red River<br />
Valley suffering huge losses in yield <strong>and</strong> quality. Roy Wilcoxson retired <strong>and</strong><br />
Ruth Dill-Macky became the collaborating plant pathologist, with the primary<br />
emphasis <strong>of</strong> research focused on scab. Scab continued to be a problem<br />
in 1995 as well <strong>and</strong> has become an important wheat disease in more<br />
than 12 states because <strong>of</strong> wet weather <strong>and</strong> cropping system changes.<br />
Verde, a semidwarf variety released in 1995, possessed high yield <strong>and</strong><br />
resistance to the rusts <strong>and</strong> foliar diseases but was moderately susceptible to<br />
scab. BacUp, released in 1996, possessed high resistance to scab spread in<br />
the spike from a Japanese variety <strong>and</strong> the ability to maintain seed weight or
146<br />
kernel tolerance to scab. It also had very high protein (2 percentage points<br />
higher than other spring wheat varieties) <strong>and</strong> high test weight. Because <strong>of</strong><br />
relatively low yield <strong>and</strong> lodging problems it was recommended to farmers<br />
for limited production in areas prone to severe possibilities <strong>of</strong> scab.<br />
HJ98 was named for Herbert W. Johnson, a former agronomy department<br />
head, <strong>and</strong> the year it was released. HJ98 is a semidwarf with<br />
high yield, medium protein <strong>and</strong> a medium-high level <strong>of</strong> resistance to scabspread<br />
in the spike. It does not possess high levels <strong>of</strong> kernel tolerance to<br />
scab but performs well under field conditions.<br />
McVey was released in 1999 as the first variety with high levels <strong>of</strong><br />
resistance to scab spread in the spike <strong>and</strong> very high yield under both scab<br />
<strong>and</strong> no-scab conditions. McVey, which possesses resistance from Chinese<br />
varieties, is suitable primarily in the northern portion <strong>of</strong> the Red River<br />
Valley because it is late maturing. McVey is lower than desired in protein<br />
<strong>and</strong> has relatively low test weight.<br />
Jim Anderson arrived in 1998 to lead a state-funded wheat-breeding<br />
program <strong>and</strong> Robert Busch retired in <strong>2000</strong>. The USDA-ARS position,<br />
when refilled, will continue work on wheat genetics <strong>and</strong> germplasm<br />
enhancement.<br />
E. Ausemus, R. Heiner, <strong>and</strong> R. Busch were each coordinators for the<br />
Hard Red Spring Wheat Uniform Regional Performance Nursery while<br />
employed by the USDA-ARS <strong>and</strong> stationed at the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota.<br />
This nursery is valuable to wheat breeders in the Upper Midwest because<br />
wheat is grown at about 20 locations in 7 states <strong>and</strong> 2 provinces in<br />
Canada, enabling breeders to evaluate their elite lines across widely varying<br />
environmental conditions in one year. It also enables an interchange <strong>of</strong><br />
elite germplasm among the wheat breeders in the spring-wheat region.<br />
An additional uniform testing nursery was initiated in the spring wheat<br />
region in 1995 to allow wide-area testing for scab resistance <strong>of</strong> germplasm<br />
<strong>and</strong> to serve as a germplasm exchange at six locations. This nursery<br />
enables most breeding programs to evaluate the germplasm under their<br />
own growing conditions <strong>and</strong> is highly important for the rapid introduction<br />
<strong>of</strong> newer sources <strong>of</strong> scab-resistant germplasm into public <strong>and</strong> private<br />
breeding programs in the Upper Midwest <strong>and</strong> Canada.
Chapter 19<br />
Wild Rice Breeding<br />
And Production<br />
Domestication <strong>of</strong> naturally occurring wild rice<br />
(Zizania palustris L.), in the upper midwestern United States <strong>and</strong> central<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> southern Canada has intrigued botanists <strong>and</strong> others since the late<br />
1700s. In 1852 Joseph Bowron in Wisconsin envisioned that “cultivation<br />
<strong>of</strong> wild rice could be pr<strong>of</strong>itable, by having dams so as to flood the l<strong>and</strong> at<br />
pleasure.” In 1853 Oliver Kelly, founder <strong>of</strong> the National Grange, in<br />
Wisconsin said “There are thous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> acres in state that may be sown<br />
with this crop to good advantage.” Between 1906 <strong>and</strong> 1950 the USDA<br />
collected seed <strong>and</strong> grew wild rice at Beltsville, Maryl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
In 1951 a conference was held on the St. Paul campus to discuss wild<br />
rice problems <strong>and</strong> formulate means <strong>of</strong> solving them. Twenty-three attended,<br />
including R.G. Robinson <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong><br />
<strong>Genetics</strong>, <strong>and</strong> a tentative program for research <strong>and</strong> investigation <strong>of</strong> wild<br />
rice in Minnesota was developed. The proposal included the establishment<br />
<strong>of</strong> a breeding program. Funding for the overall program was not obtained<br />
<strong>and</strong> the group disb<strong>and</strong>ed in 1956 or 1957. Robinson, however, worked<br />
with the Godward Brothers near Merrifield, Minnesota, in their efforts in<br />
the early 1950s to grow wild rice in specially designed fields (paddies).<br />
Alfred Rogosin, a graduate student in botany, did some research on wild<br />
rice in the early 1950s.<br />
Erwin Brooks, a graduate student in agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics during<br />
1963-1964, received a grant from the Bureau <strong>of</strong> Indian Affairs to study<br />
wild rice on Native American reservations. Brooks <strong>and</strong> Paul Yagu, a geneticist<br />
<strong>and</strong> an assistant in the agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics department,<br />
worked with Algot Johnson, a wild rice grower near Waskish, Minnesota,<br />
By Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Emeritus Ervin A. Oelke, who joined the department faculty in 1968 <strong>and</strong> retired<br />
in <strong>2000</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Raymond A. Porter, research associate, North Central Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach<br />
Center, Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids, Minnesota.
148<br />
where they made some plant collections from a field planted with a lake<br />
type <strong>of</strong> wild rice. These selections, grown at the St. Paul campus in 1964,<br />
appeared to be more resistant to seed shattering than the lake type; they<br />
were the beginning <strong>of</strong> the wild rice breeding programs. Funds were not<br />
available for a wild rice breeding program at the University, so Brooks was<br />
given one-third <strong>of</strong> the seed, one-third went to Yagu <strong>and</strong> the other third<br />
stayed at the University. Yagu later gave his seed to Johnson.<br />
Brooks founded the Manomin Development Co., intending to develop<br />
varieties. The company hired a plant breeder who found more “nonshattering”<br />
plants in some lakes <strong>and</strong> developed a few varieties. The company<br />
no longer develops varieties but is actively growing wild rice. No breeding<br />
program was immediately started at the University <strong>and</strong> all <strong>of</strong> the seed was<br />
lost. Johnson, with the help <strong>of</strong> Franklin Kosbau, Waskish, Minnesota, continued<br />
to increase the nonshattering seed, which eventually became the<br />
late-maturing, nonshattering variety “Johnson.”<br />
Franklin Kosbau started his own selection program for shattering resistance<br />
<strong>and</strong> found more nonshattering plants in his production fields. Kosbau<br />
formed a relationship with Karl Kaukis, a plant breeder with Green Giant,<br />
Le Sueur, Minnesota, which was interested in marketing wild rice as a<br />
frozen food <strong>and</strong> wanted to develop its own varieties. In 1965 <strong>and</strong> 1966<br />
Green Giant provided some funding for disease research on wild rice to<br />
Tom King, a University plant pathologist. When Green Giant discontinued<br />
its breeding program Kaukis gave half <strong>of</strong> the genetic material to Franklin<br />
Kosbau <strong>and</strong> the other half to the University.<br />
Ervin Oelke, an agronomist with rice production experience, was hired<br />
by the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> in June 1968. In July<br />
1971 the legislature appropriated funding for production <strong>and</strong> breeding<br />
projects. Oelke started wild rice production <strong>and</strong> seed physiology research<br />
in 1972 <strong>and</strong> was named coordinator <strong>of</strong> wild rice research at the University.<br />
Kaukis gave Green Giant’s seed to Oelke, who planted it on the St. Paul<br />
campus in spring 1972. Anson Elliott, the new wild rice breeder joined the<br />
faculty that summer.<br />
PLANT BREEDING RESEARCH<br />
Anson Elliott utilized the Green Giant seed as the beginning genetic<br />
pool <strong>of</strong> wild rice for the department’s long-term wild rice breeding program.<br />
He later obtained genetic material from Manomin Development<br />
Co., Kosbau Brothers, Algot Johnson <strong>and</strong> other growers. He also collected<br />
seed from various Minnesota lakes <strong>and</strong> rivers.<br />
Elliott left the <strong>Department</strong> in December 1977 <strong>and</strong> Robert Stucker<br />
assumed leadership <strong>of</strong> the wild rice breeding program in 1978. When
149<br />
Wild rice research paddies at North Central Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach Center,<br />
Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids.<br />
Stucker switched responsibilities to statistics in 1989 Raymond Porter<br />
became leader <strong>of</strong> the wild rice breeding program. He is the present wild<br />
rice breeder <strong>and</strong> is located at the North Central Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach<br />
Center, Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids.<br />
Ronald Phillips began mapping genes <strong>of</strong> wild rice in 1987 to assist the<br />
breeding program. He has found that similar genes in wild rice <strong>and</strong> rice<br />
(Oryza sativa) are located in similar locations <strong>of</strong> the respective chromosomes.<br />
The initial objectives <strong>of</strong> the breeding program were to develop varieties<br />
with increased shattering resistance, leaf disease resistance, earlier<br />
maturity, more lodging resistance <strong>and</strong> more tiller synchrony. These objectives<br />
are true for the breeding project today, with the addition <strong>of</strong> fixing the<br />
nonshattering genes <strong>and</strong> developing varieties with nondormant seed that<br />
can be stored in dry conditions.<br />
The breeding program has developed <strong>and</strong> released five varieties since<br />
1972. Growers developed four varieties between 1968 <strong>and</strong> 1974, <strong>and</strong> one<br />
later, the exact date unknown. The table that follows describes all <strong>of</strong> the<br />
wild rice varieties developed in Minnesota.
150<br />
WILD RICE VARIETIES DEVELOPED IN MINNESOTA<br />
Variety<br />
Description<br />
Johnson<br />
M1<br />
K2<br />
M3<br />
Netum<br />
Voyager<br />
Meter<br />
Petrowski<br />
Franklin<br />
Purple Petrowski<br />
Tall, late, some non-purple panicles.<br />
Released by Algot Johnson in 1968.<br />
Medium to late maturity.<br />
Developed by Manomin Development. Co. in 1970.<br />
Early to medium maturity, medium to high yield.<br />
Developed by Kosbau Bros. in 1972.<br />
Medium to late maturity, has a mixture <strong>of</strong> gynoecious<br />
<strong>and</strong> monoecious panicles. High yield. Developed by<br />
Manomin Development Co. in 1974.<br />
Early maturity, low to medium yield.<br />
Developed by Minnesota Agricultural<br />
Experiment Station in 1978.<br />
Short to medium height, early maturity,<br />
<strong>and</strong> medium to high yield. Released by<br />
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station in 1983.<br />
Short height, very early maturity <strong>and</strong> reduced<br />
foliage in the canopy. Large seed size <strong>and</strong> low to<br />
medium yield. Released by Minnesota Agricultural<br />
Experiment Station in 1985.<br />
Medium to late maturity, high yield. Up to 50% <strong>of</strong><br />
plants can have bottlebrush panicle type. Developed<br />
by K & D Wild Rice.<br />
Medium to early maturity, more shattering resistant<br />
than other varieties. Released by Minnesota<br />
Agricultural Experiment Station in 1992.<br />
Medium height <strong>and</strong> maturity, high yield.<br />
Moderately high fungal brown spot resistance.<br />
High seed-shattering resistance <strong>and</strong> lodging<br />
resistance. Heterogeneous panicle types with<br />
different degrees <strong>of</strong> purple. Released by Minnesota<br />
Agricultural Experiment Station in <strong>2000</strong>.<br />
PRODUCTION/PHYSIOLOGY RESEARCH<br />
William Brun investigated temperature influences on seed germination<br />
<strong>and</strong> nitrogen response on plant growth from 1966 to 1971. Oelke investigated<br />
production aspects, such as weed management, water depth, control<br />
<strong>of</strong> volunteer seed <strong>and</strong> plants, nitrogen response, plant population, simulated<br />
hail damage <strong>and</strong> harvest dates from 1972 to <strong>2000</strong>. During this time
151<br />
he also studied day length <strong>and</strong> temperature influences on flowering <strong>of</strong> four<br />
species <strong>of</strong> wild rice, morphological development, seed germination, seed<br />
dormancy <strong>and</strong> seed storage.<br />
Much <strong>of</strong> the production <strong>and</strong> physiology research was done in collaboration<br />
with the wild rice team, which included plant pathologists T. King,<br />
M. Kernkamp, J. Percich <strong>and</strong> R. Nyvall; soil scientists J. Grava <strong>and</strong> P.<br />
Bloom; agricultural engineers J. Strait, C. Schertz <strong>and</strong> J. Boedicker; <strong>and</strong><br />
entomologists A. Peterson <strong>and</strong> D. Noetzel. All had some funding at various<br />
times from the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.<br />
The graduate education effort from 1972 to 1992 resulted in 13 graduate<br />
students receiving either a Ph.D. or M.S. degree. Visiting scientist Ill<br />
Do Jin, Korea 1993, added significantly to our underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> temperature<br />
<strong>and</strong> day length response <strong>of</strong> wild rice.<br />
INDUSTRY COOPERATION AND ECONOMIC IMPACT<br />
Wild rice growers were instrumental in obtaining state funding from<br />
the legislature beginning in 1972. A check<strong>of</strong>f program was initiated with<br />
the subsequent formation <strong>of</strong> a Minnesota Paddy Wild Rice Research <strong>and</strong><br />
Promotion Council (now Minnesota Cultivated Wild Rice Council). Dollars<br />
from this continuing check<strong>of</strong>f program support research. Growers also<br />
were instrumental in obtaining federal funding for the breeding program<br />
since 1991. Growers have implemented many management practices<br />
developed through University research.<br />
Minnesota wild rice production increased from 36,000 pounds <strong>of</strong><br />
processed grain in 1968 to about 6,000,000 pounds in 1999. Value to<br />
growers in 1999 was about $9 million; much <strong>of</strong> the production is in a few<br />
northern counties. Nearly all acreage today is planted to the nonshattering<br />
varieties developed by the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota or others.<br />
The newest variety released, Petrowski Purple, yields 16 percent higher<br />
than Franklin <strong>and</strong> is the first one with some resistance to fungal brown<br />
spot disease, one <strong>of</strong> the most serious diseases in wild rice. Petrowski Purple<br />
will reduce the cost <strong>of</strong> chemical control.<br />
The domestication process <strong>of</strong> wild rice at Minnesota has influenced<br />
national <strong>and</strong> international wild rice production. California in 1999 produced<br />
over 12 million pounds. Australia <strong>and</strong> Hungary have begun growing<br />
wild rice.
152<br />
From left, Henry Schummer, wild rice technician, Raymond Porter <strong>and</strong> Ervin<br />
Oelke in wild rice research paddy at North Central Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach<br />
Center, Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids, Minnesota.
Chapter 20<br />
New <strong>and</strong><br />
Uncommon Crops<br />
Robert G. Robinson started research on sunflower<br />
<strong>and</strong> fieldpea in March 1948. By the early 1950s the project had<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed to include potential crops for Minnesota <strong>and</strong> all Minnesota field<br />
crops not researched by other projects or agencies. The objectives <strong>of</strong> the<br />
project from its inception until 1986 when Robinson retired were:<br />
• To be a source <strong>of</strong> information about crops that were not the responsibility<br />
<strong>of</strong> other projects.<br />
• To research production practices, cultural <strong>and</strong> chemical weed control,<br />
plant breeding, <strong>and</strong> crop utilization <strong>of</strong> uncommon field crops<br />
already grown in Minnesota, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> potential crops.<br />
• To stay ahead <strong>of</strong> public need by having test data on varieties, herbicides<br />
<strong>and</strong> production practices before questions arose.<br />
• To evaluate new ideas <strong>of</strong> crop production using uncommon crops as<br />
test species.<br />
Complete production information based on the project’s research<br />
were published on adzuki, amaranth, annual canarygrass, buckwheat,<br />
camelina, canola, comfrey, crambe, crownvetch, fababean, fieldbean, fieldpea,<br />
grain sorghum, lentil, lupine, millet, mustard, naked-seeded pumpkin,<br />
peanut, rape, rye <strong>and</strong> sunflower. Other crops on which research results<br />
were published include quinoa, ragi, teff, niger, sesame, flax, vetch, safflower,<br />
oilseed radish, <strong>and</strong> potential industrial <strong>and</strong> pulp crops. A total <strong>of</strong><br />
225 species in 26 botanical families were evaluated for field crop potential<br />
from 1948 to 1985.<br />
Data with recommendations on all varieties <strong>of</strong> uncommon crops sold<br />
in Minnesota were published annually prior to planting. This was accom-<br />
By Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Emeritus Robert (R.G.) Robinson, who joined the department faculty<br />
in 1948 <strong>and</strong> retired in 1986.
154<br />
plished by <strong>of</strong>fering companies free testing <strong>of</strong> all varieties <strong>and</strong> hybrids to be<br />
<strong>of</strong>fered for sale the following year in Minnesota.<br />
Government approval <strong>of</strong> herbicides in sunflower, millet, grain<br />
sorghum, annual canarygrass, fieldbean, fieldpea, adzuki, <strong>and</strong> buckwheat<br />
were at least partially based on field data <strong>and</strong> residue samples from the<br />
uncommon crops project.<br />
About 300 publications, including more than 50 in scientific journals,<br />
resulted from project research. Some <strong>of</strong> these contributed the following<br />
new or revised basic crop production <strong>and</strong> utilization principles:<br />
• Use <strong>of</strong> winter rye <strong>and</strong> other crops to interseed in soybean for biological<br />
weed control (<strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal 1954).<br />
• Benefits <strong>of</strong> crop rotation over monoculture involves more than nitrogen,<br />
disease control or insect control (<strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal 1966).<br />
• First compressed-air field plot herbicide sprayer (<strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal<br />
1950).<br />
• First <strong>and</strong> perhaps the only published agronomic research that supplies<br />
the data, formula, <strong>and</strong> procedure <strong>and</strong> suggests that the reader<br />
sample the data <strong>and</strong> test the author’s concept <strong>and</strong> conclusion (Crop<br />
Science 1965).<br />
• The growing-degree-day or heat unit concept is not a valid comparison<br />
among different latitudes, because it can be made to increase or<br />
decrease depending on the temperature base used (Crop Science<br />
1967)<br />
• The internationally accepted common name for all Vicia faba subspecies,<br />
including broadbean, horsebean, tickbean, <strong>and</strong> the English<br />
field bean is fababean, originated by the project for the title <strong>of</strong> its 1968<br />
AES production bulletin.<br />
• First to agronomically research the diversion <strong>of</strong> crop l<strong>and</strong> from surplus<br />
crop production to idleness <strong>and</strong> its return to crop production<br />
(<strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal 1968, 1970).<br />
• First to recognize <strong>and</strong> determine the cause (phosphorus deficiency)<br />
<strong>of</strong> retarded growth <strong>of</strong> the corn crop but not the sunflower crop following<br />
black fallow. It is now called the “fallow syndrome” (<strong>Agronomy</strong><br />
Journal 1970).<br />
• Recognized the potential <strong>of</strong> herbicide mixtures when it was discouraged<br />
by industry <strong>and</strong> overlooked by weed scientists (Weeds 1964).<br />
• First use <strong>of</strong> vegetable oils to replace petroleum adjuvants in herbicide<br />
sprays. This research directly led to Bio Veg, made in Minneapolis,
155<br />
R.G. Robinson explains sunflower research project at a branch station<br />
field day.<br />
<strong>and</strong> other commercial products in addition to tank-mix usage by farmers<br />
(Soybean Digest 1970, Economic Botany 1975).<br />
• First in the United States to use complete amino acid pr<strong>of</strong>iles rather<br />
than the major protein to calculate nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors<br />
(<strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal 1975,1978). Additional published research<br />
by Robinson confirms that many interspecies protein comparisons <strong>and</strong><br />
labeled protein concentrate levels <strong>of</strong> feeds are scientifically imprecise.<br />
• Coined the term <strong>and</strong> introduced the concept <strong>of</strong> “artifact autogamy”<br />
in plant breeding <strong>and</strong> pollination (Crop Science 1980).<br />
• First comparative data showing that amino acid composition <strong>of</strong> bean<br />
seed did not differ among compost, inorganic nitrogen or irrigation<br />
treatments but protein concentration was greatly affected by such<br />
treatments (<strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal 1983).<br />
Data from the project’s 1961 variety trials at Rosemount were the first<br />
published in the United States showing that Russian sunflower varieties<br />
produced satisfactory yields <strong>of</strong> seed <strong>of</strong> 40% oil. The USDA distributed<br />
these data to all U.S. experiment stations <strong>and</strong> by 1962 experiment stations<br />
researching sunflower increased from only a few to nearly all. The high-oil<br />
germplasm <strong>and</strong> many years <strong>of</strong> successful Minnesota production <strong>of</strong><br />
nonoilseed sunflower, based on project research, led to Cargill <strong>of</strong><br />
Minneapolis starting sunflower oilseed production in 1966 <strong>and</strong> to Sun<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> Products <strong>of</strong> Gonvick, Minnesota, building the first U.S. sunflower oil
156<br />
extraction plant in 1967. Until the mid-1970s Cargill <strong>and</strong> other companies<br />
used existing linseed oil plants to process sunflower.<br />
Annual canarygrass was found best adapted to northwestern<br />
Minnesota, <strong>and</strong> Minnesota became the leading state in production <strong>and</strong><br />
conditioning for export in the 1960s <strong>and</strong> early 1970s. Most production<br />
later moved to North Dakota <strong>and</strong> then to Canada. But Minnesota varieties<br />
Alden, Keet <strong>and</strong> Elias continued to be used <strong>and</strong> still account for nearly all<br />
North American annual canarygrass production.<br />
Following Robinson’s retirement in 1986 the Interdepartmental Center<br />
for Alternative <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>and</strong> Animal Products became the major source <strong>of</strong><br />
information on new <strong>and</strong> uncommon crops for the public, businesses <strong>and</strong><br />
entrepreneurs. Agronomist E.A. Oelke served as director <strong>of</strong> the center<br />
from 1992 to <strong>2000</strong>. The center publishes a quarterly magazine, Bio<br />
Options, on new <strong>and</strong> uncommon crops, livestock <strong>and</strong> products.<br />
The project remaining in the department was also exp<strong>and</strong>ed with additional<br />
funding <strong>and</strong> the addition <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional technician L. Fields. The<br />
project’s focus narrowed to ecological <strong>and</strong> production research on a few<br />
species <strong>and</strong> was terminated after 5 years when its leader, D.H. Putnam,<br />
became a pr<strong>of</strong>essor at the University <strong>of</strong> California.<br />
VARIETIES RELEASED FROM PROJECT BREEDER SEED<br />
Variety<br />
Year Variety<br />
Year<br />
Arrowhead sunflower 1954 Alden annual canarygrass 1973<br />
Mingren sunflower 1964 Keet annual canarygrass 1979<br />
Pearl rye 1964 Elias annual canarygrass 1983<br />
Van Lochow rye 1964 Minoka adzuki 1980<br />
Minnesota horsebean 1968 Minnesota 1 grain sorghum 1963<br />
Petite tickbean 1975 RS 455 grain sorghum 1976<br />
Caribou rye 1954 M-A4 grain sorghum 1976<br />
Elk rye 1959 Giant American Buckwheat 1977<br />
Rymin rye 1973 Procon fieldpea 1986<br />
Snobird proso millet 1976<br />
Minsum proso millet 1980
Chapter 21<br />
Branch Agricultural<br />
Experiment Stations<br />
Early work away from University Farm in St.<br />
Paul, testing a collection <strong>of</strong> about 200 samples <strong>of</strong> wheat, began in 1890<br />
on the March <strong>and</strong> Spaulding farm at Warren. In 1891 one-twentieth-acre<br />
plots were grown at Glyndon for yield tests. The horticultural society also<br />
had use <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> in several parts <strong>of</strong> the state.<br />
Edward Porter, first director <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota Agricultural Station<br />
(1885-1896), appealing for additional testing <strong>and</strong> research areas, wrote<br />
this in the station’s <strong>1888</strong> annual report:<br />
Minnesota embraces an area <strong>of</strong> 84,000 square miles or nearly 54,000,000<br />
acres. It is 381 miles long <strong>and</strong> 250 miles wide, covering 4 degrees <strong>of</strong> longitude<br />
<strong>and</strong> 6 degrees <strong>of</strong> latitude. Within this domain there is a great diversity <strong>of</strong><br />
soil, climate <strong>and</strong> productions, <strong>and</strong> as a consequence many <strong>of</strong> the results <strong>of</strong><br />
experimental work obtained at any one station will not be conclusive for all<br />
sections <strong>of</strong> the state. Such problems as acclimation <strong>of</strong> plants, grains, grasses,<br />
trees, shrubs <strong>and</strong> fruits <strong>and</strong> their adaptations to varying conditions <strong>of</strong> soil <strong>and</strong><br />
climate, can only be satisfactorily solved by many repetitions <strong>of</strong> experiments<br />
in different localities.<br />
Porter’s branch station recommendation, was “insistently” supported<br />
by W.M. Hays, pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> agriculture <strong>and</strong> vice-chairman <strong>of</strong> the experiment<br />
station (1893-1904). The 1895 legislature passed a bill providing for<br />
the establishment <strong>of</strong> experimental sub-stations in the state.<br />
The establishment <strong>of</strong> stations throughout the state for agronomic <strong>and</strong><br />
other research has played an important part in Minnesota’s agricultural<br />
development. These units have been known at various times as substations,<br />
branch stations <strong>and</strong> schools <strong>of</strong> agriculture; today they are known as<br />
By Roy L. Thompson, pr<strong>of</strong>essor emeritus, who served as agronomist at the west-central station,<br />
as a member <strong>of</strong> the department faculty <strong>and</strong> as assistant director <strong>of</strong> the agricultural experiment<br />
station.
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“Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach Centers” <strong>and</strong> the title <strong>of</strong> the administrator has<br />
been changed from “superintendent” to “head.”<br />
The participation <strong>of</strong> farmers <strong>and</strong> other cooperators has been crucial<br />
for much <strong>of</strong> the agronomy department research; the branch stations have<br />
served as a two-way conduit for area agriculture. They have helped to gain<br />
departmental <strong>and</strong> other assistance for local problems, disseminated seed<br />
<strong>and</strong> management information, <strong>and</strong>, in general, served as the local<br />
University representative.<br />
Sometimes local organizations failed to underst<strong>and</strong> the close working<br />
relationships <strong>and</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> the various University units collaborating<br />
in solving the problems <strong>of</strong> farmers in greater Minnesota. A representative<br />
<strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> these organizations said, “What has the University ever done<br />
The station is the one that has helped us.” While local visibility <strong>and</strong> contact<br />
is important, without the basic work <strong>of</strong> the central units <strong>of</strong> the University<br />
much less would be accomplished. The importance <strong>of</strong> this close relationship<br />
was emphasized in the 1980s when the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> became the tenure home for station agronomists.<br />
COTEAU FARM, LYND<br />
Plans for a sub-experimental farm on 0.C. Gregg’s “Coteau Farm,”<br />
near Lynd, in Lyon County, were laid by Hays in 1893. The 1895 experiment<br />
station annual report indicates continuation <strong>of</strong> experimental work<br />
that began there in 1894. An 1899 report <strong>of</strong> experimental work observed<br />
that subsoiling for numerous crops does not pay, recommended<br />
bromegrass as a grass, <strong>and</strong> stated that timber belts can be grown on any<br />
prairie farm, even in the southwestern Coteaus. A soil moisture study in<br />
this limited-moisture area was greatly aided by the invention <strong>of</strong> an electronic<br />
conductivity measurement device perfected by Milton Whitney, chief<br />
<strong>of</strong> USDA’s Division <strong>of</strong> Soils, Washington, D. C.<br />
Coteau Farm, named for the nearby Coteau range <strong>of</strong> hills, was owned<br />
by 0.C. Gregg, a prominent community leader <strong>and</strong> early director <strong>of</strong> the<br />
farmers institutes. Torger A. Hoverstad, a graduate <strong>of</strong> the College <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, planted the 1895 crop but left to assume charge <strong>of</strong> the new<br />
station at Crookston in July 1895. Win. G. Smith, a junior in the College<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agriculture, succeeded Hoverstad at the farm. He continued in that<br />
position for at least three years <strong>and</strong> later worked in the soils department.<br />
Smith was followed by W. C. Palmer <strong>and</strong> in 1901 by D.A. Gaumnitz, who<br />
in 1904-05 was appointed assistant animal husb<strong>and</strong>man at St. Paul.<br />
Work at the Coteau farm was planned centrally <strong>and</strong> implemented<br />
under an agreement with Mr. Gregg who provided l<strong>and</strong>, teams, facilities<br />
<strong>and</strong> some equipment for crop management research purposes. The
159<br />
University provided overall planning leadership <strong>and</strong> Hoverstad was to manage<br />
the research work on the farm. This appears to be the initial start <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong>f-campus field crop research on a more or less continuing basis.<br />
Research at Coteau Farm was discontinued after 1903 because <strong>of</strong> the difficulty<br />
<strong>of</strong> doing experimental work on a facility researchers could not control.<br />
About that same time the s<strong>and</strong>y soils <strong>of</strong> the northeast <strong>and</strong> the heavy<br />
soils <strong>of</strong> the northwest were being developed. Residents <strong>of</strong> these <strong>and</strong> other<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> the state believed that numerous problems needed attention <strong>and</strong><br />
that a sub-experiment station could assist.<br />
NORTHWEST STATION, CROOKSTON<br />
W.M. Hays had recommended sites for stations near Crookston <strong>and</strong><br />
Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids, <strong>and</strong> James J. Hill, president <strong>of</strong> the Great Northern<br />
Railroad, gave a conditional gift <strong>of</strong> 476.61 acres <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> to the University<br />
for use as a sub-station at Crookston in 1895. Not until 1939 was clear<br />
title obtained for the original soggy sod. Due to high water, Superintendent<br />
Hoverstad’s workmen had to wear high boots to mud-in the planting <strong>of</strong><br />
trees, an attempt to reduce the “bare feeling” <strong>of</strong> the open prairies. A<br />
Minnesota wheat variety No 163 (Glyndon) was planted with many other<br />
crops <strong>and</strong> varieties in 4-foot x 4-foot plots in 1896; Glyndon proved superior<br />
to Fife <strong>and</strong> Haynes Bluestem, commonly grown at the time.<br />
Flooded fields, drought <strong>and</strong> hail were frequent problems. The driest<br />
year on record, 1908, resulted in little water flow in the drainage research<br />
studies, but in 1914 the station was flooded. Flooding problems were corrected<br />
with completion <strong>of</strong> drainage ditch 99 in 1920. Varietal trials, soil<br />
drainage, alfalfa growing, black stem rust, manure application, seeding<br />
rates for small grains <strong>and</strong> use <strong>of</strong> pure seed were just a few <strong>of</strong> the research<br />
areas covered at the station.<br />
NORTH CENTRAL STATION, GRAND RAPIDS<br />
Itasca County donated 370 acres <strong>and</strong> a Mr. Morrison <strong>and</strong> Mr. Brown<br />
donated 80 acres in 1896 for the establishment <strong>of</strong> the Northeast (later<br />
named North Central) Experiment Station, near Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids. The<br />
University paid $3,500 for buildings <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> improvements; 60 acres <strong>of</strong><br />
the l<strong>and</strong> were under cultivation. Warren P. Pendergast was appointed<br />
superintendent <strong>and</strong> started development plans immediately. Drainage <strong>of</strong><br />
part <strong>of</strong> the l<strong>and</strong> was needed. Research priorities included how to clear the<br />
heavily wooded l<strong>and</strong> for cultivation, establishing research for the kind <strong>of</strong><br />
crops for pastures <strong>and</strong> their management, <strong>and</strong> crop variety testing. Due to<br />
an unfortunate accident while horseback riding Pendergast was injured <strong>and</strong><br />
died in 1897.
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He was succeeded by Herman H. Chapman, a forester, who started a<br />
study on tree spacing <strong>and</strong> growth rates that continues today. Numerous<br />
cropping <strong>and</strong> varietal studies also were conducted. Trials showed that the<br />
application <strong>of</strong> farm livestock manure doubled the yield <strong>of</strong> fodder corn <strong>and</strong><br />
root crops. Changing seed from one location to another was credited with<br />
an advantage in yield. Speltz did not yield as well as barley. Potatoes yielded<br />
225 bushels/acre in 1911 <strong>and</strong> 306 bushels/acre in 1913 <strong>and</strong> 1914.<br />
Rutabagas were shown to be more reliable than potatoes for livestock feed.<br />
In 1919 soybean, corn <strong>and</strong> sunflower was the order <strong>of</strong> preference <strong>of</strong> crops<br />
grown <strong>and</strong> used for silage.<br />
Apparently dynamite was readily available at that time, as both<br />
Crookston <strong>and</strong> Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids tried it in research tests. Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids reported<br />
that the less-expensive lower grade 27-30% material worked as well for<br />
stump removal as the higher grade. It also was a relatively cheap way <strong>of</strong><br />
clearing l<strong>and</strong>. In a subsoiling trial at Crookston in 1911 dynamited <strong>and</strong><br />
plowed l<strong>and</strong> produced the highest corn silage yield. The question <strong>of</strong> the<br />
value <strong>of</strong> subsoiling by various means has been explored numerous times at<br />
different stations, especially as different equipment became available.<br />
WEST CENTRAL STATION, MORRIS<br />
The West Central School <strong>and</strong> Experiment Station originally was a mission<br />
school used by a Catholic order. The U.S. government operated an<br />
Indian school there several years; it was closed in 1908. W.M. Hays, then<br />
assistant secretary <strong>of</strong> agriculture, promoted transfer <strong>of</strong> the property for use<br />
as an experiment station <strong>and</strong> President Theodore Roosevelt signed a bill<br />
transferring the property, 292 acres <strong>and</strong> buildings, to the State <strong>of</strong><br />
Minnesota. The Minnesota legislature passed a bill enabling establishment<br />
<strong>of</strong> a school <strong>of</strong> agriculture <strong>and</strong> experiment station there in 1909. To work<br />
out funding details, correct building problems <strong>and</strong> ensure a good start,<br />
opening <strong>of</strong> the school was delayed until fall 1910. E.C. Higbie was hired<br />
as superintendent <strong>and</strong> about 100 students were registered for the Oct. 3,<br />
1910, term. No experimental work was done until 1911.<br />
To supplement the 292 original acres, the University purchased an<br />
adjoining 74.5-acre parcel. By 1917 the only original building still on the<br />
campus was the agronomy building. It was later remodeled for use by the<br />
music department <strong>and</strong> remains on campus today as Minority Resource<br />
Center <strong>and</strong> has been placed on the National Register <strong>of</strong> Historic places. In<br />
1915 when Paul Miller was the agronomist, the farm was “made over” <strong>and</strong><br />
“supported luxuriant fields <strong>of</strong> alfalfa <strong>and</strong> clean fields <strong>of</strong> corn <strong>and</strong> grain,”<br />
with several hundred plots set up for experimental purposes.
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Field day at West Central Experiment Station.<br />
In 1917 Paul E. Miller became superintendent <strong>and</strong> T.E. Odl<strong>and</strong> was<br />
named agronomist. Roy 0. Bridgford succeeded Odl<strong>and</strong> in 1918 <strong>and</strong> continued<br />
in that position until 1956. In 1885 D.T. Wheaton, a Morris resident,<br />
became the first <strong>of</strong>ficial station weather observer for the U.S.<br />
Weather Bureau. After 34 years <strong>of</strong> recording temperature <strong>and</strong> precipitation,<br />
Bridgford took over the “<strong>of</strong>ficial daily task;” he was succeeded by Roy<br />
L. Thompson in 1956. Weather data collection at the station, now an<br />
automated process, continues today.<br />
With an average yearly precipitation <strong>of</strong> about 24 inches <strong>and</strong> only<br />
about 17 inches during the April-August cropping season, crop management<br />
was somewhat different than in eastern Minnesota. Small grains,<br />
corn <strong>and</strong> forages made up the mixed cropping programs for most <strong>of</strong> the<br />
area farms, which also had livestock. Variety tests, manure application<br />
rates, weed control, rotations <strong>and</strong> numerous other types <strong>of</strong> research were<br />
initiated. Selection made from early-maturing Minnesota 13 corn was an<br />
attempt at corn improvement before the advent <strong>of</strong> inbreeding <strong>and</strong> production<br />
<strong>of</strong> hybrids. Later the station pioneered in helping farmers produce<br />
hybrid seed.<br />
A trial evaluating the use <strong>of</strong> rock or acid phosphate fertilizer with or<br />
without manure on wheat, oats, corn <strong>and</strong> clover was started in 1914 <strong>and</strong><br />
continued until 1959. It showed the need for acid phosphate fertilizer,<br />
demonstrated the value <strong>of</strong> manure <strong>and</strong> showed a lack <strong>of</strong> response to rock<br />
phosphate. In 1920 seven soybean varieties were tested, with yields <strong>of</strong>
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16.3 to 34.9 bushels per acre. Chestnut, Elton <strong>and</strong> Soysota seed was distributed,<br />
but soybean interest quickly dropped <strong>of</strong>f due to lack <strong>of</strong> use <strong>and</strong><br />
markets. Some soybeans were grown in combination with corn for “hogging<br />
<strong>of</strong>f.” Winter wheat <strong>and</strong> rye trials were started in 1921.<br />
Early fieldwork was done with horses but in 1919,”The best tractor<br />
exhibition in west-central Minnesota” was held at the station. Each <strong>of</strong> 10<br />
different models <strong>of</strong> tractors plowed for over two hours with two- or threebottom<br />
plows for a demonstration. This was only one <strong>of</strong> the many attractions<br />
held to provide information <strong>and</strong> interest in the station. Attendance at<br />
the 1921 field day was reported to be from 1,700 to 1,800.<br />
NORTHEAST AND SOUTHERN DEMONSTRATION FARMS<br />
The legislature <strong>of</strong> 1911 made provisions for the establishment <strong>of</strong> two<br />
demonstration farms where local problems, such as cutover l<strong>and</strong> in the<br />
north <strong>and</strong> drainage in the south, could be explored. Andrew Boss, chief <strong>of</strong><br />
the Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Farm Management, was responsible for<br />
organizing the two farms.<br />
NORTHEAST STATION, DULUTH<br />
The site near Duluth purchased for the northeast station consisted <strong>of</strong><br />
three l<strong>and</strong> pieces totaling 252 acres. George Pauley, a graduate <strong>of</strong> the<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, was hired to act as farmer <strong>and</strong> resident superintendent.<br />
Mark J. Thompson, a graduate <strong>of</strong> the school <strong>and</strong> the college <strong>of</strong> agriculture,<br />
took charge in 1913 as resident superintendent. Only a small<br />
amount <strong>of</strong> the l<strong>and</strong> was cleared, which had priority with the construction<br />
<strong>of</strong> two cottages, two barns, a hog house, milk house <strong>and</strong> machine shed.<br />
The 1918 report indicated 12 acres was cleared. The use <strong>of</strong> 20% <strong>and</strong> 30%<br />
dynamites showed a cost <strong>of</strong> 3.91¢/stump <strong>and</strong> 10.93 ¢/stump, respectively.<br />
L<strong>and</strong> clearing was followed by l<strong>and</strong> evaluation <strong>of</strong> crop growth, testing<br />
<strong>of</strong> crop varieties, evaluation <strong>of</strong> timber <strong>and</strong> crop returns, as well as other<br />
appropriate studies.<br />
SOUTHERN STATION, WASECA<br />
Establishment <strong>of</strong> the Southern Experiment Station, at Waseca, began<br />
with the committee selecting the present site <strong>and</strong> purchase <strong>of</strong> 240 acres <strong>of</strong><br />
l<strong>and</strong> for $125/acre. Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Boss set out to show that a well-managed,<br />
general-purpose farm with livestock could be a pr<strong>of</strong>itable venture. Albert<br />
Hoverstad, a graduate <strong>of</strong> the School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, was hired as manager<br />
<strong>and</strong> operations began in 1913. Originally 200 acres <strong>of</strong> the south farm was<br />
to be a demonstration farm operated as a practical, money-earning enter-
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prise. The north 40 was to be the experimental farm. Because <strong>of</strong> poor<br />
drainage <strong>and</strong> other factors, operations drifted away from the demonstration<br />
concept <strong>and</strong> experimental work exp<strong>and</strong>ed. “Seed increases, corn<br />
research, <strong>and</strong> forage experiments seemed more important than cash<br />
crops,” wrote R.G. (Bob) Hodgson, appointed superintendent in 1917.<br />
The Waseca station was the site for much <strong>of</strong> the early corn-breeding<br />
project; the 10,000 plots required around 40 acres each year. While H.K.<br />
Hayes was in charge <strong>of</strong> the early work, individuals from the agronomy<br />
department were assigned to live in Waseca <strong>and</strong> manage the work during<br />
the summer.<br />
Small grain varietal trials <strong>and</strong> forage crops have been important<br />
research areas. Alfalfa planting methods were developed <strong>and</strong> it became the<br />
most common forage crop in the area. Work with M.C. Hansen, Waseca<br />
county agent, devised machinery for harvesting <strong>and</strong> cleaning phalaris<br />
grass, which was called reed canarygrass in a bulletin written by A.C. Arny.<br />
<strong>Plant</strong>ing <strong>and</strong> harvesting methods had turned canarygrass into a valuable<br />
hay <strong>and</strong> pasture grass, especially for low areas.<br />
Five acres <strong>of</strong> sugarbeets were grown in 1919 in a cooperative test with<br />
the Mason City, Iowa, plant <strong>of</strong> American Crystal Sugar Company. Previous<br />
work supervised by H.F. Postel had shown good quality beets grown around<br />
Albert Lea in cooperation with that town’s Commercial Club. Sugarbeet<br />
research continued for several years. A breeding program conducted by J.0.<br />
Culbertson <strong>and</strong> Andrew Downie resulted in taproot tip-rot-resistant strains<br />
that later were increased for seed for the Upper Midwest.<br />
ROSEMOUNT STATION<br />
The Rosemount facility is unique among the experiment stations.<br />
Because it is relatively close to the St. Paul campus it was seen as an extension<br />
<strong>of</strong> the campus experimental fields <strong>and</strong> livestock facilities without academic<br />
faculty assigned to it. The history <strong>of</strong> this valuable research resource<br />
is also different from that <strong>of</strong> any <strong>of</strong> the other stations.<br />
In 1942 the U.S. government acquired 12,000 acres <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> near<br />
Rosemount for construction <strong>of</strong> a munitions plant to manufacture gunpowder.<br />
Owners were moved <strong>of</strong>f, the l<strong>and</strong> cleared, the plant built, roads, security<br />
fences, electrical <strong>and</strong> water systems installed, <strong>and</strong> the plant operated in<br />
part for only a few months. In 1947 the federal government returned<br />
4,000 acres to the original owners. The other 8,000 acres, with buildings<br />
<strong>and</strong> improvements, were conveyed to the University. Physical planning was<br />
responsible for 6,550 acres <strong>and</strong> Theodore H. (Ted) Fenske, director <strong>of</strong> field<br />
operations, St. Paul campus, supervised the 1,450 acres assigned to the<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Agriculture. The government retained rights <strong>of</strong> re-entry until
164<br />
1967, when the Institute was assigned an additional 1,250 acres. Another<br />
400 acres was made available later; the balance <strong>of</strong> the l<strong>and</strong> was retained in<br />
a centrally controlled unit called the Rosemount Research Center.<br />
The original operational plan for the station was for each department<br />
to have assigned areas for field <strong>and</strong> livestock research, with a general operations<br />
unit h<strong>and</strong>ling large-scale field operations. <strong>Agronomy</strong> utilized one <strong>of</strong><br />
the areas for long-term alfalfa development work that, among many other<br />
studies, resulted in the release <strong>of</strong> the varieties Agate <strong>and</strong> Nitro. Agate was<br />
the first variety bred for Phytophthora root rot resistance; Nitro was bred<br />
for increased nitrogen fixation <strong>and</strong> accumulation.<br />
Corn, soybean <strong>and</strong> oat breeding projects also utilized <strong>and</strong> made excellent<br />
use <strong>of</strong> field space. Weed control workers had the luxury <strong>of</strong> an abundance<br />
<strong>of</strong> space. Because <strong>of</strong> the difficulty <strong>of</strong> having “good” populations <strong>of</strong><br />
weeds for test purposes, weed control work was <strong>of</strong>ten conducted in widely<br />
separated or isolated locations. Here researchers were able to obtain<br />
desired weed populations, plant corn, soybean or other crops across the<br />
large uniform weed areas, <strong>and</strong> evaluate test material for control efficiency.<br />
Collaborative work testing forage productivity between the leaders in<br />
the livestock units <strong>and</strong> agronomy was another advantage <strong>of</strong> relatively sufficient<br />
space. Wild rice research <strong>and</strong> other “uncommon crop” research was<br />
done at the station.<br />
Agronomist R.G. Robinson noted that L.J. Elling managed the agronomy<br />
department’s Rosemount funds, including equipment procurement,<br />
from 1950 to 1965, when he transferred to the grass-legume seed production<br />
project.<br />
Robinson was the first pr<strong>of</strong>essional agronomist associated with the<br />
Rosemount station, the only one with trials there in 1948, the station’s first<br />
year <strong>of</strong> operation. He conducted the small grain, flax, soybean, uncommon<br />
crops <strong>and</strong> weed control trials with the several project leaders. He also was<br />
in charge <strong>of</strong> spraying all crop fields <strong>of</strong> small grain on the agronomy <strong>and</strong><br />
soils farms in 1948. He <strong>and</strong> Merl Swanson, <strong>of</strong> the general farm staff,<br />
sprayed about 100 acres divided into plots 33 feet wide by the length <strong>of</strong><br />
the fields with formulations, dosages <strong>and</strong> rates <strong>of</strong> 2-4D, <strong>and</strong>, in smaller<br />
plots, <strong>of</strong> 2,4,5-T. Robinson noted that all treatments gave satisfactory control<br />
<strong>of</strong> nongrass weeds but only 2,4,5-T controlled the wild rose.<br />
SOUTHWEST EXPERIMENT STATION, LAMBERTON<br />
The Southwest Minnesota Crop Improvement Association, organized<br />
in 1946 by farmers <strong>and</strong> seed growers to lobby for an experiment station<br />
to serve the 14 southwest counties, had its request fulfilled in 1959. The
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legislature appropriated $80,000 <strong>and</strong> a committee selected a 240-acre<br />
farm near Lamberton, which was purchased for $76,000. In September<br />
1959 R.G. Robinson planted winter wheat <strong>and</strong> rye plots on the farm. In<br />
January 1960 Wallace W. Nelson, soils agronomist at the northeast station,<br />
moved to the southwest station as superintendent.<br />
From 1947 until 1959 Robinson had been evaluating varieties <strong>and</strong><br />
weed control measures on annual crops on about 10 acres <strong>of</strong> farmers’<br />
fields located in these southwest counties. The station was established to<br />
provide a permanent location to evaluate crops <strong>and</strong> cropping systems that<br />
may have potential for that area. Over the years it has tested varieties <strong>and</strong><br />
management <strong>of</strong> any crop that might have shown promise – common crops<br />
such as small grains, corn, soybean, flax, sorghum, sunflower, dried edible<br />
beans <strong>and</strong> buckwheat, <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the not-so-common crops, such as<br />
cannabis, teff, lupine <strong>and</strong> rape.<br />
The absence <strong>of</strong> livestock reduced some <strong>of</strong> the options for growing<br />
fields <strong>of</strong> forage or pasture crops but has not hindered the evaluation <strong>of</strong> a<br />
wide array <strong>of</strong> forage crops <strong>and</strong> management systems. In fact, a sod airplane<br />
l<strong>and</strong>ing strip was established with a variety test <strong>of</strong> grasses. The need<br />
for more plot l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> relatively little use resulted in plowing it up.<br />
Weed control work has always been an important part <strong>of</strong> the program.<br />
Studies <strong>of</strong> crop plant root growth <strong>and</strong> development by washing slices <strong>of</strong><br />
soil taken from the root region produced widely acclaimed demonstrations<br />
for field days <strong>and</strong> other public events. Soil compaction, nitrogen movement<br />
<strong>and</strong> leaching are among the many other studies conducted there.<br />
RELATED RESEARCH FACILITIES<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> department research to serve the 8 million acres <strong>of</strong> s<strong>and</strong>y<br />
soil in Minnesota continued from 1919 until the 1930s at the Coon Creek<br />
experimental fields in Anoka County. From 1947 to 1956 R.G. Robinson<br />
conducted research with oat, rye, sunflower, sorghum, pulse <strong>and</strong> many<br />
other crops on dryl<strong>and</strong> soil in Anoka, Sherburne, Wright <strong>and</strong> Stearns<br />
counties. Increasing use <strong>of</strong> irrigation on Minnesota’s s<strong>and</strong>y soils led to the<br />
experiment station’s rental <strong>of</strong> the S<strong>and</strong> Plains Research Farm in Sherburne<br />
County near Elk River from1965 to1975, <strong>and</strong> at Becker from 1976 to the<br />
present. <strong>Agronomy</strong>, soil science, plant pathology, horticulture, agricultural<br />
engineering, <strong>and</strong> entomology departments conduct research there. Fred<br />
Bergsrud, agricultural engineer, began irrigation research on the Staples<br />
Area Vocational-Technical Institute’s irrigation farm in the 1960s.<br />
Agronomist Roy L. Thompson began department research on the farm in<br />
the 1970s.
166<br />
Laddie J. Elling started research on forage crops in northwestern<br />
Minnesota in the 1950s <strong>and</strong> developed much support for the department.<br />
His work led to the establishment <strong>of</strong> a research field at Roseau in the<br />
1960s. Research on forage crops, grain crops, oilseed crops <strong>and</strong> weed<br />
control is conducted at Roseau.<br />
STATION GROWTH<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> the stations had more l<strong>and</strong> than they could use effectively<br />
when they were established. In many cases the l<strong>and</strong> may not have been the<br />
type best suited for research or even production, but with the equipment,<br />
labor <strong>and</strong> power available it was adequate. With the coming <strong>of</strong> tractors <strong>and</strong><br />
other machinery, including some mechanization <strong>of</strong> plot equipment, there<br />
was need for more l<strong>and</strong>. Rotations <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> selectivity for management<br />
systems or production fields for livestock resulted in all stations improving<br />
the l<strong>and</strong> they had <strong>and</strong> then acquiring adjacent properties, <strong>of</strong>ten after renting<br />
for a while. The termination or transition <strong>of</strong> the schools <strong>of</strong> agriculture<br />
to college programs allowed more time for specialists at the station,<br />
improving research quality <strong>and</strong> quantity.<br />
The west central station purchased the farm east <strong>of</strong> campus <strong>and</strong> across<br />
the road from l<strong>and</strong> already owned. The headquarters <strong>of</strong>fices <strong>of</strong> the station<br />
were moved <strong>and</strong> new crop <strong>and</strong> livestock facilities constructed. The move<br />
permitted use <strong>of</strong> better l<strong>and</strong> for research purposes, although it took a while<br />
to organize the cropping programs. Crookston acquired l<strong>and</strong> to the north <strong>of</strong><br />
the station <strong>and</strong> moved its operational headquarters there. Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids<br />
moved part <strong>of</strong> the forage program for beef to a new farm a short distance<br />
from the station as there was no l<strong>and</strong> available closer. Wild rice occupied a<br />
considerable amount <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> forestry interests increased. The southern<br />
station at Waseca had developed an excellent livestock program but the variability<br />
<strong>and</strong> quantity <strong>of</strong> manure produced was a problem. Manure use on<br />
experimental plots resulted in lack <strong>of</strong> uniformity for the exp<strong>and</strong>ed variety<br />
<strong>and</strong> management test programs <strong>and</strong> its application on nonexperimental l<strong>and</strong><br />
was resulting in high nitrogen levels. A farm southwest <strong>of</strong> the station was<br />
acquired to study manure utilization <strong>and</strong> h<strong>and</strong>ling methods.<br />
The southwest station, at Lamberton, was fortunate to have a farm<br />
adjacent to the station that had not been treated with chemicals or commercial<br />
pesticides for weed or insect control. The rental <strong>of</strong> that 168-acre<br />
farm permitted setting in place an unique study <strong>of</strong> levels <strong>of</strong> input management<br />
<strong>and</strong> the long-term effect <strong>of</strong> such practices on the soil <strong>and</strong> its environment,<br />
as well as on yields or related problems. Four levels <strong>of</strong> treatment<br />
were involved on rotations <strong>of</strong> corn-soybean <strong>and</strong> corn-soybean-oat-alfalfa.<br />
The area involved was large enough to permit almost normal field-scale<br />
tractor mechanization. The management systems included 1) no input
167<br />
(nothing added other than seed <strong>and</strong> tillage), 2), organic input (manure as<br />
fertilizer <strong>and</strong> organic weed control), 3) low-purchase input (b<strong>and</strong>ed fertilizer<br />
<strong>and</strong> herbicides <strong>and</strong> cultivation for weed control), <strong>and</strong> 4) high-purchase<br />
input (broadcast fertilizer, herbicides <strong>and</strong> insect control).<br />
The most recent work has been site-specific crop management. This<br />
research involves the use <strong>of</strong> global positioning satellite technology with<br />
computer-guided field equipment for fertilization, planting <strong>and</strong> weed control<br />
utilizing combine measurements during harvest.<br />
BRANCH STATION CONFERENCES<br />
The years during World War I, 1917-1919, affected the University in<br />
many ways. During this time there were numerous staff changes, leaves <strong>of</strong><br />
absence <strong>and</strong> other changes. Some comments from experiment station<br />
annual reports illustrate concerns <strong>and</strong> opportunities:<br />
There should be more complete separation <strong>of</strong> men for experiment station<br />
work. In the past the dem<strong>and</strong> for instructors in college <strong>and</strong> school work has<br />
drawn heavily at times on the experiment station staff. (1917)<br />
Teaching duties <strong>of</strong> the staff were reduced because practically the entire male<br />
student body was enrolled in the special war training courses <strong>of</strong> the Student<br />
Army Training Corps. (1918)<br />
Cooperation between the agronomy department <strong>and</strong> branch stations, as<br />
well as among the branch stations, has been an important reason for the<br />
success <strong>of</strong> agricultural developments in Minnesota. This probably can be<br />
said for other departments as well.<br />
The emphasis <strong>of</strong> a statement made in 1918 was the forerunner <strong>of</strong> the<br />
station conferences that provided continuity <strong>and</strong> collaboration between<br />
individuals <strong>and</strong> programs for many years:<br />
An informal conference group <strong>of</strong> research workers in agricultural chemistry,<br />
horticulture, farm crops, plant breeding, plant pathology, plant physiology<br />
<strong>and</strong> plant insect pests was started during the year, with such excellent results<br />
in stimulating mutual interest in the work <strong>of</strong> these several fields <strong>of</strong> science<br />
that the organization <strong>of</strong> a definite plant science group in the near future is<br />
plainly desirable. It is probable that if such a conference group is organized<br />
it will include workers in plant science from other departments <strong>of</strong> the<br />
University as well as members <strong>of</strong> the various divisions <strong>of</strong> the Experiment<br />
Station who deal with problems in the general field.<br />
The question <strong>of</strong> demonstrations versus research is not new. In 1916<br />
Boss explained the purpose <strong>of</strong> putting the 200-acre demonstration farm<br />
first at Waseca. In 1917 Otto Bergh pointed out the difference between<br />
demonstrational work <strong>and</strong> experimental work, showing that experimental
168<br />
Soybean breeder J.H Orf at a station fall field day.<br />
<strong>and</strong> investigational work must precede demonstrational work. Owing to<br />
the regional differences <strong>and</strong> local conditions, it is important that substations,<br />
from the beginning, do work that is mainly investigational <strong>and</strong> experimental<br />
ins<strong>of</strong>ar as local conditions are important factors, he explained. The<br />
substations should, he added, avoid duplication or repetition <strong>of</strong> work on<br />
projects undertaken by the central station except ins<strong>of</strong>ar as regional differences<br />
<strong>and</strong> local conditions might affect the results. He suggested the possible<br />
advantage <strong>of</strong> utilizing men part time for investigational work at substations<br />
<strong>and</strong> part time for extension work in the same community. At the<br />
same conference, chairman R.W. Thatcher stated that a method <strong>of</strong> uniform<br />
testing had been prepared <strong>and</strong> would be submitted to substation<br />
agronomists for adoption.<br />
At a Dec. 3, 1918, meeting <strong>of</strong> the agronomy <strong>and</strong> farm management<br />
staff, chairman Boss explained the duties <strong>of</strong> various sections <strong>of</strong> the division:<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> Breeding: Producing or improving varieties<br />
Farm Crops: Variety plot testing at University Farm <strong>and</strong> substations<br />
Crop Production <strong>and</strong> Seed Distribution: Distributing approved seed<br />
to farms<br />
Crop Improvement: Conducting a system <strong>of</strong> registration<br />
Division Staff: Selecting <strong>of</strong> seed approved for registration. It was<br />
specified that varieties developed at the experiment station be designated<br />
by a name supplemented by a Minnesota number.
169<br />
CROP AND ACREAGE ASSIGNED FOR INCREASE, 1920<br />
Spring Winter<br />
Wheat Wheat Oat Barley Soybean Rye<br />
Variety, Variety, Variety, Variety, Variety, Variety,<br />
Station Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres<br />
St. Paul Mindum 15 Minhardi 15 Victory 15 Minn 184 10 Chestnut <strong>and</strong> No.2 5<br />
Marquis 10 Minn 845 10 Minsoy 2<br />
Waseca ––– Minturki 15 Iowa 103 10 Minsturdi 5 Habaro 2<br />
Morris Marquis 15 ––– Minota 15 ––– ––– –––<br />
Crookston Mindum 15 ––– Iowa 103 15 Swansota 5 ––– –––<br />
Gr<strong>and</strong><br />
––– Minturk 15 ––– Minn 184 5 ––– No.2 5<br />
Rapids<br />
Duluth ––– ––– Minn 281 5 Minn 184 5<br />
In 1919 Conrad Selvig from Crookston reported that rust was affecting<br />
wheat yields. Bluestem wheat yielded 3.5 bushels/acre while Mindum<br />
470 yielded 24 bushels/acre. E.C. Stakman pointed out that the barberry<br />
eradication program should be pushed because there were far more barberries<br />
than had been thought.<br />
“The production <strong>of</strong> improved varieties or improvement <strong>of</strong> commercial<br />
sorts now grown is one <strong>of</strong> the main purposes <strong>of</strong> the Experiment Station,”<br />
stated a Dec. 30, 1919, conference report. The branch stations played an<br />
important part not only in the testing <strong>of</strong> these varieties but in the initial<br />
increase <strong>and</strong> distribution <strong>of</strong> the material to farmers in the area. The plan<br />
given for the 1920 central <strong>and</strong> substation seed increase included field selection<br />
<strong>and</strong> the leaving <strong>of</strong> a 1.5-foot alley every 16 feet in the field for roguing<br />
for mixtures, diseases <strong>and</strong> weeds. The chart shows the crops assigned<br />
to each station for seed increase in 1920. The seed increase was for distribution<br />
to any farmer who would then grow registered seed.<br />
The corn improvement <strong>and</strong> increase program also involved the branch<br />
stations. Each station was designated as a producer <strong>and</strong> breeder <strong>of</strong> one<br />
special variety selected by the central <strong>and</strong> sub-station workers. The process<br />
would include selection <strong>of</strong> 100 ears, test in ear-to-row trials, <strong>and</strong> remnants<br />
<strong>of</strong> the 25 highest-yielding ears planted in a special seed plot with seed<br />
again selected from plants in hills with perfect st<strong>and</strong>s. The seed plot plan<br />
continued for four years, the ear-to-row trials were repeated <strong>and</strong> the seed<br />
from increase fields was sold.
170<br />
The following lines were suggested as worthy <strong>of</strong> being bred by the stations:<br />
St. Paul<br />
Minn. No. 13, Rustlers White Dent<br />
Morris<br />
Northwestern Dent<br />
Waseca<br />
Silver King<br />
Crookston Squaw Flint<br />
Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids Selected Flint<br />
Discussions at crop conferences or planning meetings involved which<br />
varieties were to be recommended, increased for possible release, needed<br />
further testing, <strong>and</strong> other considerations important to the uniform <strong>and</strong> efficient<br />
operation <strong>of</strong> a widely dispersed organization. The information exchange<br />
between individuals <strong>and</strong> units ensured delivery <strong>of</strong> quality material<br />
<strong>and</strong> information to the public.<br />
At the Jan. 7, 1924, meeting, barley selection II-20-10 was considered<br />
the best <strong>of</strong> 17 selections <strong>and</strong> better than Manchuria (Minn 184).<br />
There would be no need to continue to test the other 16 lines <strong>and</strong> the<br />
space would be used for testing rust-resistant wheat lines. Minnesota barley<br />
No. 447 was approved for naming as Velvet. Bergh from Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids<br />
had a strain <strong>of</strong> yellow dent corn the group approved to be added to the<br />
recommended list under the name <strong>of</strong> Moccasin.<br />
At the Dec. 9, 1924, meeting the increase <strong>of</strong> 80 bushels <strong>of</strong> Velvet barley<br />
was allocated only to Minnesota stations. Flax strain No. 91 was named<br />
Redwing, but because the seed for the increase came from a variety test<br />
none <strong>of</strong> the seed increased in 1925 was to be distributed until a careful<br />
study <strong>of</strong> purity was made. Agronomists recommended dropping Emmer<br />
from the spring wheat trials <strong>and</strong> spring wheat was dropped from tests at<br />
Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids <strong>and</strong> Duluth. Elmer Clark, from Crookston, emphasized that<br />
an alfalfa situation called for a closer check on certified seed producers.<br />
The annual conference in January 1926 indicated interdepartmental<br />
cooperation; it signaled the start <strong>of</strong> 5-foot rows for rust testing because<br />
there were 196 selections <strong>of</strong> wheat to test for rust reaction. The future <strong>of</strong><br />
hybrid corn seemed to be indicated by the report <strong>of</strong> a 30% increase in yield<br />
from “double crosses” <strong>of</strong> a selfed line both in 1924 <strong>and</strong> 1925. Selvig from<br />
Crookston reported a number <strong>of</strong> Gehu flint lines selfed 2 years <strong>and</strong> several<br />
Minnesota 13 lines selfed 1 year. Roy Bridgford from Morris would have<br />
150 to 200 strains selfed 1 year.<br />
The January 1927 conference decided that a pamphlet should be published<br />
giving favorable or unfavorable information concerning varieties,<br />
recommendations <strong>and</strong> regional importance or other factors as soon possible<br />
after the conference. This was the start <strong>of</strong> what became known as the<br />
varietal trials bulletin. Station seed prices per bushel were also set: Oats
171<br />
$.75, barley $1.50, flax $3, soybean $3, wheat $2, <strong>and</strong> grain sacks either<br />
$ .40 or $ .45. Emerald rye, a selection out <strong>of</strong> Swedish (Minn No. 1), was<br />
recommended for increase <strong>and</strong> named.<br />
In 1928 a committee was appointed to consider methods <strong>and</strong> formulate<br />
a policy to work with county agents in identifying quality farmers for<br />
allocation <strong>of</strong> new seed varieties. The goal was to make large enough lots<br />
<strong>of</strong> seed available so the recipients could afford to take a real interest in the<br />
increase as good clean seed <strong>and</strong> its wider distribution. This was the start <strong>of</strong><br />
the county crop improvement associations <strong>and</strong> seed distribution system.<br />
Another problem that would surface periodically at recommendation<br />
or branch conferences was that <strong>of</strong> h<strong>and</strong>ling a new selection <strong>of</strong> superior<br />
yield but deficient in some other quality. Progress wheat, developed in<br />
Wisconsin, was considered for recommendation as a poultry feed but withdrawn<br />
from consideration because <strong>of</strong> the unsatisfactory flour quality. In the<br />
1950s a wheat was developed that also had good agronomic characteristics<br />
but was faulted by a high protein content that did not translate into the<br />
normal milling, dough h<strong>and</strong>ling <strong>and</strong> baking characteristics associated with<br />
high-protein wheat. The variety had been named, seed increases had been<br />
made <strong>and</strong> seed was ready for distribution when the conference decided that<br />
releasing it would disrupt the entire wheat marketing system. Several <strong>of</strong> the<br />
stations were seriously affected by the decision because they had considerable<br />
investments in conditioning <strong>and</strong> preparing the seed for release.<br />
Nonetheless, the seed was not allowed to enter seed channels.<br />
An 1895 report contains a wheat-breeding philosophy that expressed<br />
the recommendations made in 1970 when Era wheat was released:<br />
We are using as foundation stocks mainly superior hard wheat. While we<br />
must choose wheat <strong>of</strong> high quality so as to increase rather that decrease the<br />
fame <strong>of</strong> the northwest for No. 1 hard grades, we must keep constantly in<br />
mind the fact that the farmer gets more money per acre out <strong>of</strong> his crop <strong>of</strong><br />
wheat because <strong>of</strong> a few bushels more yield per acre, even if he suffers a loss<br />
<strong>of</strong> grade.<br />
The decision to release Era was not easy <strong>and</strong> the government, the<br />
market <strong>and</strong> neighboring states all initially agreed with the milling <strong>and</strong> baking<br />
trade’s decision that it should be discounted in the marketplace.<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> Era’s superior yield capacity it quickly led in acreage grown.<br />
With increasing supplies the trade modified its processing systems <strong>and</strong><br />
found Era to be satisfactory.<br />
Official experiment station varietal recommendations were made at<br />
the annual Crops <strong>and</strong> Soils Conference with the branch experiment stations<br />
until the 1950s when an interim committee was appointed to evaluate<br />
the data before the conference. The conference did not always approve<br />
the interim committee’s suggestions, which led to some heated debates.
172<br />
An interdepartmental varietal recommendation committee <strong>of</strong> individuals<br />
working with the crops was established in the 1960s; it made varietal recommendations<br />
for several years.<br />
The Varietal Trials <strong>of</strong> Farm Crops bulletin was the most widely distributed<br />
publication to result from the activities <strong>of</strong> the conferences. It provides<br />
a comprehensive history <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>and</strong> characteristics <strong>of</strong> crops<br />
grown in the Upper Midwest. For many years varieties were categorized as<br />
recommended or otherwise, but such recommendations became impractical<br />
as the number <strong>of</strong> commercial varieties available increased. Farmers<br />
today still value the varietal trials report but are willing to make their own<br />
evaluations.<br />
STATION PERSONNEL<br />
Over the years many individuals have led the direction or implementation<br />
<strong>of</strong> agricultural research at branch station locations. In early years the<br />
superintendent was responsible for the direction <strong>of</strong> all activities at the station.<br />
As agricultural schools were begun the staffs were increased to<br />
include individuals with specialized backgrounds. Initially most had degrees<br />
in agriculture; later the degrees included agronomy or soils, or both, <strong>and</strong><br />
more recently other specialties. Headings show the original station name<br />
<strong>and</strong> date established. The administrators are shown categorically as superintendents<br />
although their actual title may have varied due to circumstances,<br />
<strong>and</strong> those whose responsibilities included agronomy are listed. Since 1998<br />
all stations have been known as research <strong>and</strong> outreach centers.<br />
COTEAU FARM, LYND,<br />
1894-1903<br />
O.C. Gregg, owner <strong>and</strong><br />
superintendent<br />
Research Responsibility Period<br />
Torger A. Hoverstad 1894–1895<br />
W.G. Smith 1895–1898<br />
D.A. Gaumnitz 1901–1902<br />
Gaumnitz was appointed assistant in animal<br />
husb<strong>and</strong>ry at St. Paul in 1904–1905.<br />
NORTHWEST STATION,<br />
CROOKSTON, 1895<br />
Superintendents<br />
Period<br />
Torger A. Hoverstad 1895–1905<br />
William Robertson 1905–1910<br />
Conrad Selvig 1910–1927<br />
Austin A. Dowell 1920–1937<br />
Thomas M. McCall 1938–1956<br />
Bernard E. Youngquist 1956–1983<br />
Larry J. Smith 1983–1983
173<br />
Agronomists<br />
Period<br />
Otto I. Bergh 1912–1914<br />
F.L. Kennard 1915–1918<br />
A.M. Christensen 1918–1920<br />
Elmer R. Clark, 1920–1940<br />
pure seed specialist<br />
Raymond S. Dunham, 1921–1945<br />
agronomist<br />
Olaf C. Soine, 1945–1974<br />
agronomist <strong>and</strong> soil scientist<br />
Freeman F. Johnson 1963–1966<br />
James L. L<strong>of</strong>gren 1967–1971<br />
Larry J. Smith, 1971–1978<br />
general agronomy<br />
Larry J. Smith, 1978–1978<br />
sugarbeet management<br />
John V. Wiersma, agronomist 1978–1978<br />
Jochum J. Wiersma, 1995–1978<br />
small-grains specialist<br />
NORTHEAST<br />
SUB-EXPERIMENT FARM,<br />
GRAND RAPIDS, 1896<br />
The name was changed to North Central<br />
Experiment Station in 1913 when a station<br />
was started at Duluth.<br />
Superintendents, specialty Period<br />
Warren H. Pendergast 1896–1897<br />
Herman H. Chapman, forestry 1898-1904<br />
A.J. McGuire, dairy 1904-1914<br />
Otto L. Bergh, soils 1914–1930<br />
Raymond L. Donovan 1930–1940<br />
Donald L. Dailey, 1940–1950<br />
animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry<br />
C.L. Cole, animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry 1950–1956<br />
William Matalamaki 1956–1978<br />
Joe Rust, animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry 1978–1985<br />
Robert F. Nyvall, 1985–1991<br />
plant pathology<br />
David L. Rabas, agronomy 1991–<br />
Agronomists<br />
Period<br />
Don Anderson,<br />
North Central School<br />
Otto Swenson 1926–1942<br />
(first full–time agronomist)<br />
Clem H. Griffith 1942–1963<br />
Richard Anderson 1963–1970<br />
David L. Rabas 1970–1991<br />
Russ Mathison 1991–1991<br />
Raymond Porter 1991–1991<br />
WEST CENTRAL<br />
EXPERIMENT STATION,<br />
MORRIS, 1910<br />
Superintendents<br />
Period<br />
E.C. Higbie 1910–1919<br />
P.E. Miller 1919–1938<br />
T.H. Fenske 1938–1947<br />
A.W. Edson 1947–1958<br />
H.G. Croom (interim) 1958–1959<br />
R.A. Briggs 1959–1961<br />
R.A. Smith 1961–1982<br />
L.K. Linder (interim) 1982–1983<br />
R. Vatthauer 1983–1991<br />
G. Lemme 1992–1999<br />
Gregory Cuomo <strong>2000</strong>–1991<br />
Agronomists<br />
Period<br />
P.E. Miller 1911–1916<br />
Theodore Odl<strong>and</strong> 1917–1918<br />
Roy O. Bridgford 1918–1956<br />
Roy L. Thompson 1956–1967<br />
Sam Evans 1963–1995<br />
(soils <strong>and</strong> agronomy)
174<br />
WEST CENTRAL<br />
EXPERIMENT STATION,<br />
MORRIS, 1910<br />
Agronomists (continued) Period<br />
Dennis Warnes 1969–1995<br />
Gregory Cuomo 1996–<strong>2000</strong><br />
Frank Forcella, USDA–ARS 1985–1991<br />
adjunct pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
NORTHEAST<br />
DEMONSTRATION AND<br />
EXPERIMENT FARM,<br />
DULUTH, 1912–1966<br />
George Pauley was farmer <strong>and</strong> resident<br />
superintendent in 1912 <strong>and</strong> Mark<br />
Thompson served from 1913 to 1966.<br />
Wallace Nelson served as agronomist<br />
from 1952 to 1959.<br />
SOUTHERN<br />
DEMONSTRATION AND<br />
EXPERIMENT FARM,<br />
WASECA, 1912<br />
The station began operation in 1913;<br />
its name was changed to Southern<br />
Experiment Station in 1925.<br />
Superintendents Period<br />
Torger A. Hoverstad, 1913–1918<br />
resident manager<br />
R.G. (Bob) Hodgson 1919–1960<br />
Deane Turner 1961–1963<br />
Edward Frederick 1964–1970<br />
Richard Anderson 1970–1990<br />
David Walgenbach 1990–<strong>2000</strong><br />
Agronomists<br />
Period<br />
John Thompson 1953–1967<br />
William Lueschen 1968–1993<br />
Gregg Johnson 1994–1991<br />
ROSEMOUNT EXPERIMENT<br />
STATION, 1949<br />
Superintendents<br />
Period<br />
Albert C. Heine 1949–1965<br />
Clifford L. Wilcox 1965–1990<br />
Kenneth Walter 1990–<strong>2000</strong><br />
David Walgenbach <strong>2000</strong>–1991<br />
SOUTHWEST<br />
EXPERIMENT STATION,<br />
LAMBERTON, 1960<br />
Superintendents<br />
Period<br />
Wallace Nelson 1959–1993<br />
William Lueschen 1993–1995<br />
Pauline Nickel 1995–1995<br />
Agronomists<br />
Period<br />
Harlan Ford 1973–1995<br />
Paul Porter 1994–<strong>2000</strong><br />
Elizabeth Dyck 1997–<strong>2000</strong><br />
Lori Falkner <strong>2000</strong>–<strong>2000</strong><br />
SAND PLAIN RESEARCH<br />
FARM, ELK RIVER<br />
1965–1975, BECKER<br />
FROM 1976<br />
Glen Titrud, administrative director
Chapter 22<br />
Minnesota<br />
Crop Improvement<br />
Association<br />
On August 2, 1903, pr<strong>of</strong>essors Coates P.<br />
Bull <strong>and</strong> Willet M. Hays issued a call to Minnesota farmers for a meeting<br />
to organize an association for breeding <strong>and</strong> improving field crop plants.<br />
While their appeal was to all farmers, it was especially to growers <strong>of</strong><br />
improved varieties for sale as seed. Bull <strong>and</strong> Hays wrote that they wished<br />
to give “systematic encouragement to the use <strong>of</strong> pedigreed seeds.”<br />
The meeting was held at the Territorial Pioneers Log Cabin on the<br />
State Fair grounds September 2, 1903, during the Minnesota State Fair,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the organization was named “Minnesota Field Crop Breeders<br />
Association” (MFCBA). Individual members were to “breed plants <strong>and</strong> not<br />
leave it all to the experiment station,” <strong>and</strong> to maintain the purity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
varieties <strong>and</strong> strains originated at University Farm. The membership fee<br />
was set at $1 per year, where it remained for more than 60 years.<br />
In 1903 Minnesota had 1.8 million acres <strong>of</strong> corn, 2.5 million acres <strong>of</strong><br />
oats, 1.3 million acres <strong>of</strong> barley, 4.3 million acres <strong>of</strong> wheat <strong>and</strong> 655,000<br />
acres <strong>of</strong> flax. No soybeans were grown.<br />
At the organizational meeting 0.C. Thompson <strong>of</strong> Farmington was<br />
elected president; W.M. Hays, secretary; <strong>and</strong> B.L. Jenks, Stillwater, treasurer.<br />
The executive committee consisted <strong>of</strong> Thompson, Hays <strong>and</strong> Jenks,<br />
<strong>and</strong> three more who were elected: L.B. Bassett, Rushmore; Fred Meier,<br />
Sleepy Eye; <strong>and</strong> G.W. Eastman, Crookston.<br />
The association’s first annual meeting was held January 12-13, 1904,<br />
at the Masonic Temple in Minneapolis. It included a seed show, which<br />
would be a part <strong>of</strong> every annual meeting until 1943. When the <strong>Agronomy</strong><br />
Compiled by Laddie J Elling. A History <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota Crop Improvement Association<br />
1903-1963 by H.L. Thomas provided much <strong>of</strong> the information for that period. Later information<br />
is mainly from The Minnesota Seed Grower, MCIA’s bimonthly newsletter.
176<br />
Building was constructed in 1940-1941, rooms 104 <strong>and</strong> 106 were specifically<br />
planned to accommodate these seed shows.<br />
The principal objectives, published in the constitution <strong>and</strong> bylaws<br />
adopted at the first annual meeting, were:<br />
• To collect <strong>and</strong> disseminate information concerning the growing, harvesting,<br />
storing <strong>and</strong> h<strong>and</strong>ling <strong>of</strong> seeds <strong>of</strong> the staple field crops.<br />
• To improve the yield <strong>and</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> all field crops by selection <strong>and</strong><br />
breeding.<br />
• To encourage better <strong>and</strong> more thorough methods <strong>of</strong> cultivation.<br />
• To publish transactions <strong>of</strong> all meetings <strong>and</strong> other information <strong>of</strong><br />
interest to field seed growers.<br />
• To aid in the organization <strong>of</strong> subordinate <strong>and</strong> auxiliary organizations<br />
throughout the state.<br />
The first authentic record <strong>of</strong> seed certification in the United States, so<br />
far as is known, was a 1906 shipment <strong>of</strong> 1-pound bags <strong>of</strong> Grimm alfalfa<br />
seed, with documented pro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> varietal purity, from the Minnesota<br />
Agricultural Experiment Station to a Colorado seed firm.<br />
In January 1908 the Agricultural Association <strong>of</strong> Minnesota, which<br />
dealt with horticultural crops <strong>and</strong> potatoes, was merged with the MFCBA,<br />
whose articles <strong>of</strong> incorporation were then amended to include field <strong>and</strong><br />
garden crops rather than field crops only.<br />
The secretary’s report <strong>of</strong> the 1912 annual meeting noted that, “There<br />
has been started this year in Minnesota a movement which may be roughly<br />
known as the pure seed movement, cooperation <strong>of</strong> the experiment station<br />
<strong>and</strong> the MFCBA… This contemplates inspection during the growing<br />
season.” Field inspection was begun that year <strong>and</strong> the first directory <strong>of</strong><br />
those having inspected <strong>and</strong> approved seed for sale was published.<br />
At the January 1913 annual meeting the organization’s name was<br />
changed to Minnesota Crop Improvement Association (MCIA). No mention<br />
<strong>of</strong> improvement <strong>of</strong> horticultural crops, including potatoes, is found in<br />
annual reports after that year. Resolutions at the 1914 annual meeting,<br />
held in Mankato, included a request for enactment <strong>of</strong> a state seed law.<br />
Grimm Alfalfa <strong>and</strong> Minnesota 13 corn were the outst<strong>and</strong>ing accomplishments<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Association’s early years in promoting improved crop<br />
varieties. Minnesota 13 corn, acquired from a St. Paul seed firm in 1893,<br />
became the most widely grown open-pollinated corn in the Northern Corn<br />
Belt.<br />
Andrew Boss, vice director <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment<br />
Station, proposed a new function for MCIA at the January 1919 annual
177<br />
meeting, in St. Cloud. The University’s Division <strong>of</strong> Farm Management,<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> was well into systematic plant breeding, testing,<br />
selection <strong>and</strong> increase. Seed <strong>of</strong> many new <strong>and</strong> improved varieties had<br />
been distributed, much <strong>of</strong> it accompanied by a certificate <strong>of</strong> purity. The<br />
concept was that farmers would make seed <strong>of</strong> these varieties available to<br />
their neighbors. The problem was that after a couple <strong>of</strong> years the crop was<br />
so contaminated by weeds or other crop seed that it was unfit for use as<br />
seed. The station had neither the funds nor the people to follow its seed<br />
stocks into the field, inspect them <strong>and</strong> certify their purity <strong>and</strong> value, nor did<br />
Boss regarded those tasks to be the station’s proper function. He proposed<br />
that MCIA undertake the system <strong>of</strong> field <strong>and</strong> bin inspection <strong>and</strong> registration<br />
<strong>and</strong> certification <strong>of</strong> seed already in place in Michigan <strong>and</strong> in<br />
Canada. A fee system was established to make the system self-supporting<br />
so far as field inspectors <strong>and</strong> related costs were concerned, but all MCIA<br />
administrative work was performed by the experiment station.<br />
In 1920 the station published the first <strong>of</strong>ficial set <strong>of</strong> rules for seed certification<br />
in Minnesota, known as the Inspection <strong>and</strong> Registration <strong>of</strong><br />
Farm Seeds pamphlet. Three classes <strong>of</strong> seed were defined: Pedigreed,<br />
Registered <strong>and</strong> Certified. These rules evolved into present-day certification<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ards.<br />
In 1923 Cottonwood county agent Ralph F. Crim was appointed the<br />
University’s first full-time extension agronomist. While extension records<br />
show Crim’s appointment as half time extension <strong>and</strong> half time as secretary<br />
<strong>of</strong> MCIA he does not appear in MCIA records as secretary until 1926.<br />
MCIA organized the first annual field day at University Farm in 1926<br />
so members could see varietal comparisons <strong>and</strong> exchange viewpoints. This<br />
was the forerunner <strong>of</strong> the experiment station summer <strong>and</strong> fall field days.<br />
The “Minnesota Plan <strong>of</strong> Seed Distribution,” introduced in fall 1928,<br />
provided for county allocations by a committee <strong>of</strong> six selected by the vice<br />
director <strong>of</strong> the experiment station. Approved growers for production <strong>of</strong><br />
registered seed were to be selected by the county agent, extension agronomist<br />
<strong>and</strong> the county crop improvement committee, with county crop<br />
improvement committees designating distribution <strong>of</strong> the releases within the<br />
county. In April 1928 the association began publication <strong>of</strong> The Minnesota<br />
Seed Grower, a bimonthly newsletter to members, who were encouraged<br />
to write articles for it. This they did for several years, but the content eventually<br />
became a staff production. The Seed Grower continues today.<br />
In the late 1920s the Northwest Crop Improvement Association was<br />
organized by members <strong>of</strong> agricultural business firms in northwestern<br />
Minnesota. Its emphasis was on “the improvement <strong>of</strong> agriculture,” specifically<br />
on solving problems related to crop quality, especially stinking smut.
178<br />
A crop specialist, H.R. (Si) Sumner, was employed to conduct educational<br />
programs. In 1929 Sumner <strong>and</strong> Ralph Crim initiated the Premier Seed<br />
Grower award. Andrew Boss was elected the first Honorary Premier Seed<br />
Grower in 1930. The honorary award is given to recognzie non seed<br />
growers for meritorious service to crop improvement.<br />
The first certification <strong>of</strong> hybrid corn was in 1933, when 16 growers<br />
certified about 928 bushels <strong>of</strong> Minhybrid 401 seed. Certification by hybrid<br />
corn growers increased rapidly <strong>and</strong> certification <strong>of</strong> the open-pollinated varieties<br />
decreased at about the same rate.<br />
Until his retirement in 1935, August D. Haedecke was in charge <strong>of</strong><br />
seed certification seed-stocks increase <strong>and</strong> seed sales for the MCIA. He was<br />
succeeded by Carl Borgeson.<br />
Ward Marshall became MCIA’s first paid employee when he was hired<br />
in 1944 to take over the seed registration <strong>and</strong> inspection duties, enabling<br />
Borgeson to concentrate on seed-stocks increase <strong>and</strong> sales. Marshall’s<br />
appointment was the first move to make MCIA a separate entity, financially<br />
independent <strong>of</strong> the experiment station. In 1946 Albert Flesl<strong>and</strong>, a<br />
seed analyst, was added to the MCIA staff. His role was to establish a seed<br />
laboratory to supplement work <strong>of</strong> the state seed laboratory, then housed<br />
on the campus, <strong>and</strong> to help with field inspection. Allen A. Virta joined the<br />
MCIA staff as assistant seed analyst in 1947.<br />
Coates P. Bull served as secretary <strong>of</strong> Minnesota Crop Improvement<br />
Association from 1905 to 1920.
179<br />
ACRES CERTIFIED OF SELECTED CROPS<br />
Crop 1937 1938 1941 1942 1991 1993 1998<br />
Barley 1,754 1,723 693 816 32,070 26,253 14,392<br />
Open-<br />
Pollinated 2,095 1,305 197 181 — — —<br />
Corn<br />
Hybrid<br />
Corn<br />
850 5,064 5,042 8,694 4,681 7,928 7,471<br />
Flax 796 1,261 2,367 5,218 48 92 370<br />
Oat 1,302 805 1,444 1,257 7,357 9,145 7,410<br />
Spring<br />
Wheat<br />
8,096 2,118 810 639 52,560 90,181 57,272<br />
Soybean 109 38 287 1,087 70,068 57,746 69,905<br />
In 1945 the board <strong>of</strong> regents approved construction <strong>of</strong> a $60,000<br />
agronomy seed stocks building, with construction funds to come from the<br />
seed stocks revolving fund. In 1948 the regents approved construction <strong>of</strong><br />
the MCIA building on campus, which cost $51,207.84. It was funded by<br />
a gift <strong>of</strong> $24,500 from MCIA, the balance from the seed stocks revolving<br />
fund. Around 1950 a $28,000 addition to the seed stocks building was<br />
constructed to house MCIA <strong>of</strong>fices <strong>and</strong> the seed laboratory. Construction<br />
costs were paid from the seed stocks fund. This building was extensively<br />
renovated <strong>and</strong> remodeled in the 1980s.<br />
In 1955 the state legislature designated MCIA the <strong>of</strong>ficial certification<br />
agency for agricultural field seeds, except seed <strong>of</strong> potatoes, produced in<br />
Minnesota.<br />
In 1960 the Northwest Crop Improvement Association <strong>and</strong> Rust<br />
Prevention Association merged to form the Crop Quality Council.<br />
In October 1967 MCIA <strong>and</strong> the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment<br />
Station signed a memor<strong>and</strong>um <strong>of</strong> underst<strong>and</strong>ing designating MCIA the<br />
Foundation seed production <strong>and</strong> distribution agency for the state. This act<br />
transferred a function that had been carried out by the agronomy department<br />
for decades, <strong>and</strong> effectively completed separation from the experiment<br />
station <strong>of</strong> the functions for which Willet Hays <strong>and</strong> Coates Bull had<br />
called the meeting to organize the Minnesota Field Crop Breeders<br />
Association some 64 years earlier. The memor<strong>and</strong>um specifies that:<br />
In consideration <strong>of</strong> the services rendered by personnel in the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> <strong>and</strong> other station personnel, <strong>and</strong> the use <strong>of</strong><br />
the facilities <strong>of</strong> the foundation seed stocks building, MCIA will allot to the<br />
department funds in the Foundation seed budget considered by the association<br />
to exceed the needs <strong>of</strong> the operation <strong>of</strong> the project, plus a reasonable<br />
reserve. These funds are to be used in general support <strong>of</strong> the program related<br />
to crop improvement.
180<br />
This memor<strong>and</strong>um <strong>of</strong> underst<strong>and</strong>ing continues in effect, as does the<br />
close working relationship between MCIA <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong>. At the same time, MCIA’s Foundation seed<br />
department provides contract production services for several private seed<br />
companies.<br />
In 1997 the state legislature also designated MCIA Minnesota’ s <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
noxious-weed-free forage <strong>and</strong> mulch certifying agency. In conjunction<br />
with its <strong>of</strong>ficial seed <strong>and</strong> weed-seed-free certification services, MCIA now<br />
provides its members with identity preserved <strong>and</strong> quality assurance programs<br />
<strong>and</strong> pre-variety certification <strong>of</strong> forest reproductive materials <strong>and</strong><br />
native grasses <strong>and</strong> forbs. At year <strong>2000</strong> the volume <strong>of</strong> seed certified generally<br />
is declining while use <strong>of</strong> identity preserved <strong>and</strong> quality assurance services<br />
is growing.<br />
MANAGERS OF MINNESOTA<br />
CROP IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION<br />
Ward Marshall’s service to MCIA began in June 1944, when he was<br />
appointed to h<strong>and</strong>le the seed registration <strong>and</strong> inspection. Realistically, this<br />
role made him manager in fact, while not in title, <strong>of</strong> the association. He<br />
was named manager in 1957 <strong>and</strong> served until his sudden death in 1975.<br />
During Harley Otto’s tenure the title was changed to president <strong>and</strong> chief<br />
executive <strong>of</strong>ficer.<br />
Manager<br />
Period<br />
Ward H. Marshall 1957-1975<br />
Harley J. Otto 1975-1995<br />
Gary M. Beil 1995-<br />
SECRETARIES OF MINNESOTA<br />
CROP IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION<br />
From the founding <strong>of</strong> MCIA in 1903 until the appointment <strong>of</strong> Ward<br />
Marshall as manager in 1957 the association was managed mainly by its<br />
secretary, who has been elected by the board <strong>of</strong> directors. From that time<br />
<strong>of</strong> Marshall’s appointment as manager the secretary’s <strong>of</strong>ficial function has<br />
been to keep minutes <strong>of</strong> the board <strong>of</strong> directors <strong>and</strong> annual meeting <strong>and</strong> to<br />
serve as a member <strong>of</strong> the executive committee. From 1903 until the election<br />
<strong>of</strong> William Wendl<strong>and</strong>t in 1996, except for Andrew Boss who represented<br />
the agricultural experiment station, the secretary has been a member<br />
<strong>of</strong> the agronomy department. Both Wendl<strong>and</strong>t <strong>and</strong> Dahlager are seed<br />
growers.
181<br />
Secretary<br />
Period<br />
Willet M. Hays 1903-1905<br />
Coates P. Bull 1905-1920<br />
T.E. Odl<strong>and</strong> 1920-1921<br />
August D. Haedecke 1922-1925<br />
Ralph Crim 1926-1928<br />
Andrew Boss 1929-1933*<br />
Ralph Crim 1934-1953<br />
Secretary<br />
Period<br />
Carl Borgeson 1954-1955<br />
Rodney Briggs 1956-1958<br />
Harley J. Otto 1959-1975<br />
Lawrence (Larry) Smith 1975-1996<br />
William (Bill) Wendl<strong>and</strong>t 1996-1998<br />
Howard Dahlager 1998-<br />
* In A History <strong>of</strong> the Minnesota Crop Improvement Association 1903-1963, author H.L.<br />
Thomas explained that, “Andrew Boss held the position 1929 to 1933 but Crim under the<br />
title <strong>of</strong> consulting agronomist, carried most <strong>of</strong> the work load."<br />
Early seed evaluation was done is this St. Paul campus seed laboratory.
182<br />
AGRONOMY FACULTY PRESENTED WITH<br />
MCIA’S HONORARY PREMIER SEEDSMAN AWARD<br />
Name<br />
Year Name<br />
Year<br />
A.C. Arny 1947 Herbert W. Johnson 1968<br />
E.R. Ausemus 1946 J.W. Lambert 1956<br />
Carl Borgeson 1958 W.M. Myers 1961<br />
Andrew Boss 1930 *Wallace W. Nelson 1984<br />
*Roy O. Bridgford 1949 Harley J. Otto 1964<br />
Coates P. Bull 1936 James H. Orf 1992<br />
Orvin Burnside 1990 Donald C. Rasmusson 1973<br />
Robert Busch 1985 Ernest H. Rinke 1963<br />
Ralph F. Crim 1942 Robert G. Robinson 1980<br />
J.O. Culbertson 1952 A.R. Schmid 1970<br />
Ray S. Dunham 1950 Lawrence H. Smith 1983<br />
Laddie J. Elling 1980 *Larry J. Smith 1993<br />
Harlan J. Ford 1994 Deon D. Stuthman 1981<br />
A.D. Haedecke 1934 Horace L. Thomas 1965<br />
H.K Hayes 1944 Roy L. Thompson 1990<br />
Robert E. Heiner 1974 *Dennis Warnes 1986<br />
William F. Hueg, Jr. 1964<br />
* Branch station personnel
Chapter 23<br />
Centers <strong>and</strong> Institutes<br />
The <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong><br />
has a long <strong>and</strong> distinguished history <strong>of</strong> working with scientists in other<br />
departments <strong>and</strong> outside the University. In the early years individual scientists<br />
initiated such work as they recognized the need for expertise beyond<br />
their own specialties. Project leaders regularly sought <strong>and</strong> utilized the<br />
expertise <strong>of</strong> entomologists, plant pathologists <strong>and</strong> soil scientists in their<br />
crop improvement work.<br />
More recently the College <strong>of</strong> Agricultural, Food, <strong>and</strong> Environmental<br />
Sciences (COAFES) <strong>and</strong> the University have created centers meant to foster<br />
broader interdisciplinary working relationships. More than 30 such centers<br />
now operate within COFAES; agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics faculty<br />
have been most active in the two that follow.<br />
CENTER FOR ALTERNATIVE PLANT AND<br />
ANIMAL PRODUCTS (CAPAP)<br />
CAPAP was created to focus University resources on new <strong>and</strong> emerging<br />
opportunities to help diversify Minnesota’s agricultural economy. This<br />
first-<strong>of</strong>-its-kind multidisciplinary center organized in 1986 provides access<br />
to University resources by delivering information, networking services <strong>and</strong><br />
development support to the public. It encourages policies <strong>and</strong> programs<br />
that reduce risks associated with diversification. Diversification options<br />
include both crop production <strong>and</strong> processing <strong>and</strong> marketing opportunities.<br />
<strong>Department</strong> faculty members were very active in establishing this center<br />
<strong>and</strong> continue to serve in various aspects <strong>of</strong> its work. The center is administered<br />
by a steering committee made up <strong>of</strong> one faculty member from each<br />
By Pr<strong>of</strong>essor L.L. Hardman <strong>and</strong> Helene Murray, coordinator <strong>of</strong> MISA programs.
184<br />
department in the college; Dan Putnam <strong>and</strong> Craig Sheaffer have represented<br />
agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics. Ervin Oelke served on the steering<br />
committee in the past <strong>and</strong> was the center’s most recent director.<br />
Faculty from agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant genetics assisted in the planning <strong>and</strong><br />
development <strong>of</strong> three very successful national symposia on new crops the<br />
center co-sponsored: “Research, Development <strong>and</strong> Economics <strong>of</strong> New<br />
Crops” (1990); “Exploration, Research, <strong>and</strong> Commercialization <strong>of</strong> New<br />
Crops” (1993); <strong>and</strong> “New Opportunities <strong>and</strong> New Technologies for New<br />
Crops” (1996). <strong>Department</strong> faculty also led the development <strong>of</strong> 7 <strong>of</strong> the<br />
first 17 publications the center distributed <strong>and</strong> participated in several study<br />
teams the center assembled to assess the feasibility <strong>of</strong> various new crops<br />
<strong>and</strong> processing possibilities for Minnesota.<br />
MINNESOTA INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE<br />
AGRICULTURE (MISA)<br />
Kent Crookston started early research <strong>and</strong> educational programs in<br />
sustainable agriculture in the <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong><br />
<strong>Genetics</strong>. He began working with groups advocating sustainable agriculture<br />
in the 1980s, helping them to identify their research <strong>and</strong> educational needs<br />
<strong>and</strong> encouraging them to make those needs known to the appropriate<br />
University faculty. Crookston served as leader <strong>of</strong> the department’s sustainable<br />
agriculture program prior to becoming head <strong>of</strong> agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant<br />
genetics in 1990.<br />
In 1987 the Minnesota Food Association, Joint Religious Legislative<br />
Coalition, L<strong>and</strong> Stewardship Project, Organic Growers <strong>and</strong> Buyers<br />
Association <strong>and</strong> The Minnesota Project came together to develop the<br />
Sustainers Coalition (SC). This group was interested in correcting what<br />
they viewed as resistance by COAFES to research, education <strong>and</strong> extension<br />
initiatives in sustainable agriculture <strong>and</strong> wanted to encourage<br />
COAFES’s efforts in sustainable agriculture research <strong>and</strong> education.<br />
A joint task force composed <strong>of</strong> representatives <strong>of</strong> the SC <strong>and</strong> selected<br />
faculty <strong>and</strong> administrators <strong>of</strong> COAFES discussed each other’s concerns<br />
during a series <strong>of</strong> seminars in the summer <strong>of</strong> 1988. The Minnesota<br />
Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (MISA) was established after a series <strong>of</strong><br />
planning sessions <strong>and</strong> public meetings. The first board <strong>of</strong> directors was<br />
appointed in February 1992 <strong>and</strong> COAFES committed $200,000 to<br />
$300,000 per year to support MISA efforts for the next four years. MISA<br />
was to be governed by a 15-member board <strong>of</strong> directors, 9 nominated by<br />
the SC <strong>and</strong> 6 nominated by the COAFES, with the stipulation that at least<br />
7 <strong>of</strong> these directors must be sustainable agriculture farmers.
185<br />
The <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> continues to be a<br />
major supporter <strong>of</strong> MISA by providing <strong>of</strong>fice space for staff <strong>and</strong> administrative<br />
support. Donald Wyse, weed scientist in the agronomy department,<br />
assumed a half-time appointment as MISA executive director in 1992.<br />
Helene Murray serves as the MISA program coordinator. MISA presently<br />
has a major presence in Hayes Hall, where the department provides space<br />
for several MISA employees <strong>and</strong> a large information distribution center.<br />
A graduate minor in sustainable agriculture systems was developed<br />
with MISA funding. M.S. <strong>and</strong> Ph.D. c<strong>and</strong>idates first complete their coursework<br />
<strong>and</strong> then serve a 10-week internship with producers, nonpr<strong>of</strong>it organizations<br />
or government agencies that work on sustainable agriculture<br />
issues. COAFES <strong>of</strong>fers an undergraduate minor in sustainable agriculture,<br />
as well. MISA has provided opportunities for interested undergraduate students<br />
to participate in internships with sustainable agriculture practitioners.<br />
Kent Crookston <strong>and</strong> Deon Stuthman have served on the MISA board<br />
<strong>of</strong> directors; Gregg Johnson currently serves as a board member. Craig<br />
Sheaffer developed the graduate minor in sustainable agriculture now coordinated<br />
by Nick Jordan.
186
Appendix A<br />
Awards <strong>and</strong> Recognition<br />
OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT AWARD<br />
AND HONORARY DOCTORATE RECIPIENTS<br />
Earned Outst<strong>and</strong>ing Honorary<br />
Name Degree* Achievement Award Doctorate<br />
Aamodt, Olaf S. 1922 1970<br />
Arakeri, H. R. 1949 1978<br />
Barnes, Donald K. 1958 1996<br />
Boss, Andrew Faculty 1945**<br />
Booth, Ernest G. 1928 1983<br />
Chang, Te Tzu 1959 1985<br />
Dewey, Douglas R 1956 1987<br />
Elling, Laddie J. 1950 1999<br />
Frolik, Elvin F. 1948 1973<br />
G<strong>and</strong>rud, Ebenhard 1934, B.S. 1979<br />
Goulden, Cyril H. 1925 1970<br />
Harrington, James B. 1924 1971<br />
Hartwig, Edgar E. 1937, B.S. 1976<br />
Heyne, Elmer G. 1952 1986<br />
Hueg, William F., Jr. Faculty 1998***<br />
Izuno, Takumi 1960 <strong>2000</strong><br />
Johnson, Iver J. 1932 1972<br />
Kasha,Kenneth J. 1962 1999<br />
Kirk, Lawrence E. 1927 1955<br />
The Outst<strong>and</strong>ing Achievement Award may be conferred on graduates or former students <strong>of</strong><br />
the University who have attained unusual distinction in their chosen fields or pr<strong>of</strong>essions or<br />
in public service, <strong>and</strong> who have demonstrated outst<strong>and</strong>ing achievement <strong>and</strong> leadership on a<br />
community, state, national or international level. The list includes graduates <strong>of</strong> the department<br />
who may or may not have been faculty members. An honorary degree is the highest<br />
award conferred by the University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota <strong>and</strong> is given to an individual who has<br />
achieved acknowledged eminence in cultural affairs, public service or a field <strong>of</strong> knowledge <strong>and</strong><br />
scholarship.<br />
* Degree is Ph.D. unless otherwise indicated.<br />
**Honorary Doctor <strong>of</strong> Science – conferred for contributions to knowledge.<br />
***Honorary Doctor <strong>of</strong> Laws – conferred for public service.
188<br />
Earned Outst<strong>and</strong>ing Honorary<br />
Name Degree* Achievement Award Doctorate<br />
Kramer, Herbert H. 1946 1968<br />
Marvin, William S. 1939, B.S. 1992<br />
Miller, Oscar 1960 1994<br />
Moseman, A. H. 1944 1958<br />
Myers, W. M. 1936 1951<br />
Newlin, Owen 1954 1995<br />
Putt, Eric 1950 1988<br />
Quisenberry, Karl 1930 1970<br />
Robertson, David W. 1928 1957<br />
Swenson, Stanley P. 1936 1974<br />
Troyer, A. Forrest 1964 1998<br />
Tsiang, Y. S. 1942 1962 1996***<br />
White, William J. 1940 1986<br />
Wortman, Sterling 1950 1975<br />
Xu, Guanren (Harry K.J. Hsu) 1950 1986<br />
PROFESSIONAL AWARDS AND RECOGNITION<br />
OF FACULTY, GRADUATE STUDENTS AND STAFF<br />
SPECIAL AWARDS AND RECOGNITION<br />
National Academy <strong>of</strong> Science (USA)<br />
R.L Phillips 1993<br />
Siehl Prize for Excellence<br />
in Agriculture<br />
D.C. Rasmusson 1996<br />
AMERICAN SOCIETY<br />
OF AGRONOMY (ASA)<br />
Agronomic Education Award<br />
L.H. Smith 1970<br />
(Discontinued in 1978)<br />
Agronomic Resident Education<br />
Award<br />
V.B. Cardwell 1984<br />
Agronomic Service Award<br />
I.J. Johnson 1970<br />
H.W. Johnson 1985<br />
Novartis Crop Protection<br />
Recognition Award<br />
(Formerly CIBA-Geigy Award in<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong>)<br />
N.P. Martin 1982<br />
S.R. Simmons 1984<br />
M.A. Schmitt 1991<br />
N. J. Ehlke 1996<br />
Agronomic Extension Education<br />
Award<br />
D.R. Hicks 1986<br />
N.P. Martin 1990<br />
E.A. Oelke 1994<br />
Agronomic Achievement Award –<br />
Crops<br />
J. W. Lambert 1983<br />
D.C. Rasmusson 1990<br />
R.H. Busch 1998
189<br />
Robert E. Wagner Award for<br />
Efficient Agriculture<br />
D.R. Hicks 1991<br />
Crop Science Teaching Award<br />
V.B. Cardwell 1996<br />
Crops <strong>and</strong> Soils Magazine<br />
Journalism Award<br />
(Discontinued in 1987)<br />
R.K. Crookston 1981, 1984<br />
M.A. Schmitt (with joint authors)<br />
1987<br />
Stevenson Awards (1948 -1953)<br />
H.H. Kramer W.M. Myers<br />
ASA Honorary Membership<br />
H.H. Kramer 1978<br />
ASA Fellows<br />
H.K. Hayes 1927<br />
A. Boss 1932<br />
R.J. Garber 1933<br />
A.C. Arny 1935<br />
O.C. Aamodt 1937<br />
I.J. Johnson 1945<br />
H.K. Wilson 1946<br />
W.M. Myers 1948<br />
T.E. Odl<strong>and</strong> 1948<br />
E.R. Ausemus 1952<br />
H.H. Kramer 1955<br />
R.P. Murphy 1955<br />
L.R. Powers 1959<br />
A.H. Moseman 1960<br />
J.W. Lambert 1962<br />
E.H. Rinke 1962<br />
H.W. Johnson 1963<br />
E.L. Pinnell 1964<br />
C.R. Burnham 1968<br />
F.J. Stevenson 1968<br />
W.F. Wedin 1970<br />
D.N. Moss 1973<br />
L.H. Smith 1973<br />
J.L. Lebsock 1974<br />
D.C. Rasmusson 1974<br />
W.F. Hueg, Jr 1975<br />
G.C. Marten 1975<br />
D.K. Barnes 1976<br />
G.H. Heichel 1980<br />
G.L. Jones 1980<br />
R.L. Phillips 1980<br />
L.J. Elling 1982<br />
D.R. Hicks 1982<br />
O.C. Burnside 1983<br />
B.G. Gengenbach 1987<br />
D. D. Stuthman 1987<br />
V.B. Cardwell 1988<br />
N.P. Martin 1988<br />
R.H. Busch 1989<br />
R.K. Crookston 1992<br />
R. E. Heiner 1992<br />
S.R. Simmons 1992<br />
E.A. Oelke 1993<br />
C.C. Sheaffer 1994<br />
C.P. Vance 1995<br />
D.D. Buhler 1997<br />
J.H. Orf 1997<br />
H.W. Rines 1997<br />
W.E. Lueschen 1998<br />
R.J. Jones 1999<br />
D.A. Somers 1999<br />
ASA Presidents<br />
H.K. Hayes 1935<br />
O.S. Aamodt 1948<br />
I.J. Johnson 1956<br />
W.M. Myers 1958<br />
H.H. Kramer 1966<br />
D.N. Moss 1986<br />
G.H. Heichel 1998<br />
V.B. Cardwell <strong>2000</strong><br />
CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF<br />
AMERICA (CSSA)<br />
DEKALB <strong>Genetics</strong> Crop Science<br />
Distinguished Career Award<br />
D.C. Rasmusson 1994<br />
R.L. Phillips 1997<br />
Young Crop Scientist Award<br />
C.C. Sheaffer 1985<br />
D.A. Somers 1989<br />
J.A. Anderson 1998<br />
R. Bernardo 1999
190<br />
Crop Science Research Award<br />
D.K. Barnes 1987<br />
(co-awardees follow)<br />
G.H. Heichel 1987<br />
C.P. Vance 1987<br />
R.L. Phillips 1988<br />
Crop Science Teaching Award<br />
V.B. Cardwell 1996<br />
NCCPB <strong>Genetics</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong><br />
Breeding Award for Industry<br />
J.L. Geadleman 1999<br />
Gerald O. Mott (Graduate Student)<br />
Scholarship<br />
J.M. Shaver 1997<br />
J. Mudge 1999<br />
CSSA Fellows<br />
In 1985 all prior ASA Fellows were<br />
also granted status as CSSA Fellows.<br />
Consequently, all ASA Fellows in the<br />
earlier listing, from H.K. Hayes in<br />
1927 through O.C. Burnside in<br />
1983, are also CSSA Fellows.<br />
B.G. Gengenbach 1987<br />
D.D. Stuthman 1987<br />
R.H. Busch 1989<br />
C.P. Vance 1989<br />
E.A. Oelke 1991<br />
R.K. Crookston 1992<br />
S.R. Simmons 1992<br />
R.E. Heiner 1993<br />
R.J. Jones 1995<br />
H.W. Rines 1996<br />
V.B. Cardwell 1997<br />
J.H. Orf 1997<br />
CSSA Presidents<br />
H.H. Kramer 1957<br />
R.P. Murphy 1962<br />
D.N. Moss 1977<br />
G.H. Heichel 1992<br />
V.B. Cardwell 1994<br />
R.L. Phillips <strong>2000</strong><br />
WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY OF<br />
AMERICA (WSSA)<br />
WSSA Fellows<br />
R. Behrens 1973<br />
R.N. Andersen 1983<br />
G.R. Miller 1987<br />
O.C. Burnside 1989<br />
C. Eberlein 1998<br />
WSSA Presidents<br />
R. Behrens 1967-68<br />
O.C. Burnside 1986-88<br />
NORTH CENTRAL WEED SCIENCE<br />
SOCIETY<br />
Honorary Members<br />
R.S. Dunham 1956<br />
R. Behrens 1973<br />
O.C. Burnside 1980<br />
R.N. Andersen 1983<br />
G.R. Miller 1988<br />
The Honorary Member designation<br />
became Fellow in 1995<br />
Fellows<br />
W.E. Lueschen 1996<br />
Presidents<br />
R.S. Dunham 1949<br />
O.C. Burnside 1975<br />
G.R. Miller 1984<br />
Distinguished Achievement Awards<br />
J.L Gunsolus–Young Scientist 1990<br />
D.D. Buhler – Research 1993<br />
R.N. Andersen – Service 1994<br />
B.R. Durgan – Education 1996<br />
R.E. Becker – Education 1997
191<br />
RECIPIENTS OF CIVIL SERVICE EXCELLENCE AWARD<br />
Name Year Assignment<br />
Mauritz Linder 1986 Soybean breeding plot supervisor<br />
Teresa Schoeder 1987 Undergraduate teaching scientist<br />
Susan Miller 1988 Alfalfa physiology scientist<br />
James Halgerson 1989 Forage research scientist<br />
Thomas Warnke 1990 Field <strong>and</strong> facilities administrator<br />
Avis Kunkel 1991 <strong>Department</strong> administrator<br />
Eric Ristau 1992 Forage research scientist<br />
Judy Slyter 1993 <strong>Department</strong> principal accountant<br />
Gary Linkert 1994 Wheat <strong>and</strong> wild rice breeding scientist<br />
Lynne Medgaarden 1995 Teaching support <strong>of</strong>fice supervisor<br />
Jeff Roessler 1996 Corn physiology scientist<br />
Kathleen Storey 1997 Molecular genetics scientist<br />
Kate Plaisance 1998 Biochemistry <strong>and</strong> physiology scientist<br />
Douglas Miller 1999 Extension education scientist<br />
Jean Swanson <strong>2000</strong> <strong>Department</strong> executive secretary<br />
RECIPIENTS OF H.K. HAYES<br />
GRADUATE STUDENT AWARD<br />
Name<br />
Year<br />
William E. Kuhn 1973<br />
Sheldon E. Blank 1974<br />
Donn P. Cummings 1975<br />
Steve R. Simmons 1976<br />
Donald R. Vi<strong>and</strong>s 1977<br />
Thomas J. McCoy 1978<br />
James E. Miller 1979<br />
Charlotte Eberlein 1980<br />
Steven A. Thompson 1981<br />
Josephine C. Heindl 1982<br />
Oran B. Hesterman 1983<br />
Debra M. Lee 1984<br />
Patrick M. Hayes 1985<br />
Virginia M. Peschke 1986<br />
Name<br />
Year<br />
Beth Nelson Schreiber 1987<br />
Margaret A. Egli 1988<br />
Lori Marshall 1989<br />
Brent W. Delzer 1990<br />
Shawn M. Kaeppler 1991<br />
Todd L. Krone 1992<br />
S<strong>and</strong>ra C. Milach 1993<br />
Philip M. Schwab 1994<br />
Blair L. Waldron 1995<br />
Jonathan M. Shaver 1996<br />
Michael S. Olsen 1997<br />
Joann Mudge 1998<br />
Cristine H<strong>and</strong>el 1999
192
Appendix B<br />
Master <strong>of</strong> Science<br />
Graduates<br />
Name Year Advisor(s)<br />
Aamodt, Olaf S. 1922 H.K. Hayes<br />
Abadie, Tabare de Leon 1992 R.H. Busch<br />
Abernathy, Harold L. 1989 R.K. Crookston<br />
Abou El-Fitouh, Hosni 1964 H.L. Thomas<br />
Afukawa, Joe J. 1981 R.K. Crookston<br />
Agble, William K. 1953 E.H. Rinke<br />
Ahmed, Khurshid 1990 B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Akposoe, Mathias K. 1967 J.C. Sentz <strong>and</strong> W.A. Compton<br />
Albrecht, Ken 1978 E.A. Oelke<br />
Alcantara, Elifas 1987 D.L. Wyse<br />
Ali, Syad Mahboob 1964 E.H. Rinke<br />
Al-Saady, Nadya 1996 H.W. Rines<br />
Ambrose, William B. 1966 E.H. Rinke <strong>and</strong> J.C. Sentz<br />
Anderson, Laurel E. 1953 R.S. Dunham<br />
Anderson, Michael P. 1985 G.H. Heichel<br />
Anderson, Phyllis M. 1985 S.R. Simmons<br />
This list was compiled with care from information that could be found. Unfortunately, the<br />
records are incomplete <strong>and</strong> though painstaking work was done in compilation there can be<br />
no assurance that this is a complete list or that each individual listed has, in fact, received the<br />
M.S. degree.
194<br />
Anderson, Richard H. 1967 R.S. Dunham<br />
Anderson, Richard W. 1946 R.S. Dunham<br />
Andrews, John E. 1950 H.K. Hayes<br />
Arakeri, Hanumappa R. 1948 A.R. Schmid<br />
Armstrong, Charles L. 1984 C.E. Green<br />
Arny, Albert C. 1918 E.M. Freeman <strong>and</strong> A. Boss<br />
Arten, Oliver M. 1952 A.R. Schmid<br />
Axtell, John D. 1965 C.R. Burnham<br />
Ayisi, Kingsley 1991 D.H. Putnam<br />
Aylesworth, John W. 1948 J.W. Lambert<br />
Azizi, Mohammad R. 1975 D.K. Barnes<br />
Baerg, Roger J. 1991 J.W. Gronwald<br />
Baihaki, Achmad 1973 J.C. Sentz<br />
Bakki, Fridtjov 1935 L.R. Powers<br />
Bank, Fridtjo V. 1935 L.R. Powers <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
Bari, Ghulam 1956 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Barker, Reed E. 1971 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Barnes, Donald K. 1958 J.O. Culbertson <strong>and</strong> J.W. Lambert<br />
Barrons, Keith C. 1935 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> L.R. Powers<br />
Basigalup, Daniel 1990 D.K. Barnes<br />
Batra, Krishan K. 1966 C.R. Burnham<br />
Beck, Bruce E. 1972 L.H. Smith<br />
Benbelkacem, Abdelkader 1982 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Benner, Michael S. 1986 R.L. Phillips<br />
Bensin, Basil M. 1912 A. Boss<br />
Benson, Laura 1988 S.R. Simmons<br />
Berke, Terry 1987 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Bertges, William J. 1973 L.J. Elling<br />
Bertram, Robert B. 1978 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Blank, Sheldon E. 1974 R. Behrens
195<br />
Block, Lawrence G. 1984 R.L. Phillips<br />
Blumenthal, Dana M. 1999 N.R. Jordan<br />
Boerboom, Chris M. 1987 D.L. Wyse<br />
Borgeson, Carl 1932 H.K. Hayes<br />
Borst, Harold L. 1920 A.C. Arny<br />
Bothun, Robert E. 1953 J.O. Culbertson<br />
Boukerrou, Lakhdar 1984 V.E. Comstock<br />
Boukhari, Mohammed 1981 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Boze, Larry K. 1985 R.E. Stucker<br />
Breegemann, Ronald A. 1998 J.H. Orf<br />
Bregitzer, P. Phillip 1985 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Brewbaker, Harvey E. 1923 H.K. Hayes<br />
Bridgeford, Roy O. 1930 H.K. Hayes<br />
Brink, Ge<strong>of</strong>frey E. 1983 G.C. Marten<br />
Brophy, Laura S. 1985 G.H. Heichel<br />
Brown, William J.N. 1942 R.B. Harvey <strong>and</strong> H.K. Wilson<br />
Burke, Thomas W.L. 1929 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> F.T. Wahlan<br />
Burnside, Orvin C. 1958 R.S. Dunham<br />
Bussan, Albert J. 1995 O.C. Burnside<br />
Byron, Dennis F. 1979 J.W. Lambert<br />
Cabrera, Maximo I. 1959 W.M. Myers <strong>and</strong> E.R. Ausemus<br />
Cantrell, Roy G. 1979 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Capettini, Flavio 1994 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Cargo, William 1956 A.R. Schmid<br />
Carlson, Arne E. 1940 H.K.Wilson <strong>and</strong> R.B. Harvey<br />
Carlson, Dale R. 1981 W.A. Brun<br />
Carlson, Joann Mary 1992 D.L. Wyse <strong>and</strong> N.J. Ehlke<br />
Carnahan, Howard L. 1947 H.K. Hayes<br />
Carter, Edward L. 1981 W.A. Brun <strong>and</strong> G.W. R<strong>and</strong>al<br />
Carter, Paul R. 1980 C.C. Sheaffer
196<br />
Casler, Michael D. 1979 A. Hovin<br />
Castell, Claudia V. 1999 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Chang, Ming-Sung 1936 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> F.R. Immer<br />
Chang, Tien-Ding 1970 L.A. Snyder<br />
Chao, Ren-Yong 1937 H.K. Wilson<br />
Chapko, Louis B. 1984 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Cheetham, Ronald D. 1967 T. Sudia<br />
Chen, Hong-Yu 1938 A.C. Arny<br />
Cheo, Song-Lin 1938 H.K. Hayes<br />
Christensen, Dean W. 1983 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Christian, C. Stuart 1932 H.K. Hayes<br />
Chu, Kwang-Hwan 1949 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> J.O. Culbertson<br />
Ciha, Alan J. 1973 W.A. Brun<br />
Clark, Edward M. 1955 C.R. Burnham<br />
Clark, Elmer R. 1932 H.K. Hayes<br />
Clark, J. Allen 1923 H.K. Hayes<br />
Clarke, S.E. 1925 H.K. Hayes<br />
Claus, Jon S. 1974 R.G. Robinson<br />
Clotaire, Frantz 1991 J.H. Orf<br />
Coe, Edward H., Jr. 1951 C.R. Burnham<br />
Copel<strong>and</strong>, Philip J. 1983 R.K. Crookston<br />
Coral-Quintero, Efren 1982 R.E. Stucker<br />
Cordoba, Baldomero O. 1949 H.L. Thomas<br />
Coronel, Abdel 1954 W.M. Myers<br />
Corselius, Kristen L. <strong>2000</strong> S.R. Simmons<br />
Cortazar, Rene S. 1943 H.K. Hayes<br />
Corzo, Antonio H. 1952 E.L. Pinnell<br />
Cowan, J. Ritchie 1942 H.K. Hayes<br />
Cralle, Harry T. 1979 G.H. Heichel<br />
Crockett, Ron P. 1978 R.K. Crookston
197<br />
Crookston, R. Kent 1970 D. Moss<br />
Cross, John E. 1959 R.E. Comstock <strong>and</strong> J.C. Sentz<br />
Curran, James M. 1916 C.P. Bull<br />
Cuykendall, Charles H. 1965 G.C. Marten<br />
Czaplewski, Steven J. 1980 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Da Silva, Ady Raul 1946 C.R. Burnham<br />
Das, Kumadabhiram 1951 C.R. Burnham<br />
Dassenko, Jack 1951 A.R. Schmid<br />
Davidson, Craig G. 1984 D.L. Wyse<br />
Davis, Douglas W. 1992 H.W. Rines<br />
DeHaan, Lee 1999 C.C. Sheaffer <strong>and</strong> N.J. Ehlke<br />
DeHaan, Robert L. 1992 D.L. Wyse <strong>and</strong> N.J. Ehlke<br />
De Koeyer, David L. 1992 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Delaney, Dennis J. 1980 V.B. Cardwell <strong>and</strong> L. Smith<br />
DeLoughery, Richard L. 1977 R.K. Crookston<br />
Delzer, Brent W. 1989 D.A. Somers <strong>and</strong> J.H. Orf<br />
De Menezes, Osvaldo B. 1947 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> E. Rinke<br />
Den Hartog, Gerald T. 1950 J.W. Lambert<br />
Dessouky, S.M. 1948 E.H. Rinke<br />
Diedrick, Theodore, J. 1983 C.E. Green<br />
Doley, William P. 1983 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Doran, David L. 1973 R.N. Andersen<br />
Dorchester, Charles S. 1923 A.C. Arny<br />
Dotson, Stanton 1986 D.A. Somers<br />
Doty, Edwin L. 1955 A.R. Schmid<br />
Doxtator, Charles W. 1930 H.K. Hayes<br />
Dreger, Raymond H. 1967 R.L. Cooper <strong>and</strong> W.A. Brun<br />
Dunham, Raymond S. 1933 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> A.C. Arny<br />
Eaton, Dana L. 1981 R.H. Busch<br />
Ehr, Timothy G. 1986 R.N. Andersen
198<br />
Elbehri, Abdelfatah 1991 V.B. Cardwell<br />
Elders, Arthur T. 1925 W. Southworth <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
Elling, Laddie J. 1948 H.K. Hayes<br />
Enstrom, Walter G. 1953 A.R. Schmid<br />
Ernst, Paul D. 1990 R.J. Jones<br />
Eta Ndu, Jacob 1989 S.J. Openshaw<br />
Everson, LeRoy E. 1948 R.S. Dunham<br />
Fabrizius, Martin A. 1993 S.J. Openshaw<br />
Fairbanks, Daniel T. 1985 J.H. Orf<br />
Fehr, Walter R. 1962 J.W. Lambert<br />
Feil, Cindy L. 1984 R.K. Crookston<br />
Feng, Joseph C.Y. 1971 W.A. Brun<br />
Ferguson, Albert C. 1948 H.K. Hayes<br />
Ferriss, Ronald S. 1978 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Fick, Gerhardt N. 1966 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Finn, Gary A. 1978 W.A. Brun<br />
Fischbeck, Gerhard W. 1951 H.K. Hayes<br />
Fischer, Jonathan W. 1992 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Foley, Timothy C. 1983 J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> J.H. Orf<br />
Fontaine, Burr R. 1994 D.L. Wyse<br />
Foote, Wilson H. 1946 H.K. Hayes<br />
Ford, J. Harlan 1959 R.S. Dunham<br />
Ford, Leola E. 1949 C.R. Burnham<br />
Forsyth, J.L. 1936 F.R. Immer<br />
Fortich, Filomeno 1954 C.R. Burnham<br />
Fowler, Charles W. 1968 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Fox, Carl A. 1975 D. Moss<br />
Frisch, David A. 1987 B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Fry, Thomas A. 1992 B.R. Durgan<br />
G<strong>and</strong>rud, Dale E. 1973 R.N. Andersen
199<br />
Garber, Edward D. 1942 C.R. Burnham<br />
Garber, Ralph J. 1917 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> A.C. Arny<br />
Gebhardt, David 1990 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Genrich, Kimberly C. 1995 C.C. Sheaffer <strong>and</strong> N.J. Ehlke<br />
Gerrish, Everett E. 1954 E.L. Pinnell<br />
Ghobrial, Helmy K. 1967 C.R. Burnham<br />
Ghose, Suva 1962 W.M. Myers<br />
Gibson, Andrew H. 1965 R.S. Caldecot<br />
Goodrich, Chester L. 1966 J.C. Sentz<br />
Graham, Ge<strong>of</strong>frey I. 1992 R.L. Phillips<br />
Greder, Rodney R. 1983 J.H. Orf <strong>and</strong> J.W. Lambert<br />
Green, Alan W. 1990 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Gregori, Tamara Newlin 1979 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Griffee, Fred 1920 H.K. Hayes<br />
Groat, R<strong>and</strong>all G. 1978 C.P. Vance<br />
Gross, Daniel H. 1979 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Grotbeck, Ross C. 1968 L.H. Smith<br />
Groya, Frederick L. 1980 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Gruber, Teresa A. 1986 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Guldan, Steven J. 1984 W.A. Brun<br />
Hageman, Larry H. 1980 R. Behrens<br />
Hagman, Jeffrey L. 1973 G.C. Marten<br />
Haines, William E. 1932 A.C. Arny <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
Hall, Darl M. 1932 H.K. Wilson<br />
Halling, Blaik P. 1979 R. Behrens<br />
Hanft, Jonathan M. 1982 R. Wych<br />
Hannah, Alvin E. 1950 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Hanson, James C. 1974 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Hanson, Wayne H. 1950 A.R. Schmid<br />
Hardies, E.W. 1924 F.A. Krantz <strong>and</strong> A.G. Tollas
200<br />
Harig, Gustav 1931 H.K. Hayes<br />
Harker, Neil K. 1981 R.N. Andersen<br />
Harrington, James B. 1922 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> E.C. Stakman<br />
Hartl<strong>of</strong>f, Holly 1984 B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Haugen, Jeffrey S. 1984 R.K. Crookston<br />
Heal, Ronald R. 1949 A.R. Schmid<br />
Heindl, Josephine C. 1980 W.A. Brun<br />
Helgason, Sigurdur B. 1942 H.K. Hayes<br />
Hellewell, Kendell B. 1994 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Herrett, Richard A. 1956 R.S. Dunham<br />
Hexum, Daryl K. 1984 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Higgins, Floyd L. 1924 A.C. Arny<br />
Highkin, Harry R. 1946 R.B. Harvey <strong>and</strong> C.R. Burnham<br />
Hill, David S. 1978 D.R. Hicks<br />
Hill, Elizabeth 1992 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Hilliard, Joe H., Jr. 1968 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Hockensmith, Ryan L. 1990 C.C. Sheaffer <strong>and</strong> G.C. Marten<br />
Hoeft, Eric V. 1998 D.L. Wyse<br />
Holton, Robert L. 1965 R.S. Caldecott<br />
Howe, Guy L., Jr. 1961 R.S. Dunham <strong>and</strong> R. Behrens<br />
Hsu, Tien-Sih 1935 H.K. Hayes<br />
Humphrey, Llewellyn M. 1931 H.K. Hayes<br />
Ibrahim, Mohmoud A. 1950 C.R. Burnham<br />
Immer, Forest R. 1925 H.K. Hayes<br />
Intsiful, Josiah K. 1964 E.H. Rinke<br />
Ives, Joseph D. 1958 H.L. Thomas<br />
Jacobsohn, Ruben 1967 R.N. Andersen<br />
Jellen, Eric W. 1988 R.L. Phillips<br />
Jen, Yun-Hsiang 1949 J.W. Lambert<br />
Jenner, Colin F. 1959 R.S. Dunham <strong>and</strong> R. Behrens
201<br />
Jennings, Merlin R. 1957 A.R. Schmid<br />
Jewett, Jane G. 1994 D.K. Barnes<br />
Joachim, Gertrud S. 1945 C.R. Burnham<br />
Johnson, Freeman K. 1961 J.W. Lambert<br />
Johnson, Iver J. 1929 A.C. Arny<br />
Johnson, Russell T. 1949 E.H. Rinke<br />
Johnson, Scott S. 1985 R.L. Phillips <strong>and</strong> H. Rines<br />
Johnson, Thomas J. 1951 E.H. Rinke<br />
Jorgenson, Louis R. 1927 H.K. Hayes<br />
Juan, Nestor Antonio 1989 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Jul, Guillermo 1943 C.R. Burnham<br />
Kapusta, George 1957 R.S. Dunham<br />
Kasim, Mahmood H. 1960 L.A. Snyder<br />
Kebreau, Frederic 1931 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> H.D. Baker<br />
Kim, In Kwon 1956 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Kirsch, Raymond 1999 E.A. Oelke<br />
Kitchen, Boyd M. 1981 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Kladar, Thomas J. 1996 D.L. Wyse<br />
Kneebone, William R. 1950 H.L. Thomas<br />
Kohler, A.R. 1912 Probably A. Boss<br />
Kraatz, Gary W. 1979 R.N. Andersen<br />
Kramer, Herbert H. 1941 C.R. Burnham<br />
Krenzer, Eugene G. 1973 D. Moss<br />
Kuhn, William E. 1973 R.E. Stucker<br />
Kurtzweil, Carl 1919 H.K. Hayes<br />
Lambert, Robert J. 1958 W.M. Myers<br />
Langseth, Paul A. 1976 D.D. Stuthman <strong>and</strong> L. Briggle<br />
Larsen, Thomas E. 1977 R.N. Andersen<br />
Lauer, Joseph L. 1983 S.R. Simmons<br />
Lavoy, Jerry D. 1971 R. Behrens
202<br />
Lawson, R. Mark 1978 J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> G. Ham<br />
Lazaro, R. Constancio 1944 C.R. Burnham<br />
Leaf, Janet Deutsch 1949 E.H. Rinke<br />
Lee, Michael 1984 R.L. Phillips<br />
Lee, Sang Hyon 1997 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
LeGare, David 1996 D.C. Rasumsson<br />
Lehman, William F. 1956 J.W. Lambert<br />
Leif, John W. III 1989 E.A. Oelke<br />
Leppink, Jeffrey D. 1989 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Lessard, Joseph R. 1960 R.G. Briggs<br />
Lewis, William M. 1956 W.M. Myers <strong>and</strong> L.J. Elling<br />
Liang, Tien-Jan 1946 F.K. Immer <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
Lim, Johng K. 1960 E.H. Rinke<br />
Lindquist, John L. 1994 B. Maxwell<br />
Litterer, Lynn A. <strong>2000</strong> D.A. Somers<br />
L<strong>of</strong>fler, Carlos M. 1980 R.H. Busch<br />
Long, Jay 1986 D.K. Barnes<br />
Lorenz, Russell J. 1957 A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong> R.S. Dunham<br />
Ludlow, Jeffrey A. 1978 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Lunden, Aksel P. 1924 H.K. Hayes<br />
Magalhaes, Paulo C. 1984 R.J. Jones<br />
Magarian, Diana Miller 1996 J. Lamb<br />
Magnusson, Mark U. 1986 D.L. Wyse<br />
Mainz, Michael J. 1981 R.K. Crookston<br />
Maquieira, Silvia 1997 H.W. Rines<br />
Marino, Antonio A. 1947 C.R. Burnham<br />
Mariota-Trias, Fausto 1946 C.R. Burnham<br />
Marshall, Lorelei C. 1987 R.H. Busch<br />
Marten, Gordon C. 1959 W. Wedin <strong>and</strong> J. Donker<br />
Martinson (Bjork), Krishona L. <strong>2000</strong> B.R. Durgan
203<br />
Marum, Petter 1977 A. Hovin<br />
Mathison, Russell D. 1989 C.C. Sheaffer <strong>and</strong> D. Rabas<br />
Matowo, Peter R. 1981 R.K. Crookston<br />
Mattos, Jose Alberto de 1948 H.K. Hayes<br />
Maung, Khin 1950 H.K. Hayes<br />
Maxwell, Carl A. 1982 C.P. Vance<br />
McElroy, Jeffery L. 1997 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
McFadden, A.D. 1941 Unknown<br />
McFinnis, F.W. 1918 E.G. Montgomery<br />
McGregor, Martin R. 1991 B.G. Gengenbach<br />
McGregor, W. Grant 1929 H.K. Hayes<br />
McLaughlin, John E. 1997 R.L. Phillips<br />
Meints, Paul D. 1994 R.H. Busch<br />
Menz, Kenneth M. 1969 D. Moss<br />
Mercer, Kristen L. <strong>2000</strong> D.L. Wyse<br />
Mercer-Quarshie, Hector 1966 J.C. Sentz<br />
Metzer (Lee), Debra D. 1983 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Mickelson, Harold R. 1992 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Mikkelsen, Karl H. 1964 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Miller, David J. 1989 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Miller, Douglas W. 1985 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Mir, Abdur Rahim 1961 E.H. Rinke<br />
Miskin, Koy E. 1969 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Misra, Deva Narain 1960 L.A. Snyder<br />
Mitchell, Melinda 1988 R.H. Busch <strong>and</strong> H.W. Rines<br />
Mohamed, Aly Hamed 1953 C.R. Burnham<br />
Moline, Waldemar J. 1961 W.F. Wedin<br />
Montaldo, Alvaro 1945 F.J. Stevenson <strong>and</strong> R.V. Akeley<br />
Mortimore, Glenn C. 1949 E.H. Rinke<br />
Moynihan, Jones M. 1995 S.R. Simmons
204<br />
Muenchrath, Deborah A. 1989 R.L. Phillips<br />
Mukherjee, Debebrata 1964 L.A. Snyder<br />
Murphy, Royse P. 1938 A.C. Arny<br />
Murphy, Tim C. 1976 R.L. Phillips<br />
Murzyn, Robert E. 1994 S.J. Openshaw<br />
Myers, Robert 1985 W.A. Brun<br />
Myers, Will M. 1934 A.C. Arny<br />
Nag, Kshounish Ch<strong>and</strong>ra 1965 A. Schmid<br />
Nalewaja, John D. 1959 R. Behrens<br />
Ndiaye, Mamadou 1990 R.K. Crookston<br />
Ndioro, Mbassa 1992 R.E. Stucker<br />
Negash, Yohannis 1963 A.R. Schmid<br />
Nelson, Curtis J. 1963 A.R. Schmid<br />
Nelson, David L. 1982 D.K. Barnes<br />
Nelson, Robert L. 1956 A.R. Schmid<br />
Neubauer, Joseph 1966 H.L. Thomas<br />
Nezamuddin, Syed 1948 A.R. Schmid<br />
Nickel, Sister Esther 1988 S.R. Simmons <strong>and</strong> C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Nielsen, Robert L. 1980 D.D. Stuthman <strong>and</strong> D.K. Barnes<br />
Nielsen, V. Heeser 1926 H.K. Hayes<br />
Nunez, Victor 1991 H.W. Rines <strong>and</strong> R.L. Phillips<br />
Nustad, Linda L. 1975 W.A. Brun<br />
Odl<strong>and</strong>, Theodore E. 1920 A.C. Arny<br />
Ogada, Festus 1964 E.H. Rinke<br />
Okiror, Shadrach O. 1973 H.W. Johnson <strong>and</strong> D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Olh<strong>of</strong>t, Paula M. 1996 R.L. Phillips<br />
Oliger, Leopold S. 1971 G.C. Marten<br />
Oliveira, Volnei 1987 C.V. Eberlein<br />
Olivencia, Rafael A. 1950 H.K. Hayes<br />
Olsen, Michael 1996 R.L. Phillips
205<br />
Omar, Abdel Aziz M. 1954 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Ong, Teh-tsi 1935 H.K. Hayes<br />
Ordas, Am<strong>and</strong>o P. 1973 R.E. Stucker<br />
Page, Nathaniel J. 1988 R.E. Stucker<br />
Pan, C.L. 1934 H.K. Hayes<br />
Pang, Shyh-Jane Nancy 1971 D.K. Barnes<br />
Parentoni, Sidney N. 1993 R.L. Phillips<br />
Parks, James S. 1980 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Pasley, Sherman F. 1979 J.W. Lambert<br />
Patterson, Thomas G. 1977 D. Moss<br />
Pauly, Michael H. 1983 B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Pavek, Joseph J. 1963 W.M. Myers<br />
Payne, Thomas S. 1983 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Pepe, John F. 1973 R. Heiner<br />
Perlinger, Gary J. 1976 A. Elliott <strong>and</strong> D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Person, Howard 1989 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Peschke, Virginia 1986 R.L. Phillips<br />
Pester, Todd 1996 O.C. Burnside<br />
Peterson, Glenn A. 1956 J.W. Lambert<br />
Peterson, Michael A. 1980 D.K. Barnes<br />
Peterson, Paul R. 1990 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Peterson, Rudolph F. 1931 H.K. Hayes<br />
Pfund, John H. 1972 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Pi, Chung-Pen 1957 C.R. Burnham <strong>and</strong> L.A. Snyder<br />
Pinnell, Emmett L. 1942 H.K. Hayes<br />
Piper, Todd E. 1982 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Pirl, Donald L. 1976 W.A. Brun<br />
Plehn, Steve J. 1992 J.H. Orf<br />
Plessers, Arthur G. 1953 C.R. Burnham<br />
Pointer, Leslie L. 1963 R. Kleese <strong>and</strong> J.C. Sentz
206<br />
Polzin, Herbert W. 1966 A.R. Schmid<br />
Potosnak, Robert G. 1961 E.H. Rinke<br />
Prashar, Dharam P. 1955 L.J. Elling<br />
Prigge, Sheila Lutz <strong>2000</strong> B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Proytch<strong>of</strong>f, Gavril G. 1926 H.K. Hayes<br />
Pryor, Gordon R. 1968 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Purcell, John M. 1960 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Quinones, Ferdinana A. 1948 J.W. Lambert<br />
Quisenberry, Karl S. 1925 H.K. Hayes<br />
Rabas, David L. 1969 A.R. Schmid<br />
Rabideau, Anne D. 1982 R.K. Crookston<br />
Rachie, Kenneth O. 1952 A.R. Schmid<br />
Raisanen, Keith A. 1983 E.A. Oelke<br />
Ramirez, Delores A. 1958 C.R. Burnham<br />
Ramloo, Macherla S. 1955 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Ransom, Joel K. 1980 E.A. Oelke<br />
Rauch, Thomas L. 1978 R.E. Stucker<br />
Raupp, Carlos R. 1992 R.E. Stucker<br />
Reece, Oscar E. 1945 H.K. Hayes<br />
Reid, David A. 1938 F.R. Immer<br />
Reuss, Scott A. 1996 J.L. Gunsolus<br />
Reysack, James J. 1990 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Rhodes, Carol A. 1981 C.E. Green<br />
Riazi, Ardeshir 1976 A.R. Schmid<br />
Rinke, Ernest H. 1939 H.K. Hayes<br />
Roadfeldt, George G. 1942 H.K. Wilson <strong>and</strong> A.C. Arny<br />
Robertson, David W. 1920 H.K. Hayes<br />
Robertson, Lloyd L. 1940 Unknown<br />
Robinson, Robert G. 1946 R.S. Dunham<br />
Rodgers, Dan M. 1977 D.C. Rasmusson
207<br />
Rogler, George A. 1942 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> F.R. Immer<br />
Romero, Nestor A. 1979 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Rosero, Manuel J. 1961 J.W. Lambert<br />
Roslansky, David R. 1974 G.C. Marten<br />
Ross, Gerhard A. 1962 R. Behrens, A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong><br />
R.S. Dunham<br />
Roth, Leo S. 1968 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Rud, Orvin E. 1954 A.R. Schmid<br />
Russell, Wilbert A. 1947 C.R. Burnham<br />
Saboe, Lewis C. 1940 H.K. Hayes<br />
St. John, Charles T. 1959 W.M. Myers<br />
Sallah, Peter Yao K. 1983 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Sanchez, Hugo E. 1968 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Schaub, Benjamin H. 1925 A.C. Arny<br />
Schiele, Herbert S. 1978 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Schmid, Alois R. 1940 A.C. Arny<br />
Schultz, Herman K. 1937 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> F.R. Immer<br />
Schwab, Phillip M. 1993 D.K. Barnes<br />
Schweitzer, Liang 1992 R.L. Phillips<br />
Seetin, Mark W. 1976 D.K. Barnes<br />
Selberg, Wayne A 1996 B.R. Durgan<br />
Severson, Dale A. 1967 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Shafi, Mohammed 1959 J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Shaver, Johnathan M. 1995 B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Shehata, Abdel-Rahim 1964 V.E. Comstock<br />
Shelton, James P. 1921 H.K. Hayes<br />
Shim, Jai Wook 1962 W.M. Myers<br />
Shulstad, Orris H. 1950 R.S. Dunham<br />
Siao, Fu 1934 H.K. Hayes<br />
Siemens, Henry J. 1928 A.C. Arny
208<br />
Smith, Jane A. 1982 C.E. Green<br />
Smith, Larry J. 1968 R. Kleese<br />
Snapp, Sieglinde 1986 C.P. Vance<br />
Snyder, John R. 1967 R. Kleese<br />
Sockness, Bradley A. 1985 D.K. Barnes<br />
Spitzmueller, Joseph 1992 D.L. Wyse<br />
Sprang, Colin (J.C.) 1959 E.L. Pinnell<br />
Springer, Warren C. 1974 R.L. Phillips<br />
Stafford, Roy E. 1962 W. M. Myers <strong>and</strong> R. Behrens<br />
Stahl, Lizabeth A. 1996 D.L. Wyse<br />
Start, Mary Ann <strong>2000</strong> H.W. Rines <strong>and</strong> R.L. Phillips<br />
Steidl, Robert P. 1972 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Stein, Otto L. 1952 E.H. Rinke<br />
Steinmetz, Ferdin<strong>and</strong> H. 1921 A.C. Arny<br />
Stelfox, Henry V. 1948 A.R. Schmid<br />
Sterling, John D.E. 1948 E.H. Rinke<br />
Stolenberg, David E. 1985 D.L. Wyse<br />
Str<strong>and</strong>, Oliver E. 1966 R. Behrens<br />
Stringham, Gary R. 1965 L.J. Elling<br />
Sudjana, Achmad 1984 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Sun, Ching Po 1926 A.C. Arny<br />
Sun, Von G. 1936 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> F.R. Immer<br />
Sunderman, Donald W. 1951 E.H. Rinke<br />
Sutton, Lonnie M. 1971 R.E. Stucker<br />
Swanson, A.F. 1923 H.K. Hayes<br />
Sweeney, Hugh 1967 L. Snyder<br />
Swenson, Stanley P. 1935 L.R. Powers<br />
Tabata, Mamoru 1959 C.R. Burnham<br />
Talbert, Kenneth E. 1978 R.K. Crookston<br />
Tew, Thomas L. 1974 A. Hovin
209<br />
Tewari, Gayatri Prasad 1954 A.R. Schmid<br />
Therkilsen, Jay A. 1977 R. Behrens<br />
Thompson, Donald B. 1949 Unknown<br />
Thompson, John R. 1953 A.R. Schmid<br />
Thompson, Mark J. 1912 A. Boss<br />
Thompson, Roy L. 1959 R.G. Robinson<br />
Thompson, Steven A. 1980 R.L. Phillips<br />
Thysell, Joseph R. 1951 E.R. Rinke<br />
Tri, Hutomo 1986 R.E. Stucker<br />
Tsiang, Teh-Chi 1938 H.K. Wilson <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
Tsiang, Yein Si 1940 H.K. Hayes<br />
Tsu, Cheng Chiao 1940 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> F.R. Immer<br />
Tuberosa, Roberto 1985 R.L. Phillips<br />
Tungl<strong>and</strong>, Lee R. 1985 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Turcotte, Edgar L. 1957 C.R. Burnham<br />
Twary, Scott N. 1988 G.H. Heichel<br />
Valdivia, Vital 1963 J.W. Lambert<br />
Valle-Razo, Georgina 1997 R.E. Stucker<br />
Van Cleve, Katherine 1984 W.A. Brun<br />
VanDee, Kevin L. 1993 D.L. Wyse<br />
V<strong>and</strong>e Mortel, Emily 1998 N.J. Ehlke<br />
V<strong>and</strong>e Mortel, Martijn 1999 R.A. Somers<br />
Van Horn, Mark J. 1981 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Vassar, Luke P. 1924 H.K. Hayes<br />
Vather, Rosheila 1990 R.J. Jones<br />
Vi<strong>and</strong>s, Donald R. 1977 D.K. Barnes<br />
Vietor, Donald M. 1969 W.A. Brun<br />
Viger, Paul R. 1989 C.V. Eberlein<br />
Vladutu, Cristian I. 1996 R.L. Phillips<br />
Vough, Lester R. 1969 G.C. Marten
210<br />
Waddell, W.H. 1937 F.R. Immer<br />
Wagner, Steve G. 1995 J.H. Orf<br />
Wahid, M.A. 1949 R.S. Dunham<br />
Waldecker, Mark J. 1982 D.L. Wyse<br />
Ward, Nancy J. 1979 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Warner, Robert L. 1964 L.H. Smith<br />
Warnes, Dennis D. 1960 A.R. Schmid<br />
Warren, Francis S. 1948 E.H. Rinke<br />
Weers, Benjamin P. <strong>2000</strong> D.C. Rasmusson<br />
West, Charles P. 1978 N.P. Martin<br />
West, David P. 1984 R.L. Phillips<br />
Whitaker, David W. 1986 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
White, Susan 1986 R.L. McGraw<br />
Whiting, Kelly 1985 R.K. Crookston <strong>and</strong> W.A. Brun<br />
Wiersma, John V. 1971 W.A. Brun <strong>and</strong> V.B. Cardwell<br />
Wiese, Allen F. 1951 A. Schmid<br />
Wiikikas, William 1940 F.R. Immer<br />
Wilcox, Arthur N. 1922 H.K. Hayes<br />
Wilcox, James R. 1959 J.W. Lambert<br />
Williams, Scott E. 1983 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Wong, Charles Y. 1935 A.C. Arny<br />
Wortman, Leo Sterling 1948 E.H. Rinke<br />
Wright, Rhonda Lynne 1986 D.A. Somers <strong>and</strong> R.L. McGraw<br />
Wu, Ju-Chi 1949 H. K. Hayes<br />
Wu, Shao-Kwei 1936 H.K. Hayes<br />
Yang, H.T. 1939 H.K. Hayes<br />
Yoder, Kenneth N. 1971 R. Behrens<br />
Yeh, Hough J. 1975 R. Behrens<br />
Yeh, S.C. 1936 F.R. Immer<br />
Young, Francis L. 1979 D.L. Wyse
211<br />
Young, William I. 1966 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Yousufuddin, Mohammed 1960 A.R. Schmid<br />
Yu, Pao-Lo 1954 J.W. Lambert<br />
Zapata, Mario 1958 W.M. Myers <strong>and</strong> E.R. Ausemus<br />
Zaremba, James R. 1984 R. Behrens<br />
Zhang, Xianpin 1985 S.R. Simmons<br />
Zhu, Van Ping 1995 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Ziegler, K.E. 1971 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Zins, Amy B. 1989 D.L. Wyse<br />
Zoebisch, Oscar C. 1950 E.H. Rinke<br />
Zucula, Paulo F. 1989 R.K. Crookston
212
Appendix C<br />
Doctor <strong>of</strong><br />
Philosophy Graduates<br />
Name Year Advisor(s)<br />
Aamodt, Olaf S. 1927 H.K. Hayes<br />
Abadie, Tabare deLeon 1994 R.E. Stucker <strong>and</strong> F.D. Enfield<br />
Abbasi, Feerose Husain 1945 H.K. Hayes<br />
Afuakwa, Joe J. 1982 R.K. Crookston<br />
Agble, William K. 1955 E.H. Rinke<br />
Agundis, Omar 1966 R. Behrens<br />
Albertsen, Marc C. 1980 R.L. Phillips<br />
Ali, Mohamed A.M. 1977 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Ali, Syed Mahboob 1965 E.H. Rinke<br />
Allen, Fred L. 1975 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Altman, David W. 1983 R.H. Busch<br />
Andersen, Robert N. 1960 A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong> R. Behrens<br />
Anderson, David R. 1974 J.W. Lambert<br />
Anderson, Laurel E. 1956 R.S. Dunham<br />
Anderson, Michael P. 1988 G.H. Heichel <strong>and</strong> C.P. Vance<br />
Andrews, John Edwin 1954 J.W. Lambert<br />
Arakeri, Hanumappa R. 1949 R.S. Dunham<br />
Armstrong, Charles L. 1986 R.L. Phillips<br />
Asafo-Adjei, Baffour 1989 J.H. Orf<br />
Aslam, Chaudhari M. 1956 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Atkins, Irvin M. 1945 H.K. Hayes
214<br />
Auckl<strong>and</strong>, A. Keith 1974 J.W. Lambert<br />
Ausemus, Elmer R. 1932 H.K. Hayes<br />
Ayad, Mohamed A.G. 1948 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> E.C. Stakman<br />
Ayisi, Kingsley Kwabena 1994 C.P. Vance <strong>and</strong> D.H. Putnam<br />
Aylesworth, John W. 1967 J.W. Lambert<br />
Baffour, Asafo-Adjei 1989 J.H. Orf<br />
Bahri, Hakima 1992 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Baihaki, Achmad 1975 J.W. Lambert<br />
Baker, Robert J. 1966 R.E. Comstock<br />
Barham, Robert W. 1979 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Barker, Reed Edward 1972 A.W. Hovin<br />
Basigalup, Daniel 1991 D.K. Barnes <strong>and</strong> R.E. Stucker<br />
Beninati, Noel F. 1985 R.H. Busch<br />
Benner, Michael S. 1988 R.L. Phillips<br />
Benzion, Gary 1984 R.L. Phillips<br />
Berdahl, John D. 1970 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Bertges, William J. 1976 R. Behrens<br />
Bhardwaj, Bhup Dev 1965 W.M. Myers <strong>and</strong> L.J. Elling<br />
Black, Donald S. 1969 R.E. Comstock <strong>and</strong> V.E. Comstock<br />
Blank, Sheldon E. 1976 R. Behrens<br />
Boerboom, Chris M. 1989 D.L. Wyse<br />
Bolton, James L. 1947 F.R. Immer <strong>and</strong> C.R. Burnham<br />
Booth, Ernest G. 1928 A.C. Arny<br />
Bothun, Robert E. 1954 J.O. Culbertson<br />
Boukerrou, Lakhdar 1986 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Bregitzer, P. Phillip 1989 D.A. Somers <strong>and</strong> H.W. Rines<br />
Brewbaker, Harvey E. 1926 H.K. Hayes<br />
Brick, Mark A. 1980 D.K. Barnes<br />
Briggs, Robert W. 1963 E.H. Rinke<br />
Brink, Ge<strong>of</strong>frey E. 1984 G.C. Marten
215<br />
Brookins, Wallace W. 1940 F.R. Immer <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
Brotslaw, Daniel J. 1988 R.H. Busch<br />
Brown, William J.N. 1945 R.B. Harvey <strong>and</strong> H.K. Wilson<br />
Buciarelli, Bruna 1996 C.P. Vance<br />
Buckner, Robert C. 1955 W.M. Myers<br />
Buehler, Robert E. 1990 B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Buescher, Patrick J. 1978 R.L. Phillips <strong>and</strong> R.M. Braml<br />
Bullock, William P. 1986 R.L. Phillips<br />
Burnside, Orvin C. 1959 A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong> R. Behrens<br />
Bussler, Brett H. 1993 D.L. Wyse<br />
Byrne, Ignatius 1971 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Byron, Dennis F. 1988 J.H. Orf<br />
Campbell, Allan B. 1954 C.R. Burnham<br />
Cantrell, Roy G. 1980 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Capettini, Flavio 1999 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Carangal, Virgilio R. 1966 E.H. Rinke<br />
Carlson, Arne E. 1948 R.S. Dunham <strong>and</strong> R.H. L<strong>and</strong>on<br />
Carlson, Dale R. 1983 W.A. Brun<br />
Carnahan, Howard L. 1949 J.O. Culbertson<br />
Carnes, Michael G. 1974 W.A. Brun <strong>and</strong> M.L. Brenner<br />
Carter, Paul R. 1982 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Casler, Michael D. 1980 A.W. Hovin<br />
Chafai, Ali El Alaoui 1986 S.R. Simmons<br />
Chang, Sih-Chang 1941 H.K. Wilson<br />
Chang, Te-Tzu 1959 W.M. Myers<br />
Chaudhri, Muhammad Y. 1963 W.M. Myers <strong>and</strong> J.C. Sentz<br />
Chen, Hong-Yu 1940 A.C. Arny <strong>and</strong> C.A. Pond<br />
Cheng, Chung-Fu 1945 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> C.R. Burnham<br />
Cherney, Jerome H. 1980 G.C. Marten<br />
Christensen, Dean W. 1984 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Chu, Kwang-Hwan 1950 J.O. Culbertson
216<br />
Ciha, Allan J. 1976 W.A. Brun<br />
Clark, Edward M. 1956 C.R. Burnham<br />
Clarke, Sidney E. 1927 H.K. Hayes<br />
Clay, Sharon A. 1986 E.A. Oelke<br />
Commuri, Padmavathi 1997 R.J. Jones<br />
Comstock, Verne E. 1959 J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> J.C. Sentz<br />
Conway, Michael P. 1981 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Copel<strong>and</strong>, Philip J. 1990 R.K. Crookston<br />
Cortazar, Rene S. 1962 A.R. Ausemus<br />
Coultas, Jeffrey S. 1986 R. Behrens<br />
Cowan, J. Ritchie 1952 H.L. Thomas<br />
Craker, Lyle E. 1967 L.H. Smith<br />
Cralle, Harry T. 1983 G.H. Heichel<br />
Crockett, Ron P. 1979 R.K. Crookston<br />
Crookston, R. Kent 1972 D.N. Moss<br />
Culbertson, Joseph O. 1940 F.R. Immer<br />
Cummings, Donn P. 1977 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Cuykendall, Charles H. 1967 A.R. Schmid<br />
Czaplewski, Steven J. 1982 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Daane, Adrian 1930 H.K. Hayes<br />
Dahleen, Lynn S. 1989 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Dahlstrom, Donald E. 1971 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Darwent, Albert Lloyd 1971 R. Behrens<br />
Das, Kumadabhiram 1951 C.R. Burnham<br />
Da Silva, Ady Raul 1954 C.R. Burnham <strong>and</strong> H.H. Hart<br />
Davis, Michael H. 1993 S.R. Simmons<br />
Degenhart, Nicholas R. 1990 D.K. Barnes<br />
DeHaan, Robert Larry 1995 D.K. Barnes<br />
De Koeyer, David 1996 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Delzer, Brent W. 1992 R.H. Busch
217<br />
Den Hartog, Gerald T. 1950 J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
Dewey, Douglas R. 1956 W.M. Myers<br />
Diamantis, Basil 1967 R.E. Comstock<br />
Dickenson, Donald D. 1957 H.L. Thomas<br />
Diedrick, Theodore J. 1985 B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Dirks, Victor A. 1971 C.E. Gates<br />
Dolan, Dennis James 1994 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Dominguez-Valenzuela, Jose 1998 J.L. Gunsolus <strong>and</strong> G.A. Johnson<br />
Dotray, Peter Anthony 1993 D.L. Wyse<br />
Dotson, Stanton B. 1989 D.A. Somers<br />
Douiyssi, Azzeddine 1995 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Doxtator, Charles W. 1936 H.K. Hayes<br />
Eaton, Dana L. 1983 R.H. Busch<br />
Eberlein, Charlotte V. 1981 R. Behrens<br />
Egli, Margaret A. 1989 C.P. Vance <strong>and</strong> B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Elling, Laddie J. 1950 H.L. Thomas<br />
Elsayed, Farouk A. 1981 R.H. Busch<br />
Engelen-Eigles, Gerard 1999 R.J. Jones<br />
Erickson, Lambert C. 1962 R. Behrens<br />
Escuro, Pedro B. 1959 W.M. Myers <strong>and</strong> J.C. Sentz<br />
Eta Ndu, Jacob Tiku 1995 R.E. Stucker<br />
Evans, John O. 1971 R. Behrens<br />
Evenson, Kimberly Jane 1993 J.W. Gronwald <strong>and</strong> D.L. Wyse<br />
Everett, Leslie A. 1982 R.E. Stucker<br />
Everson, LeRoy E. 1950 R.S. Dunham<br />
Fabrizius, Martin, A. 1995 R.H. Busch<br />
Farnham, Mark W. 1988 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Ferguson, Albert C. 1951 H.K. Hayes<br />
Ferguson, David B. 1962 E.H. Rinke<br />
Ferriss, Ronald S. 1980 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Figueroa-Ruiz, Rosana 1997 R.E. Stucker
218<br />
Fike, William T., Jr. 1962 A.R. Schmid<br />
Finn, Gary A. 1980 W.A. Brun<br />
Fleming, Attie A. 1951 H.K. Hayes<br />
Foote, Wilson H. 1948 H.K. Hayes<br />
Forster, Jean Louise 1975 R.A. Kleese<br />
Frelich, James R. 1972 G.C. Marten<br />
Frey, Nicholas M. 1974 D.N. Moss<br />
Frisch, David A. 1990 B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Froehlich, Dan M. 1984 D.K. Barnes<br />
Frolik, Elvin F. 1948 C.R. Burnham<br />
Fuad, Jamal A.K. 1961 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Garber, Ralph J. 1922 H.K. Hayes<br />
Gbikpi, Pascal J. 1980 R.K. Crookston<br />
Gebauer, Juan E. 1978 J.L. Geadelmann <strong>and</strong> J.W. Lambert<br />
Gebhardt, David J. 1991 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Gebrekidan, Brhane 1969 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Gerrish, Everett E. 1956 E.H. Rinke <strong>and</strong> E.L. Pinnell<br />
Ghobrial, Helmy K. 1968 C.R. Burnham<br />
Giesbrecht, John 1959 E.H. Rinke<br />
Gilmore, Earl C. Jr. 1967 L.A. Snyder<br />
Givens, Jean F. 1974 R.L. Phillips<br />
Goodrich, Chester L. 1969 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Gopinath, D.M. 1950 C.R. Burnham<br />
Goulden, Cyril H. 1925 H.K. Hayes<br />
Granger, Robert M. 1973 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Griffee, Fred 1924 H.K. Hayes<br />
Griffith, Stephen M. 1986 R.J. Jones <strong>and</strong> M.L. Brenner<br />
Groat, R<strong>and</strong>all G. 1982 C.P. Vance<br />
Groya, Frederick L. 1982 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Gruber, Teresa A. 1989 J.L. Geadelmann
219<br />
Guldan, Steven J. 1986 W.A. Brun<br />
Hageman, Larry H. 1982 R. Behrens<br />
Hall, Darl M. 1934 H.K. Wilson<br />
Hall, Marvin H. 1987 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Halling, Blaik P. 1983 R. Behrens<br />
Hanft, Jonathan M. 1985 R.J. Jones<br />
Hannah, Alvin E. 1952 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Hardman, Lel<strong>and</strong> L. 1970 W.A. Brun<br />
Harlan, Harry V. (D.Sc.) 1914 A. Boss<br />
Harrington, James B. 1925 H.K. Hayes<br />
Hasnain, Syed Z. 1948 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> H.H. Hart<br />
Hashim, Mohammed 1951 C.R. Burnham<br />
Haugerud, Nicholas Gwin 1993 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Hawf, Larry R. 1971 R. Behrens<br />
Hayes, Patrick M. 1986 R.E. Stucker<br />
Heerman, Rueben M. 1954 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Heindl, Josephine C. 1983 W.A. Brun<br />
Heinrichs, David H. 1952 H.K. Hayes<br />
Helgason, Sigurdur B. 1953 C.R. Burnham <strong>and</strong> E.L. Pinnell<br />
Hellewell, Kendell B. 1997 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Henderson, Merlin T. 1945 F.R. Immer<br />
Henderson, Robert W. 1950 H.K. Hayes<br />
Henson, Robert A. 1983 G.H. Heichel<br />
Hern<strong>and</strong>ez, Jose E. 1985 R.E. Stucker<br />
Hern<strong>and</strong>ez-Sierra, Arturo 1982 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Hester, Alonzo J. 1970 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Hesterman, Oran B. 1984 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Hexum, Daryl K. 1984 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Heyne, Elmer G. 1952 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Hibberd, Kenneth A. 1979 C.E. Green <strong>and</strong> W.A. Brun<br />
Higgins, Floyd L. 1931 A.C. Arny
220<br />
Highkin, Harry R. 1951 C.R. Burnham<br />
Hilpert, Marion M. 1940 F.R. Immer <strong>and</strong> T.M. Currence<br />
H<strong>of</strong>fbeck, Mark D. 1989 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Holl<strong>and</strong>, Gregory J. 1991 S.J. Openshaw<br />
Hotzman, Frederick W. 1980 R. Behrens<br />
Hsi, Ching Heng 1951 J.W. Lambert<br />
Hsu, Kuan Jen (Xu Guanren) 1950 H.K. Hayes<br />
Hugie, William V. 1986 J.H. Orf<br />
Humphrey, Llewellyn M. 1933 H.K. Hayes<br />
Ibrahim, Mohmoud A. 1953 C.R. Burnham<br />
Imbamba, Simeon K. 1969 D.N. Moss<br />
Immer, Forest R. 1927 H.K. Hayes<br />
Inman, Lawrence L. 1957 C.R. Burnham<br />
Izuno, Takumi 1960 E.H. Rinke<br />
Jackson, Ben Ray 1965 L.A. Snyder<br />
Jacobsohn, Ruben 1970 R.N. Andersen<br />
Jannink, Jean-Luc 1999 J.H. Orf<br />
Jellen, Eric N. 1992 R.L. Phillips<br />
Jeppson, R<strong>and</strong>al G. 1981 R.K. Crookston<br />
Jessen, David L. 1984 D.K. Barnes<br />
Jesus, Martinez-Gonzalez 1979 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Joachim, Gertrud S. 1955 C.R. Burnham<br />
Johnson, Elmer C. 1958 W.M. Myers<br />
Johnson, Freeman K. 1964 C.R. Burnham <strong>and</strong> J.W. Lambert<br />
Johnson, Iver J. 1931 A.C. Arny <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
Johnson, Lauren D. 1992 D.K. Barnes<br />
Johnson, Michael D. 1987 D.L. Wyse<br />
Johnson, Richard R. 1974 D.N. Moss<br />
Johnson, Russell T. 1950 E.H. Rinke<br />
Johnson, Scott S. 1987 J.L. Geadelmann
221<br />
Jones, Guy L. 1952 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Jordan, Lowell S. 1957 R.S. Dunham<br />
Jorgenson, Louis R. 1929 H.K. Hayes<br />
Juan, Nestor Antonio 1991 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Kaeppler, Heidi 1990 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Kaeppler, Shawn M. 1992 R.L. Phillips<br />
Kamanzi, Abdul 1992 R.E. Stucker<br />
Kangasjarvi, Jaakko 1991 B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Kao, Fa-Ten 1964 R.S. Caldecott<br />
Karchi, Zvi 1958 W.M. Myers<br />
Kasha, Kenneth J. 1962 C.R. Burnham<br />
Kasim, Mahmood H. 1964 W.M. Myers<br />
Kehr, William R. 1949 H.K. Hayes<br />
Kenaschuk, Edward O. 1965 J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> L.A. Snyder<br />
Khan, Shams-ul-Islam 1948 C.R. Burnham <strong>and</strong> A.O. Dahl<br />
Kidder, Daniel W. 1986 R. Behrens<br />
Kim, Doo Kyung 1971 J.W. Lambert<br />
Kim, Tae San 1992 R.L. Philllips<br />
Kirk, Lawrence E. 1927 H.K. Hayes<br />
Kitchen, Boyd M. 1982 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Klevorn, Thomas B. 1983 D.L. Wyse<br />
Klosterboer, Arlen D. 1971 R. Behrens<br />
Kneebone, William R. 1951 H.L. Thomas <strong>and</strong> M.F. Kernkamp<br />
Koble, Adam F. 1964 E.H. Rinke<br />
Koo, Keh-Shing (Francis) 1950 H.K. Hayes<br />
Kowles, Richard V. 1972 C.R. Burnham<br />
Kramer, Herbert H. 1946 C.R. Burnham<br />
Krenzer, Eugene G., Jr. 1974 D.N. Moss<br />
Krone, Todd Lester 1994 R.L. Phillips<br />
Kuhn, William E. 1974 R.E. Stucker<br />
Kulkarni, Laxman G. 1934 H.K. Hayes
222<br />
Kurvink, Karen D.A. 1976 J. Cervenka <strong>and</strong> R.L. Phillips<br />
Laible, Charles A. 1964 E.H. Rinke<br />
Lauer, Joseph G. 1985 S.R. Simmons<br />
Lawn, Robert J. 1973 W.A. Brun<br />
Lawson, Robert Mark 1980 J.W. Lambert<br />
Ledent, Jean F. 1974 D.N. Moss<br />
Lee, Debra Metzger 1986 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Lee, Eon Seon Jin 1991 J.W. Gronwald <strong>and</strong> C.P. Vance<br />
Lee, Michael 1986 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Lehman, William F. 1956 W.M. Myers<br />
Leisle, David 1963 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Leonard, Warren H. 1940 F.R. Immer<br />
Lepley, Charles R. 1970 D.N. Moss<br />
Lewis, William M. 1957 W.M. Myers<br />
Lim, Johng K. 1964 E.H. Rinke<br />
Linden, Duane B. 1956 E.L. Pinnell<br />
Livers, Ronald W. 1957 C.R. Burnham<br />
Loeffel, Frank A. 1953 E.H. Rinke<br />
L<strong>of</strong>fler, Carlos M. 1982 R.H. Busch<br />
Luby, James J. 1982 D.D. Stuthman<br />
MacDonald, Malcom D. 1959 C.R. Burnham<br />
Macindoe, Stephen L. 1941 H.K. Hayes<br />
Marquez-Ortis, Jose de Jesus 1993 D.K. Barnes<br />
Marshall, Harold G. 1959 W.M. Myers<br />
Marshall, Lorelei C. 1990 D.A. Somers<br />
Marten, Gordon C. 1961 A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong> J.D. Donker<br />
Martinez-Gonzales, Jesus 1979 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Martinez, Lorenzo M. 1952 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Marum, Petter K. 1978 A. Hovin<br />
McCoy, Thomas J. 1980 H.W. Rines <strong>and</strong> R.L. Phillips
223<br />
McElroy, Jeffrey L 1998 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
McIndoe, Kenneth G. 1930 H.K. Hayes<br />
McKenzie, Hugh 1963 E.R. Ausemus<br />
McKenzie, Ronald I.H. 1957 J.W. Lambert<br />
McMichael, Scott C. 1936 H.K. Wilson <strong>and</strong> R.B. Harvey<br />
McMullen, Michael S. 1976 R.L. Phillips <strong>and</strong> D.D. Stuthman<br />
McNeal, Francis H. 1953 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Mehta, T.R. 1948 H.K. Hayes<br />
Mekni, Mohamed S. 1977 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Meriwani, Yusuf N. 1985 D.L. Wyse<br />
Michel, Kenneth E. 1966 C.R. Burnham<br />
Mickelson, Harold R. 1993 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Milach, S<strong>and</strong>ra C. 1995 H.W. Rines <strong>and</strong> R.L. Phillips<br />
Miller, James E. 1980 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Miller, John D. 1953 J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> J.J. Christensen<br />
Miller, John H. 1957 R.S. Dunham<br />
Miller, Oscar L. 1960 C.R. Burnham<br />
Miller, Perry R. 1992 N.J. Ehlke <strong>and</strong> D.K. Barnes<br />
Miskin, Koy E. 1971 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Mohamed, Aly Hamed 1954 C.R. Burnham<br />
Monjardino, Paulo F. 1997 R.J. Jones<br />
Moseman, Albert H. 1944 H.K. Hayes<br />
Moshi, Alfred J. 1982 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Mudge, Joann E. 1999 J.H. Orf <strong>and</strong> N.D. Young<br />
Muehlbauer, Gary J. 1994 D.A. Somers<br />
Mukherjee, Debebrata 1965 L.A. Snyder<br />
Mullen, Michael Stephan 1976 R.L. Phillips <strong>and</strong> D.D. Stuthman<br />
Murphy, Royse P. 1941 H.K. Hayes<br />
Murty, G.S. 1948 H.K. Hayes<br />
Murzyn, Robert E. 1994 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Mutisya, Frederick M. 1986 J.L. Geadelmann
224<br />
Myers, Robert L. 1988 R.K. Crookston <strong>and</strong> V.B. Cardwell<br />
Myers, Will M. 1936 H.K. Hayes<br />
Nag, Kshounish Ch<strong>and</strong>ra 1967 A.R. Schmid<br />
Nalewaja, John D. 1962 A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong> R. Behrens<br />
Neatby, Kenneth W. 1931 H.K. Hayes<br />
Negi, Lakshmi Singh 1953 E.H. Rinke<br />
Nelson, David L. 1985 D.K. Barnes<br />
Nelson, Elton G. 1961 W.M. Myers<br />
Nelson, Russell T. 1942 H.K. Wilson <strong>and</strong> R.H. L<strong>and</strong>on<br />
Neuhausen, Susan L. 1986 J.H. Orf <strong>and</strong> P.H. Graham<br />
Newlin, Owen J. 1954 E.H. Rinke<br />
Nickel, Sister Esther 1993 R.K. Crookston<br />
Niebur, William S. 1983 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Nielsen, Robert L. 1982 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Northrup, Richard H. 1966 C.R. Burnham<br />
Nustad, Linda L. 1976 W.A. Brun<br />
Olh<strong>of</strong>t, Paula M. 1998 R.L. Phillips<br />
Okiror, Shadrach O. 1975 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Olaoye, Gbadebo 1990 S.J. Openshaw<br />
Oliveira, Aluzio B. 1993 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Olsen, Michael S. 1999 R.L. Phillips<br />
Omar, Abdel-Aziz M. 1954 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Osler, Robert D. 1951 H.K. Hayes<br />
Ouattar, Said 1985 R.K. Crookston <strong>and</strong> R.J. Jones<br />
Oussible, Mohamed 1986 R.K. Crookston<br />
Page, Nathaniel J. 1991 R.E. Stucker <strong>and</strong> F.D. Enfield<br />
Palm, Wallace E. 1984 R.E. Stucker<br />
Pan, Chien L. 1935 H.K. Hayes<br />
Parker, William B. 1990 D.L. Wyse<br />
Parks, James S. 1980 J.L. Geadelmann
225<br />
Pathak, Ch<strong>and</strong>ravadan H. 1952 R.S. Dunham <strong>and</strong> C.O. Rost<br />
Patterson, Thomas G. 1979 W.A. Brun<br />
Pauly, Michael H. 1986 R.H. Busch<br />
Pawlowski, Wojciech 1996 D.A. Somers<br />
Payne, Kenyon T. 1948 H.K. Hayes<br />
Pazdernik, David Leonard 1995 J.H. Orf <strong>and</strong> P.H. Graham<br />
Pearson, Laurie C. 1958 W.M. Myers<br />
Pederson, Marion W. 1952 H.L. Thomas<br />
Peel, Michael D. 1996 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Peralta, Alej<strong>and</strong>ro 1997 L.H. Smith<br />
Peschke, Virginia 1989 R.L. Phillips <strong>and</strong> B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Peterson, Glenn A. 1957 J.W. Lambert<br />
Peterson, Michael A. 1982 D.K. Barnes<br />
Peterson, Paul R. 1993 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Peterson, Rudolph F. 1933 H.K. Hayes<br />
Peto, Howard B. 1946 F.R. Immer <strong>and</strong> R.B. Harvey<br />
Pfund, John 1974 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Phillips, Ronald L. 1966 C.R. Burnham<br />
Pinkas, Leonard L.H. 1965 L.H. Smith<br />
Pinnell, Emmett L. 1948 H.K. Hayes<br />
Pinnisch, Russel M. 1996 R.E. Stucker<br />
Plessers, Arthur G. 1954 C.R. Burnham<br />
Pomeranke, Gary J. 1990 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Powers, LeRoy 1931 H.K. Hayes<br />
Pritsch, Clara 1999 C.P. Vance <strong>and</strong> D.A. Somers<br />
Procopiuk, Ana Maria 1999 R.H. Busch<br />
Pryor, Gordon R. 1977 L.H. Smith<br />
Pullins, Emily E. <strong>2000</strong> S.R. Simmons <strong>and</strong> N.R. Jordan<br />
Putt, Eric D. 1950 C.R. Burnham<br />
Quakenbush, Laura S. 1983 R.N. Andersen<br />
Quinones, Ferdin<strong>and</strong> A. 1954 E.H. Rinke <strong>and</strong> T.M. Currence
226<br />
Quisenberry, Karl S. 1930 H.K. Hayes<br />
Rabas, David L. 1970 A.R. Schmid<br />
Rachie, Kenneth O. 1954 A.R. Schmid<br />
Radtke, James A. 1981 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Raleigh, Stephen M. 1934 H.K. Wilson<br />
Ramage, Robert T. 1955 C.R. Burnham<br />
R<strong>and</strong>all, Gene G. 1982 C.P. Vance<br />
Ransom, Joel K. 1982 E.A. Oelke<br />
Reece, Oscar E. 1949 H.K. Hayes<br />
Reid, David A. 1963 J.W. Lambert<br />
Reitz, Louis P. 1955 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Rhodes, Carol A. 1984 R.L. Phillips<br />
Richmond, Thomas R. 1948 H.K. Hayes<br />
Riedl, William A. 1948 F.A. Krantz <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
Riera-Lizarazu, Oscar 1996 H.W. Rines<br />
Rinke, Ernest H. 1943 H.K. Hayes<br />
Robert, Vincent J. 1998 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Robertson, David W. 1928 H.K. Hayes<br />
Robinson, David L. 1993 C.P. Vance<br />
Robinson, Robert G. 1947 C.O. Rost <strong>and</strong> R.S. Dunham<br />
Robison, Laren R. 1962 R.R. Wilcoxson <strong>and</strong> H.L. Thomas<br />
Rogers, Thomas H. 1950 H.K. Hayes<br />
Rohde, Charles R. 1953 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Rooney, William L. 1992 H.W. Rines <strong>and</strong> R.L. Phillips<br />
Rose, John L. 1970 J.W. Lambert<br />
Rud, Orvin E. 1967 A.R. Schmid<br />
Russell, Wilbert A. 1952 H.L. Thomas<br />
Rzozi, Bennasseur S. 1993 D.L. Wyse<br />
Saboe, Lewis C. 1942 C.R. Burnham<br />
Sadiki, Mohammed 1990 D.K. Barnes
227<br />
Salhuana, Wilfredo S. 1969 R.E. Comstock<br />
Sallah, Peter Yao K. 1989 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Salmon, Samuel C. 1932 A.C. Arny <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
S<strong>and</strong>hu, Ranbir S. 1957 W.M. Myers <strong>and</strong> E.R. Ausemus<br />
Schmid, Alois R. 1943 A.C. Arny<br />
Schoenbeck, Mark 1997 C.P. Vance<br />
Schreiber, Beth M.N. 1990 R.J. Jones<br />
Schultz, Herman K. 1940 H.K. Hayes<br />
Schwab, Philip M. 1995 D.K. Barnes<br />
Sebern, Nancy A. 1981 J.W. Lambert<br />
Seguin, Phillippe <strong>2000</strong> C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Semeniuk, William A. 1943 C.R. Burnham<br />
Setter, Timothy L. 1980 W.A. Brun<br />
Shan, Baoshan 1996 J.H. Orf<br />
Sharma, Jagdish N. 1950 R.S. Dunham<br />
Shaver, Jonathan 1997 B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Sheen, Shuh-Ji 1962 W.M. Myers<br />
Shehata, Abdel-Rahim 1967 V.E. Comstock<br />
Simmons, Steve R. 1977 D.N. Moss<br />
Simons, Allan B. 1970 G.C. Marten<br />
Singh, Narendra B. 1978 J.W. Lambert<br />
Singh, Raghbir 1964 R. Behrens <strong>and</strong> A.R. Schmid<br />
Singh, Rameshwar 1951 H.K. Hayes<br />
Slinkard, Alfred E. 1957 J.W. Lambert<br />
Smith, David Clyde 1934 H.K. Hayes<br />
Smith, Edward L. 1962 J.W. Lambert<br />
Smith, Glenn S. 1947 H.K. Hayes<br />
Smith, Larry J. 1971 W.A. Brun<br />
Smith, Olin D. 1969 R.A. Kleese<br />
Snyder, John R. 1972 R.A. Kleese<br />
Sorenson, Brent A. 1992 D.L. Wyse <strong>and</strong> W. Koskinen
228<br />
Sosa-Dominguez, Gilberto 1996 D.D. Stuthman<br />
Springer, Nathan M. <strong>2000</strong> R.L. Phillips<br />
Stafford, Roy E. 1964 W.M. Myers<br />
Stahler, Leonard M. 1941 R.B. Harvey <strong>and</strong> H.K. Wilson<br />
Stamm, Elizabeth J. 1988 D.L. Wyse<br />
Steinmetz, Ferdin<strong>and</strong> H. 1926 R.B. Harvey<br />
Stevenson, Trueman M. 1937 H.K. Hayes<br />
Stewart, George 1926 H.K. Hayes<br />
Stitt, Rhea E. 1941 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> H.K. Wilson<br />
Stoltenberg, David E. 1988 D.L. Wyse<br />
Stout, John T. 1973 R.L. Phillips<br />
Str<strong>and</strong>, Oliver E. 1969 R. Behrens<br />
Stringham, Gary R. 1966 C.R. Burnham<br />
Strohm, Jerry L. 1966 J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Sullivan, Timothy P. 1972 W.A. Brun<br />
Sunderman, Donald W. 1960 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Surprenant, Jacques 1984 R.H. Busch<br />
Sutton, Lonnie M. 1972 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Swann, Charles W. 1969 R. Behrens<br />
Swenson, Stanley P. 1936 F.R. Immer<br />
Tabata, Mamoru 1959 C.R. Burnham<br />
T<strong>and</strong>on, Roop K. 1948 R.S. Dunham<br />
Teixeira, Mauro C. 1995 R.J. Jones<br />
Teuber, Larry R. 1978 D.K. Barnes<br />
Tew, Thomas L. 1977 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Tewari, Gayatri P. 1958 A.R. Schmid<br />
Theurer, Jessop C. 1962 W.M. Myers<br />
Thomas, Horace L. 1931 H.K. Hayes<br />
Thompson, Steven A. 1982 J.L. Geadelmann<br />
Timothy, David H. 1956 H.L. Thomas
229<br />
Trimble, Michael W. 1985 D.K. Barnes<br />
Troyer, A. Forrest 1964 W.M. Myers<br />
Tsiang, Yein Si 1942 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> R.H. L<strong>and</strong>on<br />
Tuberosa, Roberto 1997 R.L. Phillips<br />
Tuleen, Neal A. 1966 C.R. Burnham<br />
Tungl<strong>and</strong>, Lee R. 1987 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Turcotte, Edgar L. 1958 C.R. Burnham<br />
Twary, Scott N. 1991 C.P. Vance<br />
Tysdal, Hewitt M. 1931 A.C. Arny<br />
Umbeck, Paul F. 1980 B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Un<strong>and</strong>er, David W. 1984 J.W. Lambert<br />
Upadhyaya, Rajarama B. 1967 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Vacchani, Moti V. 1947 C.R. Burnham<br />
Van beuningen, Leonardus 1993 R.H. Busch<br />
Ventura, Yaacov 1959 E.H. Rinke<br />
Vi<strong>and</strong>s, Donald R. 1979 D.K. Barnes<br />
Violic, Alej<strong>and</strong>ro 1963 E.H. Rinke<br />
Vladutu, Cristian I. 1998 R.L. Phillips<br />
Waldecker, Mark A. 1984 D.L. Wyse<br />
Waldron, Blair L. 1997 N.J. Ehlke<br />
Walgenbach, Richard P. 1980 G.C. Marten<br />
W<strong>and</strong>rey, Gregory G. 1988 R.E. Stucker<br />
Wang, Kwei-Wu 1940 H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> E.C. Abbe<br />
Wang, Yunxia 1988 B.G. Gengenbach<br />
Ward, David J. 1961 J.W. Lambert<br />
Warner, John N. 1950 E.H. Rinke<br />
Warner, Lloyd C. 1963 R. Behrens<br />
Warren, Francis S. 1949 H.K. Hayes<br />
Wax, Lloyd M. 1962 R. Behrens<br />
Webster, Orrin J. 1950 C.R. Burnham<br />
Weir, John R. 1944 H.K. Hayes
230<br />
West, David P. 1986 J.L. Geadelmann <strong>and</strong> R.L. Phillips<br />
Westra, Philip 1980 D.L. Wyse<br />
White, George A. 1961 A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong> T. Kommedahl<br />
White, William J. 1940 H.K. Hayes<br />
Whiting, Kelly R. 1990 R.K. Crookston <strong>and</strong> W.A. Brun<br />
Wiersma, Jochum J. 1995 R.H. Busch<br />
Wiese, Allen F. 1953 R.S. Dunham<br />
Wilcox, Arthur N. 1929 H.K. Hayes<br />
Wilson, Neville L. 1993 R.E. Stucker<br />
Woodward, Rollo W. 1946 C.R. Burnham<br />
Wortman, Leo S., Jr. 1950 E.H. Rinke<br />
Wu, Chao-Su 1950 E.R. Ausemus<br />
Wu, Shao-Kwei 1939 H.K. Hayes<br />
Yarrow, Gary L. 1985 W.A. Brun<br />
Yawalker, Keshao S. 1953 A.R. Schmid<br />
Yeo, Richard R. 1959 R.S. Dunham <strong>and</strong> A.C. Caldwell<br />
Young, Francis L. 1981 D.L. Wyse<br />
Yun, Song Joong 1992 D.A. Somers<br />
Yungbluth, Thomas Alan 1966 H.L. Thomas<br />
Zahour, Ahmed 1985 D.C. Rasmusson<br />
Zhu, Yan Ping 1997 C.C. Sheaffer<br />
Zinselmeier, Christopher 1991 R.J. Jones <strong>and</strong> M.E. Westgate<br />
Zoebisch, Oscar C. 1950 E.H. Rinke
Appendix D<br />
Doctor <strong>of</strong><br />
Philosophy Graduates*<br />
ALFALFA<br />
1926 STEINMETZ, FERDINAND HENRY<br />
Thesis: Winter Hardiness in Alfalfa Varieties<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.B. Harvey<br />
1931 TYSDAL, HEWITT MERLIN<br />
Thesis: The Influence <strong>of</strong> Light, Temperature, <strong>and</strong> Moisture on the<br />
Hardening Process in Alfalfa<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.C. Arny<br />
1943 SCHMID, ALOIS RUDOLPH<br />
Thesis: Chlorophyll <strong>and</strong> Carotinoid Concentrations in Alfalfa at Different<br />
Stages <strong>of</strong> Development, <strong>and</strong> Pasture Grasses <strong>and</strong> Alfalfa Grown on Five<br />
Soil Types*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.C. Arny<br />
1947 BOLTON, JAMES LINDEN<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> Combining Ability in Alfalfa in Relation to Certain<br />
Methods <strong>of</strong> Selection<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. F.R. Immer <strong>and</strong> C.R. Burnham<br />
1950 ELLING, LADDIE JOE<br />
Thesis: The Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Selected Alfalfa Clones<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.L. Thomas<br />
1952 PEDERSEN, MARION WALTER<br />
Thesis: Nectar Production in Alfalfa Clones as Related to Bee Visitation<br />
<strong>and</strong> Seed Production, Including a Study <strong>of</strong> Techniques for Measuring<br />
Nectar<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.L. Thomas<br />
*Recipients are listed chronologically by crop or subject. An asterisk following a thesis title<br />
indicates the entry is listed under more than one subject heading.
232<br />
1957 LEWIS, WILLIAM MASON<br />
Thesis: Combining Ability <strong>of</strong> Alfalfa Clones for Seasonal Growth<br />
Responses <strong>and</strong> Forage Yield<br />
Major Aviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
1958 JOHNSON, ELMER CARL<br />
Thesis: Inheritance Studies Including Reaction to Certain Foliage Diseases<br />
in Alfalfa<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
1958 KARCHI, ZVI<br />
Thesis: Study on the Resistance in Alfalfa to Common Leaf Spot <strong>and</strong> on<br />
the Relation <strong>of</strong> Infection Rating to <strong>Plant</strong> Color<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
1958 PEARSON, LAURIE CLARENCE<br />
Thesis: Predicting the Performance <strong>of</strong> Synthetic Varieties <strong>of</strong> Alfalfa from<br />
Single Cross Data<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
1962 THEURER, JESSOP CLAIR<br />
Thesis: The Comparative Performance <strong>of</strong> Diallel Crosses <strong>of</strong> Alfalfa <strong>and</strong><br />
Their Related Second Generation Synthetics<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
1965 BHARDWAJ, BHUP DEV<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> Combining Ability in Alfalfa for Resistance to<br />
Bacterial Wilt (Corynebacterium insidiosum ‘McCull’, H. L. Jens)<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. W.M. Myers <strong>and</strong> L.J. Elling<br />
1978 TEUBER, LARRY R.<br />
Thesis: Breeding for Increased Nectar Production in Alfalfa<br />
(Medicago sativa L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes<br />
1979 VIANDS, DONALD REX<br />
Thesis: Selection Experiments on Nitrogen Fixation in Alfalfa<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes<br />
1980 BRICK, MARK ANTHONY<br />
Thesis: Morphology <strong>and</strong> Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Several Root Characteristics in<br />
Alfalfa<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes<br />
1980 WALGENBACH, RICHARD PAUL<br />
Thesis: Influence <strong>of</strong> Climatic <strong>and</strong> Soil Factors on the Release <strong>of</strong> Soluble<br />
Nitrogen <strong>and</strong> Protein From Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Cultivars*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. G.C. Marten
233<br />
1982 CARTER, PAUL RUSSELL<br />
Thesis: Alfalfa Response to Soil Water Deficits*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
1982 GROAT, RANDALL GENE<br />
Thesis: Host <strong>Plant</strong> Metabolism <strong>of</strong> Symbiotically Fixed Nitrogen in Alfalfa<br />
(Medicago sativa L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.P. Vance<br />
1982 GROYA, FREDERICK LEONARD<br />
Thesis: An Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Annual Alfalfa as a Nitrogen Source*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
1982 PETERSON, MICHAEL ANDREW<br />
Thesis: An Evaluation <strong>of</strong> the Relationship Between Seed Size <strong>and</strong><br />
Combining Ability in Crosses Among Diverse Alfalfa Germplasms<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes<br />
1983 CRALLE, HARRY THOMAS<br />
Thesis: Photosynthate Partitioning in Alfalfa Populations Selected for<br />
High Nitrogen Fixation Capability<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. G.H. Heichel<br />
1983 HENSON, ROBERT A.<br />
Thesis: Partitioning <strong>of</strong> Total N <strong>and</strong> Symbiotically Fixed N 2<br />
in Soybeans<br />
<strong>and</strong> Alfalfa*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. G.H. Heichel<br />
1984 BRINK, GEOFFREY EMMETT<br />
Thesis: Establishment <strong>of</strong> Alfalfa With <strong>and</strong> Without Barley or Oat<br />
Companion Crops – Forage Yield <strong>and</strong> Quality <strong>and</strong> Alfalfa Persistence<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. G.C. Marten<br />
1984 FROEHLICH, DAN MICHAEL<br />
Thesis: Determination <strong>of</strong> Heterotic Patterns for In Vitro Pollen-Tube<br />
Length Among Diverse Alfalfa Sources<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes<br />
1984 HESTERMAN, ORAN BRYCE<br />
Thesis: Contributions <strong>of</strong> Alfalfa to a Subsequent Corn Crop: Agronomic<br />
<strong>and</strong> Economic Evaluation*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
1984 JESSEN, DAVID LEE<br />
Thesis: Selection for Nodule Enzymes <strong>of</strong> Nitrogen <strong>and</strong> Carbon<br />
Association in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes
234<br />
1985 NELSON, DAVID LOREN<br />
Thesis: Genetic Variability <strong>and</strong> Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Nitrate Reductase Activity<br />
in Alfalfa <strong>and</strong> its Association with Forage Yield<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes<br />
1985 TRIMBLE, MICHAEL WALTER<br />
Thesis: Usefulness <strong>of</strong> Hill Plots in an Alfalfa Breeding Program for<br />
Measuring the Effects <strong>of</strong> Cutting Management <strong>and</strong> Soil Nitrogen<br />
Concentrations<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes<br />
1987 HALL, MARVIN HENRY<br />
Thesis: Partitioning <strong>and</strong> Mobilization <strong>of</strong> Photoassimilate by Alfalfa<br />
Subjected to Water Deficits*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
1990 DEGENHART, NICHOLAS RAY<br />
Thesis: Selection for Traits Associated with Dinitrogen Fixation <strong>and</strong><br />
Nitrogen Assimilation in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes<br />
1991 BASIGALUP, DANIEL HORACIO<br />
Thesis: Development <strong>of</strong> a Core Collection for Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. D.K. Barnes <strong>and</strong> R.E. Stucker<br />
1991 JUAN, NESTOR ANTONIO<br />
Thesis: Multifoliolate Alfalfa: Temperature, Photoperiod, <strong>and</strong> Harvest<br />
Regime Effect on <strong>Plant</strong> Morphology, Herbage Yield, <strong>and</strong> Herbage<br />
Quality*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
1992 JOHNSON, LAUREN DEAN<br />
Thesis: Morphology <strong>and</strong> Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Root Types in Alfalfa<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes<br />
1993 MARQUEZ-ORTIZ, JOSE de JESUS<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Crown Traits <strong>and</strong> Biomass Partitioning in Alfalfa<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes<br />
1993 WILSON, NEVILLE L.<br />
Thesis: Nitrate Reductase Activity in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)<br />
Response to Bidirectional Selection <strong>and</strong> Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Nitrate Reductase<br />
Activity <strong>and</strong> Forage Yield<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Stucker<br />
1995 DE HAAN, ROBERT L.<br />
Thesis: Evaluation <strong>and</strong> Development <strong>of</strong> Annual Medicago Species for<br />
Integration Into Corn <strong>and</strong> Small Grain Systems<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes
235<br />
1995 SCHWAB, PHILIP M.<br />
Thesis: Selection for Lignin <strong>and</strong> Cellulose Content in Alfalfa Stems<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes<br />
1997 ZHU, YANPING<br />
Thesis: Dry Matter Accumulation, Nodulation, Dinitrogen Fixation, <strong>and</strong><br />
Nodule Strain Occupancy <strong>of</strong> Annual Medics<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
BARLEY<br />
1914 HARLAN, HARRY VAUGHN<br />
Thesis: Some Distinctions in Our Cultivated Barley With Reference to<br />
Their Use in <strong>Plant</strong> Breeding<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A. Boss<br />
1924 GRIFFEE, FRED<br />
Thesis: Correlated Inheritance in Barley <strong>of</strong> Botanical Characters <strong>and</strong><br />
Manner <strong>of</strong> Reaction to Helminthosporium sativum<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1928 ROBERTSON, DAVID WIELD<br />
Thesis: Linkage Studies in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1930 DAANE, ADRIAN<br />
Thesis: Linkage Relations in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1936 SWENSON, STANLEY PRESCOTT<br />
Thesis: Genetic <strong>and</strong> Cytological Studies on a Brachytic Mutation in<br />
Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. F.R. Immer<br />
1940 BROOKINS, WILLIAM WALLACE<br />
Thesis: Linkage Relationship <strong>of</strong> the Genes Differentiating Stem Rust<br />
Reaction in Barley<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. F.R. Immer <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes.<br />
1940 LEONARD, WARREN H.<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Fertility in the Lateral Spikelets <strong>of</strong> Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. F.R. Immer<br />
1945 HENDERSON, MERLIN THEODORE<br />
Thesis: Studies <strong>of</strong> Sources <strong>of</strong> Resistance <strong>and</strong> Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Reaction to<br />
Leaf Rust (Puccinia anomala R.) in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. F.R. Immer
236<br />
1946 WOODWARD, ROLLO WILLIAM<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Fertility in the Lateral Florets <strong>of</strong> the Four<br />
Barley Groups<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1950 DEN HARTOG, GERALD TUNIS<br />
Thesis: Agronomic <strong>and</strong> Malting Quality Characters <strong>of</strong> Barley as Studied<br />
in 10 Crosses Having Mars as a Common Parent<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
1950 WEBSTER, ORRIN JOHN<br />
Thesis: <strong>Genetics</strong> <strong>and</strong> Morphology <strong>of</strong> Rachis Internode Length in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1951 DAS, KUMADABHIRAM<br />
Thesis: Cytogenetic Studies <strong>of</strong> Partial Sterility in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1951 HIGHKIN, HARRY ROBERT<br />
Thesis: Physiological Studies <strong>of</strong> a Barley Mutant Lacking Chlorophyll B.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1951 HSI, CHING HENG<br />
Thesis: The Relationship <strong>of</strong> Various Agronomic <strong>and</strong> Malting Characters<br />
<strong>of</strong> Barley as Studied in Ten Crosses Having Mars as a Common Parent<br />
<strong>and</strong> in Two Generations<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1953 MILLER, JOHN DAVID<br />
Thesis: Variability <strong>and</strong> Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Reaction <strong>of</strong> Barley to Certain Races<br />
<strong>of</strong> Stem Rust<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> J.J. Christensen<br />
1954 ANDREWS, JOHN EDWIN<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Reaction to Loose Smut <strong>and</strong> to Stem<br />
Rust in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1955 RAMAGE, ROBERT THOMAS<br />
Thesis: The Trisomics <strong>of</strong> Barley*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1957 LIVERS, RONALD WILSON<br />
Thesis: Linkage Studies with Chromosomal Translocation Stocks in<br />
Barley*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham
237<br />
1957 MCKENZIE, RONALD IAN HECTOR<br />
Thesis: A Comparison <strong>of</strong> F 3<br />
Lines <strong>and</strong> Their Related F 6<br />
Lines in Two<br />
Barley Crosses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1957 PETERSON, GLENN ARTHUR<br />
Thesis: A Statistical Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Early Generation Testing in a Barley<br />
Cross Using Related F 3<br />
, F 4<br />
, <strong>and</strong> F 5<br />
Lines Grown Simultaneously<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1957 SANDHU, RANBIR SINGH<br />
Thesis: Mutagenic Effects <strong>of</strong> 2,4-D in Barley <strong>and</strong> Wheat<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. W.M. Myers <strong>and</strong> E.R. Ausemus<br />
1957 SLINKARD, ALFRED EUGENE<br />
Thesis: The Relationships in Two Barley Crosses Between F 2<br />
<strong>Plant</strong>s <strong>and</strong><br />
Progenies Grown in Hills<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1961 WARD, DAVID JUSTIN<br />
Thesis: Some Evolutionary Aspects <strong>of</strong> Certain Morphologic Characters in<br />
a World Collection <strong>of</strong> Barleys<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1962 SMITH, EDWARD LEE<br />
Thesis: Early Generation Testing <strong>of</strong> Diallel Crosses in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1963 REID, DAVID ALEXANDER<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Growth Habit <strong>and</strong> its Relationship to Winter<br />
Hardiness <strong>and</strong> Other Characters in Spring x Winter Barley Crosses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1964 JOHNSON, FREEMAN KEITH<br />
Thesis: The Use <strong>of</strong> Chromosomal Interchanges to Locate Genes for Certain<br />
Quality <strong>and</strong> Agronomic Characters in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)*<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.R. Burnham <strong>and</strong> J.W. Lambert<br />
1966 TULEEN, NEAL ASPLUND<br />
Thesis: The Use <strong>of</strong> Tertiary Trisomics for the Orientation <strong>of</strong> Linkage<br />
Groups in Barley*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1967 UPADHAYAYA, RAJARAMA BELLE<br />
Thesis: Heterosis <strong>and</strong> Combining Ability in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson
238<br />
1969 GEBREKIDAN, BRHANE<br />
Thesis: A Comparison <strong>of</strong> Three Methods <strong>of</strong> Evaluating Parental Varieties<br />
for Use in Hybrids <strong>and</strong> Estimation <strong>of</strong> Heterosis in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1970 BERDAHL, JOHN DAVID<br />
Thesis: The Effect <strong>of</strong> Leaf Area on Light Penetration, Photosynthesis,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Grain Yield <strong>of</strong> Barley, (Hordeum vulgare L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1971 BYRNE, IGNATIUS BYRNE<br />
Thesis: Selection for SR-89 Content in Wheat <strong>and</strong> Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1971 MISKIN, KOY ELDRIDGE<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>and</strong> Physiological Effects <strong>of</strong> Stomatal Frequency in<br />
Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1974 PFUND, JOHN HERMAN<br />
Thesis: Optimum Culm Number in Barley<br />
(Hordeum vulgare L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1975 ALLEN, FRED L.<br />
Thesis: Importance <strong>of</strong> the Yield Trial Environment in Achieving Progress<br />
From Selection<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1975 OKIROR, SHADRACH OKIROR<br />
Thesis: Optimum Tiller Number in Barley: A Comparison<br />
<strong>of</strong> Low- <strong>and</strong> High-Tillering Genotypes<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1977 ALI, MOHAMED AHMED MOHAMED<br />
Thesis: Yield Performance <strong>of</strong> Semi-Dwarf Barley<br />
(Hordeum vulgare L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1977 MEKNI, MOHAMED SALAH<br />
Thesis: Effect <strong>of</strong> Tillering on Yield <strong>and</strong> Stability <strong>of</strong> Yield in Barley<br />
(Hordeum vulgare L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1977 TEW, THOMAS LEROY<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Photoperiod Response in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson
239<br />
1979 BARHAM, ROBERT WARREN<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Photoperiod Response in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1981 CONWAY, MICHAEL PATRICK<br />
Thesis: Yield Components as Parental Selection Criteria in Breeding for<br />
Yield <strong>of</strong> Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1982 CZAPLEWSKI, STEVEN JOHN<br />
Thesis: Duration <strong>of</strong> the Grain-Filling Period <strong>and</strong> Grain Yield in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1982 KITCHEN, BOYD MCKEE<br />
Thesis: Duration <strong>of</strong> Leaf Initiation, Spike Formation, Spike Growth, <strong>and</strong><br />
Rate <strong>of</strong> Spike Formation <strong>of</strong> Spring Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1985 LAUER, JOSEPH GERARD<br />
Thesis: Carbon Partitioning, Morphological Development, <strong>and</strong> Canopy<br />
Light Attenuation in Field-Grown Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. S.R. Simmons<br />
1985 ZAHOUR, AHMED<br />
Thesis: Effect <strong>of</strong> Semidwarf Character <strong>and</strong> Yield Components on Yield in<br />
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1986 BOUKERROU, LAKHDAR<br />
Thesis: Biomass Yield <strong>and</strong> Breeding for High Grain Yield in Barley<br />
(Hordeum vulgare L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1986 CHAFAI, ALI, EL ALAOUI<br />
Thesis: Contributions <strong>of</strong> Nonsurviving Tillers to the Growth <strong>of</strong> Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. S.R. Simmons<br />
1986 LEE, DEBRA METZGER<br />
Thesis: Kernel Number in Barley: Inheritance <strong>and</strong> Role in Yield<br />
Improvement<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1987 TUNGLAND, LEE ROSS<br />
Thesis: Utility <strong>of</strong> Six Germplasm Sources for Enhancing Grain Yield in<br />
Minnesota Barleys<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1990 KAEPPLER, HEIDI FLEWELLING<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Alpha-Amylase Activity in Barley<br />
Major Advser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson
240<br />
1991 GEBHARDT, DAVID JOHN<br />
Thesis: Relationship <strong>of</strong> Kernel Weight <strong>and</strong> Morphology to Agronomic<br />
<strong>and</strong> Malting Traits in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1993 MICKELSON, HAROLD ROGER<br />
Thesis: Allometric Relationships in Six-Row Spring Barley<br />
(Hordeum vulgare L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1993 OLIVEIRA, ALUÍZIO BORÉM DE<br />
Thesis: Barley Starch Granule Traits: Genetic <strong>and</strong> Molecular Aspects<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson.<br />
1995 DOUIYSSI, AZZEDDINE<br />
Thesis: <strong>Genetics</strong> <strong>of</strong> Host Resistance to Net Blotch Disease in Barley<br />
(Hordeum vulgare L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1996 PEEL, MICHAEL DEAN<br />
Thesis: Enhancing Upper Midwestern Malting Barley by Introgression <strong>of</strong><br />
European Germplasm<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1997 HELLEWELL, KENDELL B.<br />
Thesis: Yield Enhancement <strong>of</strong> Semi-Dwarf Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1998 MCELROY, JEFFREY L.<br />
Thesis: Enhancing Midwestern Malting Barley by Introgression <strong>of</strong> Two-<br />
Row Germplasm<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1999 CAPETTINI, FLAVIO<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> FHB in barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
CORN<br />
1927 IMMER, FOREST REINHART<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Reaction to Ustilago zeae in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1929 JORGENSON, LOUIS ROBERT<br />
Thesis: Brown Midrib in Maize <strong>and</strong> its Linkage Relations<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes
241<br />
1930 McINDOE, KENNETH GILLIES<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> the Reaction <strong>of</strong> Maize to<br />
Gibberella saubinettii<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1931 THOMAS, HORACE LEROY<br />
Thesis: Glossy Seedling (gls) in Maize <strong>and</strong> its Linkage Relations<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1934 HALL, DARL MERIDETH<br />
Thesis: The Relationship Between Certain Morphological Characters <strong>and</strong><br />
Lodging in Corn<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Wilson<br />
1936 DOXTATOR, CHARLES WILLIAM<br />
Thesis: Studies <strong>of</strong> Quality in Canning Corn<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1939 WU, SHAO-KWEI<br />
Thesis: The Relationship Between the Origin <strong>and</strong> Characters <strong>of</strong> Selfed<br />
Lines <strong>of</strong> Corn <strong>and</strong> Their Value in Hybrid Combination<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1940 WANG, KWEI-WU<br />
Thesis: Some Phases <strong>of</strong> Heterosis <strong>of</strong> Corn<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> E.C. Abbe<br />
1948 MURTY, GOLLAKOTA SURYANARAYANA<br />
Thesis: Combining Ability in Corn <strong>of</strong> Parental Inbreds With Inbreds<br />
Recovered From Backcrosses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1948 PAYNE, KENYON THOMAS<br />
Thesis: A Comparison <strong>of</strong> Combining Ability in F 2<br />
<strong>and</strong> F 3<br />
Lines <strong>of</strong><br />
Corn<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1948 PINNELL, EMMETT LOUIS<br />
Thesis: Genetic <strong>and</strong> Environmental Factors Affecting Corn Seed Viability<br />
at Low Temperatures<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1949 REECE, OSCAR EARL<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Reaction to Root <strong>and</strong> Stalk Rot in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1950 HSU, KUAN JEN (XU, GUANREN)<br />
Thesis: Comparative Studies in Corn <strong>of</strong> the Development <strong>of</strong> Normal <strong>and</strong><br />
Dwarf <strong>Plant</strong>s<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes
242<br />
1950 JOHNSON, RUSSELL TINGEY<br />
Thesis: Combining Ability in Zea mays as Related to Generations <strong>of</strong><br />
Testing, Selection <strong>of</strong> Testers <strong>and</strong> Characters <strong>of</strong> the Inbred Line<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1950 WARNER, JOHN NORTHRUP<br />
Thesis: The Application <strong>of</strong> Some Statistical Methods to the Study <strong>of</strong><br />
Quantitative Inheritance in Zea mays<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1950 WORTMAN, LEO STERLING, JR.<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Cold-Test Reaction in Zea mays<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1950 ZOEBISCH, OSCAR C.<br />
Thesis: Some Quantitative Characters in Zea mays<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1951 FLEMING, ATTIE ANDERSON<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Characters in Corn With Special Reference to the<br />
European Corn Borer<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1951 SINGH, RAMESHWAR<br />
Thesis: Inheritance in Maize <strong>of</strong> Reaction to the European Corn Borer<br />
(Pyrausta nubilalis H.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1953 HELGASON, SIGURDUR BJORN<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> Genetic Factors <strong>and</strong> Techniques Affecting Cold-Test<br />
Performance in Corn*<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.R. Burnham <strong>and</strong> E.L. Pinnell<br />
1953 LOEFFEL, FRANK ALBERT<br />
Thesis: Effectiveness <strong>of</strong> Individual <strong>Plant</strong> Selection in Zea mays L. for<br />
Resistance to the European Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis H.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1953 NEGI, LAKSHDMI SINGH<br />
Thesis: Ear Development <strong>and</strong> Other Characteristics <strong>of</strong> Selected Strains <strong>of</strong><br />
Maize as Affected by European Corn Borer<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1954 NEWLIN, OWEN J.<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Fertility Restoration in Cytoplasmic Male Sterile<br />
Zea mays L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke
243<br />
1955 AGBLE, WILLIAM KWESI<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Maturity as Measured by Time <strong>of</strong> Silking; <strong>and</strong><br />
Other Character Associations in Zea mays L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1956 GERRISH, EVERETT E.<br />
Thesis: Studies <strong>of</strong> the Monoploid Method <strong>of</strong> Producing Homozygous<br />
Diploids in Zea mays L.<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. E.H. Rinke <strong>and</strong> E.L. Pinnell<br />
1956 LINDEN, DUANE BERNERD<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Certain Sources <strong>of</strong> Fertility Restoration in the<br />
Texas Type <strong>of</strong> Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Zea mays L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.L. Pinnell<br />
1959 GIESBRECHT, JOHN<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Maturity in Zea mays L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1959 VENTURA, YAACOV<br />
Thesis: Inheritance Studies <strong>of</strong> the Cold Test Reaction <strong>of</strong> Zea mays L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1960 IZUNO, TAKUMI<br />
Thesis: Characters Affecting Ear Retention in Parental Inbreds <strong>and</strong> F 1<br />
Progeny <strong>of</strong> Zea mays L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1962 FERGUSON, DAVID BLAINE<br />
Thesis: Combining Ability in Zea mays L. as Influenced by <strong>Plant</strong>ing<br />
Density<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1963 BRIGGS, ROBERT WILBUR<br />
Thesis: Effects <strong>of</strong> Recurrent Selection on a Synthetic Population <strong>of</strong> Corn<br />
(Zea mays L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1963 CHAUDHRI, MUHAMMAD YOUSAF<br />
Thesis: Genetic Variance for Yield <strong>and</strong> Its Components in a Synthetic<br />
Population <strong>of</strong> Corn (Zea mays L.)<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. W.M. Myers <strong>and</strong> J.C. Sentz<br />
1964 KOBLE, ADAM FRANCIS<br />
Thesis: Comparative S 1<br />
Line <strong>and</strong> Top-Cross Performance <strong>of</strong> Corn (Zea<br />
mays L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke
244<br />
1964 LAIBLE, CHARLES ARTHUR<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Ear Number in Four Zea mays L. Genotypes<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1964 LIM, JOHNG KI<br />
Thesis: Association Tests Between Chromosomal Translocations <strong>of</strong> Maize<br />
<strong>and</strong> the Multiple-Ear Character<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1964 TROYER, ALVAH FORREST<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Long First Internode in Corn<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
1965 ALI, SYED MAHBOOB<br />
Thesis: Recurrent Selection for General Combining Ability Based on<br />
Inbred Lines Performance per se in Corn (Zea mays L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1966 CARANGAL, VIRGILIO REYES<br />
Thesis: The Effectiveness <strong>of</strong> S 1<br />
<strong>and</strong> Topcross Evaluation in a Recurrent<br />
Selection Program in Corn<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1969 GOODRICH, CHESTER LEE<br />
Thesis: Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Two Selection Procedures for Improvement <strong>of</strong><br />
Open-Pollinated Varieties <strong>of</strong> Corn<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1969 SALHUINANA, WILFREDO SERGIO<br />
Thesis: Study <strong>of</strong> the Genetic Relationship <strong>and</strong> Heterosis on Inter <strong>and</strong><br />
Intra Crosses <strong>of</strong> Peruvian Races <strong>of</strong> Maize (Zea mays L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Comstock<br />
1971 DAHLSTROM, DONALD EUGENE<br />
Thesis: Genetic Aspects <strong>of</strong> Selection in Maize at Different Levels <strong>of</strong><br />
Inbreeding<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1972 SUTTON, LONNIE MERLIN<br />
Thesis: An Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Growing Degree Days <strong>and</strong> Black Layer as a<br />
Method <strong>of</strong> Rating Maturity in Corn<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1974 KUHN, WILLIAM EDWARD<br />
Thesis: The Effect <strong>of</strong> Yield Component Conversion on Maize Single<br />
Crosses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Stucker
245<br />
1978 GEBAUER, JUAN ENRIQUE<br />
Thesis: Mass Selection for Prolificacy in Maize Grown at Two <strong>Plant</strong><br />
Densities<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.L. Geadelmann <strong>and</strong> J.W. Lambert<br />
1980 CANTRELL, ROY GLENN<br />
Thesis: Husk Leaves <strong>of</strong> Early Dent Maize; Breeding Behavior <strong>and</strong><br />
Contribution to Grain Yield<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann<br />
1980 FERRISS, RONALD SCOTT<br />
Thesis: Influence <strong>of</strong> Genotype <strong>and</strong> Environment on the Response to<br />
Early Growth Stage Defoliation in Maize (Zea mays L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann<br />
1980 MILLER, JAMES EARL<br />
Thesis: The Effect <strong>of</strong> the bm 3<br />
Allele on the Agronomic Performance <strong>of</strong><br />
Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann<br />
1980 PARKS, JAMES STEVEN<br />
Thesis: Selection for European Corn Borer Leaf- <strong>and</strong> Sheath-Collar-<br />
Feeding Resistance in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann<br />
1982 MOSHI, ALFRED JOSEPH<br />
Thesis: Effects <strong>of</strong> Selection for Reduced <strong>Plant</strong> Height in a Tropical Maize<br />
Population<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann<br />
1982 THOMPSON, STEVEN ARNOLD<br />
Thesis: Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Mass Selection for Prolificacy in Corn (Zea mays<br />
L.) Conducted at High <strong>and</strong> Low Densities: Comparison <strong>of</strong> Cycle Means<br />
<strong>and</strong> Estimation <strong>of</strong> Genotypic Variance<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann<br />
1983 NIEBUR, WILLIAM SYLVESTER<br />
Thesis: Natural Selection for Adaptation in Maize at High <strong>Plant</strong> Density<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann<br />
1984 CHRISTENSEN, DEAN WILLIAM<br />
Thesis: Utility <strong>of</strong> Zein Isoelectric Focusing Predicting Heterosis in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann<br />
1984 HEXUM, DARYL KEITH<br />
Thesis: Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Visual S 1<br />
Recurrent Selection for Early Vigor in<br />
Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann
246<br />
1986 MUTISYA, FREDRICK MUTHOKA<br />
Thesis: Source Traits for the Genetic Improvement <strong>of</strong> Early Maturing<br />
Exotic Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann<br />
1986 WEST, DAVID PAUL<br />
Thesis: The Developmental Basis <strong>of</strong> Quantitative Genetic Variation<br />
Revealed by the Maize Mutant, Polymitotic<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.L. Geadelmann <strong>and</strong> R.L. Phillips<br />
1987 JOHNSON, SCOTT SELMER<br />
Thesis: Influence <strong>of</strong> Water Stress in Selection <strong>and</strong> Evaluation<br />
Environments on Response to Recurrent Selection in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann<br />
1989 GRUBER, TERESA ANN<br />
Thesis: Relation <strong>of</strong> Early Vigor S 1<br />
Lines With Agronomic Performance in<br />
an Elite Population <strong>of</strong> Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann<br />
1989 HOFFBECK, MARK DAVID<br />
Thesis: Effects <strong>of</strong> Backcrossing <strong>and</strong> Intermating on Adapted X Exotic<br />
Maize Populations<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1989 SALLAH, PETER YAO KANZE<br />
Thesis: Selection for Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in a Tropical Maize<br />
Population<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann<br />
1990 OLAOYE, GBADEBO<br />
Thesis: Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Three Methods <strong>of</strong> Inbred Line Development in Two<br />
Maize Populations<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. S.J. Openshaw<br />
1991 HOLLAND, GREGORY JOHN<br />
Thesis: Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Recurrent Selection for Combining Ability Between<br />
Two Partitioned Populations in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. S.J. Openshaw<br />
1992 KAEPPLER, SHAWN MICHAEL<br />
Thesis: Molecular <strong>and</strong> Genetic Studies <strong>of</strong> Tissue Culture-Induced<br />
Variation in Maize*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1994 MURZYN, ROBERT E.<br />
Thesis: The Effects <strong>of</strong> Intermating <strong>and</strong> Selection Intensity on the<br />
Testcross Performance <strong>of</strong> S 1<br />
lines from an Adapted x Improved Exotic<br />
Maize Variety<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman
247<br />
1995 ETA NDU, JACOB TIKU<br />
Thesis: Epistatic Gene Action in Breeding Populations to Develop Inbred<br />
Lines <strong>of</strong> Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Stucker<br />
1996 PINNISCH, RUSSEL M.<br />
Thesis: Inbreeding Depression in the Selfed Progeny <strong>of</strong> F 1<br />
Hybrids<br />
Between Northern Flint <strong>and</strong> Corn Belt Dent Populations <strong>of</strong> Maize (Zea<br />
mays L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Stucker<br />
1997 FIGUEROA-RUIZ, ROSANA<br />
Thesis: An Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Methodology for the Minnesota Relative<br />
Maturity System for Rating Corn Hybrids<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Stucker<br />
FLAX<br />
1931 JOHNSON, IVER JOHANNAS<br />
Thesis: The Relation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>and</strong> Seed Characters <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Agronomic<br />
Practice to the Quantity <strong>and</strong> Quality <strong>of</strong> Oil in Flaxseed<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. A.C. Arny <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
1936 MYERS, WILL MARTIN<br />
Thesis: The Nature <strong>and</strong> Interaction <strong>of</strong> Genes Conditioning Reaction to<br />
Rust in Flax<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1944 MOSEMAN, ALBERT HENRY<br />
Thesis: Correlated Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Height, Seed Size, Seed Yields <strong>and</strong><br />
Other Characters in Flax<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1948 TANDON, ROOP KISHORE<br />
Thesis: Relative Susceptibility <strong>of</strong> Flax Varieties to Rates <strong>and</strong> Formulations<br />
<strong>of</strong> 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.S. Dunham<br />
1949 CARNAHAN, HOWARD LEON<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Oil Content <strong>and</strong> Other Characters in the<br />
Cross <strong>of</strong> Dakota x Minerva<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.O. Culbertson<br />
1950 CHU, KWANG HWAN<br />
Thesis: Studies <strong>of</strong> Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Seed Size <strong>and</strong> Other Characters from F 3<br />
Data in a Cross Between an Indian Variety <strong>and</strong> a North American Variety<br />
<strong>of</strong> Flax<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.O. Culbertson
248<br />
1950 SHARMA, JAGDISH NARAIN<br />
Thesis: The Response <strong>of</strong> Flax to Applications <strong>of</strong> 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic<br />
Acid Made at Various Stages <strong>of</strong> Development<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.S. Dunham<br />
1954 BOTHUN, ROBERT ELROY<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> the Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Certain Characters in a Cross <strong>of</strong><br />
Two Flax Varieties, as Expressed in Populations Sprayed with 2,4-D<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.O. Culbertson<br />
1959 COMSTOCK, VERNE EDWARD<br />
Thesis: Variation, Association, <strong>and</strong> Heritability <strong>of</strong> Several Morphological<br />
<strong>and</strong> Seed Characteristics in F 2<br />
<strong>and</strong> F 3<br />
Populations <strong>of</strong> Two Flax Crosses<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> J.C. Sentz<br />
1964 KASIM, MAHMOOD HAJ<br />
Thesis: The Analyses <strong>of</strong> Yield <strong>and</strong> Its Components <strong>and</strong> Seed Quality<br />
Characteristics in Diallel Crosses Among Ten Varieties <strong>of</strong> Flax<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
1964 STAFFORD, ROY ELMER<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>and</strong> Association <strong>of</strong> Several Characters in Flax<br />
Populations Treated With MCPA<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
1967 SHEATATA, ABDEL RAHIM H.<br />
Thesis: A Diallel <strong>of</strong> the Expression <strong>of</strong> Heterosis in Flax<br />
(Linum usitatissimum L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. V.E. Comstock<br />
FORAGE CROPS<br />
1927 KIRK, LAWRENCE ELDRED<br />
Thesis: Self-Fertilization in Relation to Forage Crop Improvement<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1931 HIGGINS, FLOYD LINVILLE<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> the Drying <strong>of</strong> Legume Hay <strong>Plant</strong>s to Determine the<br />
Role <strong>of</strong> the Leaves in Drying the Stems <strong>and</strong> the Relation <strong>of</strong> Method <strong>of</strong><br />
Drying to Loss <strong>of</strong> Leaves <strong>and</strong> to Chemical Composition<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.C. Arny<br />
1940 CHEN, HONG-YU<br />
Thesis: Crop Rotation Studies <strong>and</strong> the Use <strong>of</strong> Crop Rotations in Soil<br />
Conservation Programs in Southeastern Minnesota<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. A.C. Arny <strong>and</strong> C.A. Pond
249<br />
1943 SCHMID, ALOIS RUDOLPH<br />
Thesis: Chlorophyll <strong>and</strong> Carotinoid Concentrations in Alfalfa at Different<br />
Stages <strong>of</strong> Development, <strong>and</strong> Pasture Grasses <strong>and</strong> Alfalfa Grown on Five<br />
Soil Types*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.C. Arny<br />
1945 CHENG, CHUNG-FU<br />
Thesis: Self-Fertility Studies in Several Species <strong>of</strong> Commercial Grasses<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> C.R. Burnham<br />
1958 TEWARI, GAYATRI PRASAD<br />
Thesis: The Production <strong>and</strong> Botanical Composition <strong>of</strong> Legume-Grass<br />
Combinations <strong>and</strong> the Influence <strong>of</strong> the Legume on the Associated<br />
Grasses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.R. Schmid<br />
1961 MARTEN, GORDON CORNELIUS<br />
Thesis: An Investigation <strong>of</strong> the Chromogen-Chromic Oxide <strong>and</strong> Nitrogen-<br />
Chromic Oxide Indicator <strong>and</strong> the TDN Requirement Methods in<br />
Evaluating Pasture Forages for Dairy Cows<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong> J.D. Donker<br />
1961 WHITE, GEORGE ALBERT<br />
Thesis: Influence <strong>of</strong> Certain Forage Grasses on the Growth <strong>and</strong> Yield <strong>of</strong><br />
the Following Crop<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong> T. Kommedahl<br />
1962 FIKE, WILLIAM THOMAS, JR.<br />
Thesis: Factors Affecting Forage Crop Establishment in Corn<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.R. Schmid<br />
1967 CUYKENDALL, CHARLES HOWARD<br />
Thesis: Response <strong>of</strong> Perennial Forages to Machine Defoliation vs. Sheep<br />
Grazing<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.R. Schmid<br />
1967 NAG, KSHOUNISH CHANDRA<br />
Thesis: Effect <strong>of</strong> Various Cropping Systems in a Crop Rotation Study on<br />
Crop Performance <strong>and</strong> Weed Content<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.R. Schmid<br />
1967 RUD, ORVIN ELWOOD<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> Certain Factors Affecting the Establishment <strong>of</strong> Forage<br />
Grasses <strong>and</strong> Legumes<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.R. Schmid<br />
1970 SIMONS, ALLAN BARNARD<br />
Thesis: Relationship <strong>of</strong> Indole Alkaloids to Palatability <strong>of</strong> Phalaris arundinacea<br />
L. <strong>and</strong> Influence <strong>of</strong> Several Factors on Alkaloid Concentration*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. G.C. Marten
250<br />
1972 BARKER, REED EDWARD<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Indole Alkaloids in Reed Canarygrass<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.W. Hovin<br />
1978 MARUM, PETTER K.<br />
Thesis: Cell Wall Constituents in Reed Canarygrass Variation in <strong>Plant</strong><br />
Parts, Heritability <strong>and</strong> Association With Other Forage Quality Characters*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.W. Hovin<br />
1980 CASLER, MICHAEL DARWIN<br />
Thesis: An Analysis <strong>of</strong> Forage Yield in Reed Canarygrass: Heritability <strong>of</strong><br />
Stability Parameters, Factors Influencing Stability <strong>and</strong> Yield Prediction<br />
from Morphological Characters*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.W. Hovin<br />
1980 CHERNEY, JEROME HENRY<br />
Thesis: Analysis <strong>of</strong> Forage Yield <strong>and</strong> Quality Potential <strong>of</strong> Small Grain<br />
Crops <strong>and</strong> the Interrelationships Among Biological, Chemical,<br />
Morphological, <strong>and</strong> Anatomical Determinants <strong>of</strong> Quality<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. G.C. Marten<br />
1980 WALGENBACH, RICHARD PAUL<br />
Thesis: Influence <strong>of</strong> Climatic <strong>and</strong> Soil Factors on the Release <strong>of</strong> Soluble<br />
Nitrogen <strong>and</strong> Protein From Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Cultivars*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. G.C. Marten<br />
1982 CARTER, PAUL RUSSELL<br />
Thesis: Alfalfa Response to Soil Water Deficits*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
1982 GROYA, FREDERICK LEONARD<br />
Thesis: An Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Annual Alfalfa as a Nitrogen Source*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
1983 CRALLE, HARRY THOMAS<br />
Thesis: Photosynthate Partitioning in Alfalfa Populations Selected for<br />
High Nitrogen Fixation Capacity<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. G.H. Heichel<br />
1983 HENSON, ROBERT A.<br />
Thesis: Partitioning <strong>of</strong> Total N <strong>and</strong> Symbiotically Fixed N 2<br />
in Soybeans<br />
<strong>and</strong> Alfalfa*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. G.H. Heichel<br />
1984 BRINK, GEOFFREY EMMETT<br />
Thesis: Establishment <strong>of</strong> Alfalfa With <strong>and</strong> Without Barley or Oat<br />
Companion Crops – Forage Yield <strong>and</strong> Quality, <strong>and</strong> Alfalfa Persistence*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. G.C. Marten
251<br />
1984 HESTERMAN, ORAN BRYCE<br />
Thesis: Contributions <strong>of</strong> Alfalfa to a Subsequent Corn Crop: Agronomic<br />
<strong>and</strong> Economic Evaluation*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
1987 HALL, MARVIN HENRY<br />
Thesis: Partitioning <strong>and</strong> Mobilization <strong>of</strong> Photoassimilate by Alfalfa<br />
Subjected to Water Deficits*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
1991 JUAN, NESTOR ANTONIO<br />
Thesis: Multifoliolate Alfalfa: Temperature, Photoperiod <strong>and</strong> Harvest<br />
Regime Effect on <strong>Plant</strong> Morphology, Herbage Yield, <strong>and</strong> Herbage<br />
Quality*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
1993 PETERSON, PAUL RICHARD<br />
Thesis: Kura Clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.): Growth, Forage Quality,<br />
Persistence, <strong>and</strong> Carbohydrate Reserves Under Sheep Grazing <strong>and</strong><br />
Clipping*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
1994 AYISI, KINGSLEY KWABENA<br />
Thesis: Yield, Quality, <strong>and</strong> Competitive Interactions in a Canola-Soybean<br />
Strip Intercrop<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.P. Vance <strong>and</strong> D.H. Putnam<br />
1997 PERALTA, ALEJANDRO<br />
Thesis: Effects <strong>of</strong> Forage Management on Forage <strong>and</strong> Seed Production<br />
<strong>of</strong> Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. L.H. Smith<br />
1997 ZHU, YANPING<br />
Thesis: Dry Matter Accumulation, Nodulation, Dinitrogen Fixation, <strong>and</strong><br />
Nodule Strain Occupancy <strong>of</strong> Annual Medics<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
GENETICS, CYTOGENETICS AND GENETIC ENGINEERING<br />
1942 SABOE, LEWIS CLIFFORD<br />
Thesis: Utilization <strong>of</strong> Chromosomal Interchanges in Maize to Determine the<br />
Inheritance <strong>and</strong> Linkage Relations <strong>of</strong> Factors for Reaction to Ustilago zeae<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1947 VACCHANI, MOTI VERHOMAL<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> Certain Variations in Chromosome Morphology <strong>of</strong><br />
Corn Inbreds in Relation to Agronomic <strong>and</strong> Morphological Characters<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham
252<br />
1948 FROLIK, ELVIN FRANK<br />
Thesis: Chromosome Segregation in Maize Translocations from<br />
X-Rayed Material <strong>and</strong> in Crosses Producing Rings <strong>of</strong> Six Chromosomes<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1948 KHAN, SHAMS-UL-ISLAM<br />
Thesis: A Cytological Study <strong>of</strong> the Effect <strong>of</strong> Temperature on<br />
Crossing-Over in Corn<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.R. Burnham <strong>and</strong> A.O. Dahl<br />
1950 GOPINATH, DODBALLAPUR MAHABALARAOR<br />
Thesis: A Cytogenetic Study <strong>of</strong> Deficiency Duplication in Certain<br />
Translocation Crosses in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1950 PUTT, ERIC DOUGLAS<br />
Thesis: Cytogenetic Studies <strong>of</strong> Sterility in Rye*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1953 HELGASON, SIGURDUR BJORN<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> Genetic Factors <strong>and</strong> Techniques Affecting Cold-Test<br />
Performance in Corn*<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.R. Burnham <strong>and</strong> E.L. Pinnell<br />
1953 IBRAHIM, MOHMOUD ADL-ELDIN<br />
Thesis: Association Tests Between Chromosomal Interchanges in Maize<br />
<strong>and</strong> Resistance to the European Corn Borer<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1954 MOHAMED, ALY HAMED<br />
Thesis: Association Tests Between Chromosomal Interchanges in Maize<br />
<strong>and</strong> Tender Pericarp in Sweet Corn<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1954 PLESSERS, ARTHUR GERARD<br />
Thesis: The <strong>Genetics</strong> <strong>of</strong> Stem <strong>and</strong> Leaf Rust Reactions <strong>and</strong> Other<br />
Characters in Crosses <strong>of</strong> Lee Wheat with Chinese Monosomic Testers*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1955 JOACHIM, GERTRUD S.<br />
Thesis: An Inheritance Study <strong>of</strong> the Reversed Germ Character in Corn<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1955 RAMAGE, ROBERT THOMAS, JR.<br />
Thesis: The Trisomics <strong>of</strong> Barley*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham
253<br />
1956 CLARK, EDWARD MAURICE<br />
Thesis: A Comparison <strong>of</strong> Crossing Over in Pollen <strong>and</strong> Ovules in<br />
Translocations Involving the Short Arm <strong>of</strong> Chromosome 9 in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1957 INMAN, LAWRENCE LLOYD<br />
Thesis: Studies on the Methods <strong>of</strong> Production <strong>and</strong> Theoretical<br />
Applications <strong>of</strong> Large Rings <strong>of</strong> Chromosomes in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1957 LIVERS, RONALD WILSON<br />
Thesis: Linkage Studies with Chromosomal Translocation Stocks in<br />
Barley*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1958 TURCOTTE, EDGAR LEWIS<br />
Thesis: A Cytogenetic Study <strong>of</strong> Certain Translocations in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1959 MACDONALD, MALCOLM DUNCAN<br />
Thesis: Studies in the Building <strong>of</strong> Large Chromosome Rings in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1959 TABATA, MAMORU<br />
Thesis: Studies <strong>of</strong> Chromosome Pairing in Maize by Using Interchanges<br />
Involving the Same Two Chromosomes<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1960 MILLER, OSCAR LEE, JR.<br />
Thesis: Cytological Studies in Asynaptic Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1962 KASHA, KENNETH JOHN<br />
Thesis: Intercrosses Among Stocks <strong>of</strong> Chromosomal Interchanges<br />
Involving the Same Two Chromosomes in Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1963 VIOLIC, ALEJANDRO<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>and</strong> Linkage Relations <strong>of</strong> Genes for Serpentine<br />
Character in Zea mays as Determined by Chromosomal Translocations<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.H. Rinke<br />
1964 JOHNSON, FREEMAN KEITH<br />
Thesis: The Use <strong>of</strong> Chromosomal Interchanges to Locate Genes for Certain<br />
Quality <strong>and</strong> Agronomic Characters in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L)*<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.R. Burnham <strong>and</strong> J.W. Lambert
254<br />
1964 KAO, FA-TEN<br />
Thesis: Effects <strong>of</strong> Recurrent Irradiation in Diploid, Tetraploid <strong>and</strong><br />
Hexaploid Triticum species*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.S. Caldecott<br />
1965 JACKSON, BEN RAY<br />
Thesis: Quantitative Inheritance in Crosses Among Four Tetraploid<br />
Wheats*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. L.A. Snyder<br />
1966 BAKER, ROBERT JOHN<br />
Thesis: Predicted Variance <strong>of</strong> Response to Selection<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Comstock<br />
1966 MICHEL, KENNETH EARL<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> the Interrelated Behavior <strong>of</strong> Non-Homologous<br />
Chromosomes in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1966 NORTHRUP, RICHARD HAROLD<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> Chromosome Behavior in Interchange Hetero-zygotes:<br />
The Effect <strong>of</strong> Inversions <strong>and</strong> Other Factors on the Frequency <strong>of</strong> Alternate<br />
Segregation <strong>of</strong> the Chromosomes in Zea mays L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1966 PHILLIPS, RONALD LEWIS<br />
Thesis: Cytogenetic Studies <strong>of</strong> Recombination in Reciprocal Crosses <strong>and</strong><br />
the Location <strong>of</strong> Genes in Zea mays L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1966 TULEEN, NEAL ASPLUND<br />
Thesis: The Use <strong>of</strong> Tertiary Trisomics for the Orientation <strong>of</strong> Linkage<br />
Groups in Barley*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1967 DIAMANTIS, BASIL<br />
Thesis: A Mathematical Investigation <strong>of</strong> the Induced Mutation Rate Which<br />
is Optimum for Genetic Improvement<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Comstock<br />
1967 SHEATATA, ABDEL RAHIM H.<br />
Thesis: A Diallel <strong>of</strong> the Expression <strong>of</strong> Heterosis in Flax<br />
(Linum usitatissimum L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. V.E. Comstock.<br />
1968 GHOBRIAL, HELMY KIROLLOS CHALI<br />
Thesis: Studies <strong>of</strong> Recombination in Heterozygotes for Single <strong>and</strong><br />
Multiple Chromosomal Interchanges in Maize (Zea mays L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham
255<br />
1969 BLACK, DONALD STEPHEN<br />
Thesis: Heritability Estimates <strong>of</strong> Oil Content <strong>and</strong> Other Characters in<br />
Several Flax Populations <strong>and</strong> the Genotypic Correlations Among<br />
Characters<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.E. Comstock <strong>and</strong> V.E. Comstock<br />
1969 SALHUANA, WILFREDO SERGIO<br />
Thesis: Study <strong>of</strong> the Genetic Relationship <strong>and</strong> Heterosis in Inter <strong>and</strong> Intra<br />
Crosses <strong>of</strong> Peruvian Races <strong>of</strong> Maize (Zea mays L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Comstock<br />
1971 DIRKS, VICTOR ALEXANDER<br />
Thesis: Computer Simulation <strong>of</strong> Normally Self-Fertilizing Populations<br />
Involving Linkage<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.E. Gates<br />
1972 KOWLES, RICHARD VINCENT<br />
Thesis: The Synthesis <strong>and</strong> Behavior <strong>of</strong> Two-Chromosome Double<br />
Interchanges in Maize <strong>and</strong> Neurospora crassa<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1972 SNYDER, JOHN RAYMOND<br />
Thesis: Replication <strong>of</strong> Yeast Mitochondrial DNA in Zygotes <strong>of</strong><br />
Cytoplasmic Petite by Gr<strong>and</strong>e<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.A. Kleese<br />
1973 STOUT, JOHN THOMAS<br />
Thesis: The Biochemical Cytogenetics <strong>of</strong> a Meiotic Mutant in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1974 GIVENS, JEAN F.<br />
Thesis: Molecular Hybridization <strong>and</strong> Cytological Characterization <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Plant</strong>s Partially Hyperploid for Different Segments <strong>of</strong> the Nucleolus<br />
Organizer Region <strong>of</strong> Zea mays L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1975 FORSTER, JEAN LOUISE<br />
Thesis: Segregation <strong>of</strong> Mitochondria in Yeast<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.A. Kleese<br />
1976 KURVINK, KAREN DEE ANN<br />
Thesis: Sister Chromatid Differential (SCD) Staining <strong>and</strong> Sister<br />
Chromatid Exchange in Human Cells<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J. Cervenka <strong>and</strong> R.L. Phillips<br />
1976 McMULLEN, MICHAEL STEPHEN<br />
Thesis: A Cytogenetic Analysis <strong>of</strong> Avena sativa L. <strong>and</strong> Avena sterilis L.<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.L. Phillips <strong>and</strong> D.D. Stuthman
256<br />
1978 BUESCHER, PATRICK JOHN<br />
Thesis: Role <strong>of</strong> Ribosomal Genes in RNA Levels <strong>and</strong> Nucleolar<br />
Formation in Zea mays L.<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.L. Phillips <strong>and</strong> R.M. Brambl<br />
1979 HIBBERD, KENNETH ARMOND<br />
Thesis: Selection <strong>and</strong> Characterization <strong>of</strong> Amino Acid Overproducer<br />
Mutants in Maize Tissue Culture<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.E. Green <strong>and</strong> W.A. Brun<br />
1980 ALBERTSEN, MARC CHRISTIAN<br />
Thesis: Developmental Cytology, Mutagenesis, <strong>and</strong> Fertility Restoration<br />
<strong>of</strong> Genetic Male-Sterile Maize (Zea mays L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1980 UMBECK, PAUL FREDERICK<br />
Thesis: Evaluation <strong>and</strong> Selection for Inhibitor Resistance in Maize<br />
(Zea mays L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. B.G. Gengenbach<br />
1984 BENZION, GARY<br />
Thesis: Genetic <strong>and</strong> Cytogenetic Analysis <strong>of</strong> Maize Tissue Cultures: A<br />
Cell Line Pedigree Analysis<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1984 RHODES, CAROL ANN<br />
Thesis: Aneuploid Tissue Cultures <strong>of</strong> Maize: Initiation, <strong>Plant</strong><br />
Regeneration, <strong>and</strong> Cytogenetic Stability<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1985 DIEDRICK, THEODORE JAMES<br />
Thesis: Amino Acid <strong>and</strong> Field Evaluations <strong>of</strong> Two Amino Acid<br />
Overproducing Mutants in Corn (Zea mays L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. B.G. Gengenbach<br />
1986 ARMSTRONG, CHARLES LESTER<br />
Thesis: Genetic <strong>and</strong> Cytogenetic Stability <strong>of</strong> Maize Tissue Cultures: A<br />
Comparative Study <strong>of</strong> Organogenic <strong>and</strong> Embryogenic Cultures<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1986 BULLOCK, WILLIAM PAUL<br />
Thesis: A Test for Interspecific Recombination via Tissue-Culture-<br />
Induced Aberrations in Oats (Avena sativa L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1986 LEE, MICHAEL<br />
Thesis: Agronomic Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Inbred Lines Derived from Tissue<br />
Cultures <strong>of</strong> Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.L. Geadelmann
257<br />
1988 BENNER, MICHAEL SCOTT<br />
Thesis: Methionine-Rich Storage Protein Accumulation in Maize<br />
(Zea mays L.): A Genetic <strong>and</strong> Protein/Amino Acid Analysis<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1988 WANG, YUNXIA<br />
Thesis: Molecular Analysis <strong>of</strong> mtDNAs from Maize CMS-S Fertile<br />
Revertants<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. B.G. Gengenbach<br />
1989 BREGITZER, PAUL PHILLIP<br />
Thesis: Development <strong>and</strong> Characterization <strong>of</strong> Friable, Embryogenic Oat<br />
Callus, <strong>and</strong> Cellular Microinjection <strong>of</strong> DNA<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. D.A. Somers <strong>and</strong> H.W. Rines<br />
1989 DOTSON, STANTON BALDWIN<br />
Thesis: Purification <strong>and</strong> Characterization <strong>of</strong> Aspartate Kinase in<br />
Wild-Type Corn <strong>and</strong> Lysine Plus Threonine Resistant Mutants<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.A. Somers<br />
1989 EGLI, MARGARET ANNE<br />
Thesis: Developmental Expression <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Genes in Effective <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Plant</strong>-Controlled Ineffective Alfalfa Nodules*<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.P. Vance <strong>and</strong> B.G. Gengenbach<br />
1989 MCCULLOUGH, ANDREW JOHN<br />
Thesis: Molecular Analysis <strong>of</strong> Amyloplast Biogenesis in Developing Maize<br />
Endosperm<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. B.G. Gengenbach<br />
1989 PESCHKE, VIRGINIA MARIE<br />
Thesis: Tissue Culture-Induced Variability in Maize: Genetic <strong>and</strong><br />
Molecular Analysis <strong>of</strong> Tissue Culture-Derived Transposable Elements<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.L. Phillips <strong>and</strong> B.G. Gengenbach<br />
1990 BUEHLER, ROBERT ERNEST<br />
Thesis: The Identification <strong>and</strong> Characterization <strong>of</strong> Imazethapyr Tolerant<br />
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. B.G. Gengenbach<br />
1990 FRISCH, DAVID ALAN<br />
Thesis: Biochemical <strong>and</strong> Molecular Characterization <strong>of</strong><br />
Dihydrodipicolinate Synthase From Zea mays L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. B.G. Gengenbach<br />
1990 MARSHALL, LORELEI CARSON<br />
Thesis: Characterization <strong>of</strong> Maize Genotypes Tolerant to Herbicides That<br />
Inhibit Acetyl-COA Carboxylase<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.A. Somers
258<br />
1991 KANGASJARVI, JAAKKO SAKARI<br />
Thesis: Molecular Changes During the Differentiation <strong>of</strong> Proplastids to<br />
Amyloplasts in Developing Maize Endosperm*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. B.G. Gengenbach<br />
1992 JELLEN, ERIC NATHAN<br />
Thesis: Characterization <strong>of</strong> Image-Enhanced, C-B<strong>and</strong>ed Oat (Avena spp.)<br />
Monosomics <strong>and</strong> Identification <strong>of</strong> Oat Genomes <strong>and</strong> Homologous<br />
Chromosomes<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1992 KAEPPLER, SHAWN MICHAEL<br />
Thesis: Molecular <strong>and</strong> Genetic Studies <strong>of</strong> Tissue-Culture-Induced<br />
Variation in Maize*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1992 KIM, TAE SAN<br />
Thesis: Identification <strong>of</strong> Genomic Regions Controlling Maturity in Maize<br />
(Zea mays L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1992 ROONEY, WILLIAM LLOYD<br />
Thesis: Identification <strong>and</strong> Characterization <strong>of</strong> RFLP Markers Linked to<br />
Crown Rust Resistance in Oat (Avena spp.)<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. H.W. Rines <strong>and</strong> R.L. Phillips<br />
1992 YUN, SONG JOONG<br />
Thesis: (1-3,1-4)-Beta-Glucan 4-Glucanohydrolase Gene Expression in<br />
Oat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.A. Somers<br />
1994 KRONE, TODD LESTER<br />
Thesis: Genetic Analysis <strong>and</strong> Breeding for Kernel Methionine Content in<br />
Maize (Zea mays L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1994 MUEHLBAUER, GARY JOHN<br />
Thesis: Characterization <strong>of</strong> Aspartate Kinase-Homoserine Dehydrogenase<br />
<strong>and</strong> Two Mutant Aspartate Kinases in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.A. Somers<br />
1995 MILACH, SANDRA CRISTINA<br />
Thesis: Genetic Characterization <strong>and</strong> Molecular Mapping <strong>of</strong> Dwarfing<br />
Genes in Oat<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. H.W. Rines <strong>and</strong> R.L. Phillips<br />
1995 PAZDERNIK, DAVID LEONARD<br />
Thesis: Selection for Early Nodulation <strong>and</strong> Dinitrogen Fixation in the<br />
Soybean-Bradyrhizobium Symbiosis<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.W. Orf <strong>and</strong> P.H. Graham
259<br />
1996 PAWLOWSKI, WOJCIECH<br />
Thesis: Transgene Integration, Expression <strong>and</strong> Stability in Genetically<br />
Engineered Oat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.A. Somers<br />
1996 RIERA-LIZARAZU, OSCAR<br />
Thesis: Characterization <strong>of</strong> Oat x Maize Progenies <strong>and</strong> Their Derivatives<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.W. Rines<br />
1997 SHAVER, JONATHAN M.<br />
Thesis: Molecular Analysis <strong>of</strong> Transgenic Maize Modified for Increased<br />
Lysine Biosynthesis<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. B.G. Gengenbach<br />
1997 TUBEROSA, ROBERTO<br />
Thesis: Molecular Marker Analysis <strong>of</strong> Days to Flowering <strong>and</strong> Leaf<br />
Abscisic Acid Concentration in Corn<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1998 OHLHOFT, PAULA M.<br />
Thesis: Cloning <strong>and</strong> Characterization <strong>of</strong> the 5-Methylcytosine<br />
Methyltransferase Gene in Maize (Zea mays L.) <strong>Plant</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Tissue<br />
Cultures<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1998 VLADUTU, CRISTIAN I.<br />
Thesis: Fine Mapping <strong>and</strong> Characterization <strong>of</strong> Linked QTLs Involved in<br />
the Transition <strong>of</strong> the Maize Apical Meristem From Vegetative to<br />
Generative Structures<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1999 OLSEN, MICHAEL S.<br />
Thesis: Genetic Analysis <strong>of</strong> Whole-Kernel Methionine in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips<br />
1999 PRITSCH, CLARA<br />
Thesis: Early Molecular Response <strong>of</strong> Wheat Spikes to Fusarium graminearum<br />
Infection <strong>and</strong> Histology <strong>of</strong> the Infection Process<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.P. Vance <strong>and</strong> D.A. Somers<br />
<strong>2000</strong> SPRINGER, NATHAN M.<br />
Thesis: Isolation <strong>of</strong> Genes Involved in Epigenetic Regulation <strong>and</strong> the<br />
Inheritance <strong>of</strong> an Aneuploid Syndrome in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.L. Phillips
260<br />
OAT<br />
1922 GARBER, RALPH JOHN<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>and</strong> Yield With Particular Reference to Rust<br />
Resistance <strong>and</strong> Panicle Type in Oats<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1928 BOOTH, ERNEST GORDON<br />
Thesis: The Daily Growth <strong>of</strong> the Oat Kernel <strong>and</strong> the Effect <strong>of</strong> Immaturity<br />
<strong>and</strong> Controlled Freezing Temperature on Germination<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.C. Arny<br />
1934 SMITH, DAVID CLYDE<br />
Thesis: Correlated Inheritance in Oats <strong>of</strong> Reaction to Diseases <strong>and</strong> Other<br />
Characters<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1948 FOOTE, WILSON HOOVER<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> the Inheritance <strong>of</strong> the Stem Rust Reaction in Oats<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1949 KEHR, WILLIAM RALPH<br />
Thesis: Studies <strong>of</strong> Inheritance in Crosses Between L<strong>and</strong>h<strong>of</strong>er (Avena<br />
byzantina L.) <strong>and</strong> Two Selections <strong>of</strong> A. sativa L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1951 OSLER, ROBERT DONALD<br />
Thesis: Inheritance Studies in Oats with Particular Reference to the Santa<br />
Fe Type <strong>of</strong> Crown Rust Resistance<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1959 CHANG, TE-TZU<br />
Thesis: Analysis <strong>of</strong> Genes Conditioning Resistance <strong>of</strong> Oat Varieties to<br />
Races <strong>of</strong> Puccinia coronata Corda var. avenae F <strong>and</strong> L<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
1959 ESCURO, PEDRO BOLIVAR<br />
Thesis: Relative Effectiveness <strong>of</strong> Selection for Quantitative Traits in F 2<br />
<strong>of</strong><br />
Crosses Among Related <strong>and</strong> Unrelated Lines <strong>of</strong> Oats<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. W.M. Myers <strong>and</strong> J.C. Sentz<br />
1959 MARSHALL, HAROLD GENE<br />
Thesis: A Cytogenetic Study <strong>of</strong> Interspecific Avena Hybrids <strong>and</strong> the<br />
Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Resistance in Diploid <strong>and</strong> Tetraploid Varieties to Races <strong>of</strong><br />
Crown <strong>and</strong> Stem Rust<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
1969 SMITH, OLIN DAIL<br />
Thesis: Intergenotypic Competition Among Five Varieties <strong>of</strong> Spring Oats<br />
(Avena sativa L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.A. Kleese
261<br />
1973 GRANGER, ROBERT MACK<br />
Thesis: Selection for Caryopsis Percentage Weight in Three Oat<br />
(Avena sativa L.) Populations<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1976 MCMULLEN, MICHAEL STEPHEN<br />
Thesis: A Cytogenetic Analysis <strong>of</strong> Avena sativa <strong>and</strong> Avena sterilis L.<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.L. Phillips <strong>and</strong> D.D. Stuthman<br />
1977 CUMMINGS, DONN PAUL<br />
Thesis: Studies Relating to Devlopment <strong>of</strong> a Selection System for Lysine<br />
Overproducer Mutants in Oats<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1980 McCOY, THOMAS JOSEPH<br />
Thesis: Cytogenetic Stability <strong>of</strong> Tissue Cultures <strong>and</strong> Regenerated <strong>Plant</strong>s<br />
<strong>of</strong> Oats (Avena sativa L.) <strong>and</strong> Corn (Zea mays L.)<br />
Major Advisers: H.W. Rines <strong>and</strong> R.L. Phillips<br />
1981 RADTKE, JAMES ALLEN<br />
Thesis: Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Recurrent Selection for Yield <strong>and</strong> Its Effect on<br />
Correlated Traits in Oats<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1982 LUBY, JAMES JOSEPH<br />
Thesis: Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Avena sativa L./A. fatua L. Crosses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1982 NIELSEN, ROBERT LEROY<br />
Thesis: Characterization <strong>of</strong> the Interference Between Oats <strong>and</strong> Alfalfa<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1988 FARNHAM, MARK WILLIAM<br />
Thesis: The Characterization <strong>of</strong> Panicle Exsertion in Semidwarf Oat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1989 DAHLEEN, LYNN SUE<br />
Thesis: Somaclonal Variation in Oat (Avena sativa L.) Lines Derived<br />
from Tissue Culture<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1990 POMERANKE, GARY JOSEPH<br />
Thesis: Evaluation <strong>of</strong> an Open <strong>and</strong> Closed System <strong>of</strong> Recurrent Selection<br />
for Yield in Oat (Avena sativa L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1992 BAHRI, HAKIMA<br />
Thesis: Early Generation Bulk Testing <strong>and</strong> Combining Ability for a<br />
Recurrent Selection Program in Oat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman
262<br />
1993 HAUGERUD, NICHOLAS GWINN<br />
Thesis: Secondary Trait Selection in a Recurrent Selection Program for<br />
Improved Yield in Oats (Avena sativa L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1994 DOLAN, DENNIS JAMES<br />
Thesis: Correction <strong>of</strong> Agronomic Deficiencies in a Long-Term Recurrent<br />
Selection Population in Oat (Avena sativa L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1996 DE KOEYER, DAVID<br />
Thesis: Molecular Genetic Analysis <strong>of</strong> Recurrent Selection for Grain Yield<br />
in Oat (Avena sativa L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1996 SOSA-DOMINGUEZ, GILBERTO<br />
Thesis: Recurrent Selection in an Open Oat Population<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1998 ROBERT, VINCENT J.<br />
Thesis: Validation <strong>of</strong> B-Glucan QTL’s in Oat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY<br />
1929 WILCOX, ARTHUR NOBLE<br />
Thesis: Some Factors Influencing the Longevity <strong>and</strong> Viability <strong>of</strong> Pollen<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1941 CHANG, SIH-CHANG<br />
Thesis: Morphological <strong>and</strong> Physiological Causes for Varietal Differences<br />
in Shattering <strong>and</strong> After-Harvest Sprouting in Cereal Crops*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Wilson<br />
1965 PINKAS, LEONARD LIEBER HIRSCH<br />
Thesis: Influence <strong>of</strong> Genotype on Rate <strong>of</strong> Strontium Absorption by<br />
Barley<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. L.H. Smith<br />
1967 CRAKER, LYLE EUGENE<br />
Thesis: The Accumulation <strong>and</strong> Distribution <strong>of</strong> Strontium Within Tissues<br />
<strong>of</strong> a Wheat Spike<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. L.H. Smith<br />
1970 LEPLEY, CHARLES RICHARD<br />
Thesis: Studies on the Isolation <strong>and</strong> Separation <strong>of</strong> Bundle Sheath <strong>and</strong><br />
Mesophyll Cell Chloroplasts <strong>and</strong> on Carbon-Dioxide Uptake in Maize<br />
Leaves<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.N. Moss
263<br />
1970 RABAS, DAVID LEE<br />
Thesis: The Relationship <strong>of</strong> HCN, Total Sugars, Dry Matter <strong>and</strong><br />
Morphological Characteristics to Palatability in Sorghum Species <strong>and</strong><br />
Crosses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.R. Schmid<br />
1972 CROOKSTON, ROBERT KENT<br />
Thesis: Investigations Into Variability <strong>of</strong> the Physiological <strong>and</strong> Anatomical<br />
Characteristics That Separate C 4<br />
<strong>and</strong> C 3<br />
Species<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.N. Moss<br />
1972 SULLIVAN, TIMOTHY PAUL<br />
Thesis: The Effect <strong>of</strong> Root Genotype on the Water Relations <strong>of</strong> Soybean<br />
(Glycine max L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1973 LAWN, ROBERT JOHN<br />
Thesis: Factors Affecting Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Soybeans<br />
(Glycine max L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1974 CARNES, MICHAEL GEORGE<br />
Thesis: High Pressure Liquid Chromatography as a Tool for the Rapid<br />
Analysis <strong>of</strong> the Cytokinin Content <strong>of</strong> Root Pressure Exudate <strong>of</strong> Tomato<br />
(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. W.A. Brun <strong>and</strong> M.L. Brenner<br />
1974 FREY, NICHOLAS MARTIN<br />
Thesis: Ribulose-1,5-Diphosphate Carboxylase Activity in Hordeum vulgare<br />
L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.N. Moss<br />
1974 JOHNSON, RICHARD RAY<br />
Thesis: Barley <strong>and</strong> Wheat Spikes as Photosynthetic Organs<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.N. Moss<br />
1974 KRENZER, EUGENE GEORGE, JR.<br />
Thesis: Source-Sink Relationships in Wheat as Affected by Photoperiod<br />
<strong>and</strong> Carbon Dioxide Concentration<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.N. Moss<br />
1974 LEDENT, JEAN FRANCOIS<br />
Thesis: <strong>Plant</strong> Geometry, Canopy Architecture, <strong>and</strong> Leaf Angle in Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.N. Moss<br />
1976 CIHA, ALLAN JAMES<br />
Thesis: Investigation <strong>of</strong> Possible Abscisic Acid Control <strong>of</strong> Nitrogen<br />
Fixation in Soybean Nodules<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun
264<br />
1976 NUSTAD, LINDA LOUISE<br />
Thesis: Studies on Nitrogen Assimilation <strong>of</strong> the Soybean (Glycine max L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1977 PRYOR, GORDON ROY<br />
Thesis: The Effects <strong>of</strong> Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel, <strong>and</strong> Lead on<br />
Growth <strong>and</strong> Composition <strong>of</strong> Forage Species<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. L.H. Smith<br />
1977 SIMMONS, STEVE ROBERT<br />
Thesis: Physiological Aspects <strong>of</strong> Protein Production by Spring Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.N. Moss<br />
1979 CROCKETT, RON P.<br />
Thesis: Sweet Corn Growth <strong>and</strong> Development Following Early<br />
Defoliation<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.K. Crookston<br />
1979 PATTERSON, THOMAS GLOVER<br />
Thesis: Characterization <strong>of</strong> Senescence in Field-Grown Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1980 FINN, GARY ALAN<br />
Thesis: The Role <strong>of</strong> Current Photosynthate <strong>and</strong> Carbohydrate Reserves in<br />
the Control <strong>of</strong> Nitrogen Fixation in Soybeans (Glycine max L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1980 GBIKPI, PASCAL JOSE<br />
Thesis: Characterizing the Grain-Filling <strong>and</strong> Maturation Period <strong>of</strong><br />
Soybean (Glycine max L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.K. Crookston<br />
1980 SETTER, TIMOTHY LLOYD<br />
Thesis: Abscisic Acid Involvement in Stomatal Closure <strong>and</strong><br />
Photosynthetic Inhibition Resulting From Obstruction by Pod Removal or<br />
Petiole Girdling in Soybeans (Glycine max L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1981 JEPPSON, RANDALL GENE<br />
Thesis: Influence <strong>of</strong> the Shoot Apex on the Development <strong>and</strong> Yield <strong>of</strong><br />
Cereals<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.K. Crookston<br />
1982 AFUAKWA, JOE JUSTICE<br />
Thesis: A Re-Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Some Aspects <strong>of</strong> the Growth <strong>and</strong> Maturation<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Corn (Zea mays L.) Kernel<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.K. Crookston
265<br />
1982 GROAT, RANDALL GENE<br />
Thesis: Host <strong>Plant</strong> Metabolism <strong>of</strong> Symbiotically Fixed Nitrogen in Alfalfa<br />
(Medicago sativa L.) Root Nodules*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.P. Vance<br />
1983 CARLSON, DALE ROBERT<br />
Thesis: Effect <strong>of</strong> Pods on Assimilate Translocation <strong>and</strong> Foliar Partitioning<br />
in Soybean*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>.W.A. Brun<br />
1983 HEINDL, JOSEPHINE C.<br />
Thesis: Light Relation <strong>of</strong> Abscission <strong>and</strong> 14C-Photoassimilate Partitioning<br />
Among Soybean Reproductive Structures<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1985 HANFT, JONATHAN MARK<br />
Thesis: Kernel Abortion in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.J. Jones<br />
1985 LAUER, JOSEPH GERARD<br />
Thesis: Carbon Partitioning, Morphological Development, <strong>and</strong> Canopy<br />
Light Attenuation in Field-Grown Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. S.R. Simmons<br />
1985 OUATTAR, SAID<br />
Thesis: Adaptation <strong>of</strong> Corn (Zea mays L.) Kernel Development to<br />
Conditions <strong>of</strong> Drought <strong>and</strong> Thermal Stress<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.K. Crookston, <strong>and</strong> R.J. Jones<br />
1985 YARROW, GARY LYNN<br />
Thesis: The Involvement <strong>of</strong> Abscisic Acid in Correlative Control <strong>of</strong><br />
Flower Abscission in Soybean<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1986 CHAFAI, EL ALAOUI ALI<br />
Thesis: Contribution <strong>of</strong> Nonsurviving Tillers to the Growth <strong>of</strong> Barley<br />
(Hordeum vulgare L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. S.R. Simmons<br />
1986 GULDAN, STEVEN JOSEPH<br />
Thesis: Factors Affecting Amino Acid Nutrition in Developing Soybean<br />
Seeds<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1986 GRIFFITH, STEPHEN MICHAEL<br />
Thesis: Characteristics <strong>of</strong> In Vitro Sugar Transport Into Developing Maize<br />
Endosperm or Embryo<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.J. Jones <strong>and</strong> M.L. Brenner
266<br />
1986 OUSSIBLE, MOHAMED<br />
Thesis: The Effect <strong>of</strong> Subsurface Compaction on the Nitrogen Uptake,<br />
Growth <strong>and</strong> Yield <strong>of</strong> Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.K. Crookston<br />
1988 ANDERSON, MICHAEL PAUL<br />
Thesis: Purification <strong>and</strong> Characterization <strong>of</strong> Glutamate Synthase from<br />
Alfalfa Root Nodules<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. G.H. Heichel <strong>and</strong> C.P. Vance<br />
1988 MYERS, ROBERT LEE<br />
Thesis: An Analysis <strong>of</strong> Nitrogen Fertilizer <strong>and</strong> Tillage Effects on Maize<br />
Physiology, Production, <strong>and</strong> Economics<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.K. Crookston <strong>and</strong> V.B. Cardwell<br />
1988 WANG, YUNXIA<br />
Thesis: Molecular Analysis <strong>of</strong> mtDNAs From Maize CMS-S Fertile<br />
Revertants*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. B.G. Gengenbach<br />
1989 EGLI, MARGARET ANN<br />
Thesis: Developmental Expression <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Genes in Effective <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong>-<br />
Controlled Ineffective Alfalfa Nodules*<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.P. Vance <strong>and</strong> B.G. Gengenbach<br />
1990 COPELAND, PHILIP JON<br />
Thesis: The Effect <strong>of</strong> Corn <strong>and</strong> Soybean Cropping Sequence on Soil<br />
Moisture <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Nutrients<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.K. Crookston<br />
1990 SCHREIBER, BETH MARIE NELSON<br />
Thesis: The Role <strong>of</strong> Cytokinins in Maize Kernel Development<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.J. Jones<br />
1990 WHITING, KELLY REID<br />
Thesis: Host Specific Pathogens <strong>and</strong> the Corn/Soybean Rotation Effect<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.K. Crookston<br />
1991 KANGASJARVI, JAAKKO SAKARI<br />
Thesis: Molecular Changes During the Differentiation <strong>of</strong> Proplastids to<br />
Amyloplasts in Developing Maize Endosperm*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. B.G. Gengenbach.<br />
1991 LEE, EON SEON JIN<br />
Thesis: Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylase in Developing Soybean Seeds<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.W. Gronwald <strong>and</strong> C.P. Vance
267<br />
1991 TWARY, SCOTT NICHOLAS<br />
Thesis: Regulation <strong>of</strong> Carbon <strong>and</strong> Nitrogen Assimilatory Enzymes in<br />
Alfalfa Root Nodules<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.P. Vance<br />
1991 ZINSELMEIER, CHRISTOPHER<br />
Thesis: The Role <strong>of</strong> Assimilate Supply, Partitioning <strong>and</strong> Metabolism in<br />
Maize Kernel Development at Low Water Potentials<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.J. Jones <strong>and</strong> M.E. Westgate<br />
1993 DAVIS, MICHAEL HAMILTON<br />
Thesis: Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Development in Relation to<br />
Light Quality<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. S.R. Simmons<br />
1993 NICKEL, SISTER ESTHER<br />
Thesis: Corn <strong>and</strong> Soybean Cropping Sequence Affects Root Health <strong>and</strong><br />
Development<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.K. Crookston<br />
1993 ROBINSON, DAVID LOWELL<br />
Thesis: Compartmentation <strong>of</strong> Nitrogen <strong>and</strong> Carbon Metabolism in Alfalfa<br />
Root Nodules<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.P. Vance<br />
1994 AYISI, KINGSLEY KWABENA<br />
Thesis: Yield, Quality, <strong>and</strong> Competitive Interactions in a Canola-Soybean<br />
Intercrop*<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.P. Vance <strong>and</strong> D.H. Putnam<br />
1995 PAZDERNIK, DAVID LEONARD<br />
Thesis: Selection for Early Nodulation <strong>and</strong> Dinitrogen Fixation in the<br />
Soybean-Bradyrhizobium Symbiosis*<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.H. Orf <strong>and</strong> P.H. Graham<br />
1995 TEIXEIRA, MAURO CESAR CELARO<br />
Thesis: Development <strong>of</strong> Maize Kernels Exposed to Different Day <strong>and</strong><br />
Night Temperature Regimes<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.J. Jones<br />
1996 BUCIARELLI, BRUNA<br />
Thesis: Wound Response Characteristics in Resistant <strong>and</strong> Susceptible<br />
Genotypes <strong>of</strong> Populus tremuloides When Infected With Hypoxylon<br />
mammatum<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.P. Vance<br />
1997 COMMURI, PADMAVATHI<br />
Thesis: Mechanisms by Which High Temperature During Endosperm Cell<br />
Division Causes Kernel Abortion in Maize<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.J. Jones
268<br />
1997 MONJARDINO, PAULO FERREIRA MENDES<br />
Thesis: Mechanisms by Which Heat Stress Affects Protein Accumulation<br />
in Maize Kernels<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.J. Jones<br />
1997 SCHOENBECK, MARK<br />
Thesis: Physiological <strong>and</strong> Molecular Analysis <strong>of</strong> the Genes Expressed in<br />
Alfalfa Root Nodules<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.P. Vance<br />
<strong>2000</strong> PULLINS, EMILY E.<br />
Thesis: Photomorphogenic Responses <strong>and</strong> Shade Avoidance Syndrome<br />
<strong>of</strong> Soybean Genotypes Under Field Conditions<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. S.R. Simmons <strong>and</strong> N.R. Jordan<br />
SOYBEAN<br />
1948 MEHTA, TRIBRUWAN RAM<br />
Thesis: Correlation <strong>of</strong> Yield <strong>and</strong> Certain Quantitative Characters in<br />
Soybeans<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1949 ARAKERI, HANUMAPPA RAMAPPA<br />
Thesis: The Relation <strong>of</strong> Some Environmental Factors to the<br />
Pre-Emergence Treatment <strong>of</strong> Corn with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy-acetic Acid<br />
<strong>and</strong> Soybean with Ammonium Trichloroacetate*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.S. Dunham<br />
1956 LEHMAN, WILLIAM FRANCIS<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>and</strong> Interrelationship <strong>of</strong> Maturity <strong>and</strong> Other<br />
Characters in Soybeans<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
1965 KENASCHUK, EDWARD OREST<br />
Thesis: Study <strong>of</strong> Yield <strong>and</strong> the Components <strong>of</strong> Yield in the F 2<br />
<strong>and</strong> F 3<br />
Generations <strong>of</strong> Crosses Involving Four Soybean Lines<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> L.A. Snyder<br />
1965 MUKHERJEE, DEBABRATA<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Resistance to Bacterial Blight in Soybeans<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. L.A. Snyder<br />
1966 STROHM, JERRY LEE<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Height, Maturity, Seed Weight <strong>and</strong> Yield <strong>and</strong><br />
Their Association in Four Soybean Crosses<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.W. Lambert <strong>and</strong> D.C. Rasmusson
269<br />
1967 AYLESWORTH, JOHN WILDE<br />
Thesis: Selection for Yield in Segregating Generations <strong>of</strong> Two Soybean<br />
Crosses Grown at Stress <strong>and</strong> Non-Stress Soil Fertility Levels<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1970 HARDMAN, LELAND LAVERNE<br />
Thesis: The Effects <strong>of</strong> Some Environmental Conditions on Flower<br />
Production <strong>and</strong> Pod Set in Soybean (Glycine max L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1970 HESTER, ALONZO JUDSON<br />
Thesis: Scion-Root Effect <strong>and</strong> Heritability Estimates on P, K, <strong>and</strong> Ca<br />
Accumulation in Leaves <strong>of</strong> Soybeans (Glycine max L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.C. Rasmusson<br />
1970 ROSE, JOHN LESLIE<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Fatty Acids in Several Crosses <strong>of</strong> Soybean Varieties<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1971 KIM, DOO KYLUNG<br />
Thesis: Use <strong>of</strong> 4-Parent Diallel Soybean Cross for Measuring Heterosis<br />
<strong>and</strong> Predicting Peformance <strong>of</strong> Derived Lines<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1972 SULLIVAN, TIMOTHY PAUL<br />
Thesis: The Effect <strong>of</strong> Root Genotype on the Water Relations <strong>of</strong> Soybean<br />
(Glycine max L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1974 AUCKLAND, AUSTIN KEITH<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>and</strong> Interrelationships <strong>of</strong> Canopy Characteristics <strong>and</strong><br />
Specific Leaf Weight in Soybeans (Glycine max L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1975 BAIHAKI, ACHMAD<br />
Thesis: Association <strong>of</strong> Genetoype x Environment Interactions with<br />
Performance Level <strong>of</strong> Soybean Lines in Preliminary Yield Trials<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1978 SINGH, NARENDRA BAHADUR<br />
Thesis: Performance <strong>of</strong> Related Phytophthora-Resistance <strong>and</strong> Susceptible<br />
Soybean Lines Under Diseased <strong>and</strong> Disease-Free Conditions<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1980 FINN, GARY ALAN<br />
Thesis: The Role <strong>of</strong> Current Photosynthate <strong>and</strong> Carbohydrate Reserves<br />
in the Control <strong>of</strong> Nitrogen Fixation in Soybeans (Glycine max L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun
270<br />
1980 GBIKPI, PASCAL JOSE<br />
Thesis: Characterizing the Grain Filling <strong>and</strong> Maturation Period <strong>of</strong><br />
Soybean (Glycine max L.) Growth*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.K. Crookston<br />
1980 LAWSON, ROBERT MARK<br />
Thesis: Genetic Variability in Soybeans for Nodule Number <strong>and</strong> Weight,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Recovery <strong>of</strong> Rhizobium japonicum Strain 110<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1980 SETTER, TIMOTHY LLOYD<br />
Thesis: Abscisic Acid Involvement in Stomatal Closure <strong>and</strong> Photosynthetic<br />
Inhibition Resulting From Translocation Obstruction by Pod Removal or<br />
Petiole Girdling in Soybeans (Glycine max L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1981 SEBERN, NANCY ANNE<br />
Thesis: The Effectiveness <strong>of</strong> Early Generation Selection for Protein in<br />
Soybeans<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1983 CARLSON, DALE ROBERT<br />
Thesis: Effect <strong>of</strong> Pods on Assimilate Translocation <strong>and</strong> Foliar Partitioning<br />
in Soybean*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1983 UNANDER, DAVID WALTON<br />
Thesis: Genetic <strong>and</strong> Environmental Components <strong>of</strong> Soybean (Glycine<br />
max L.) Germination Under Cool Temperature Conditions<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.W. Lambert<br />
1986 HUGIE, WILLIAM VON<br />
Thesis: Genotypic Interaction <strong>of</strong> Northern Soybeans to Row Spacing<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.H. Orf<br />
1986 NEUHAUSEN, SUSAN LEE<br />
Thesis: Screening <strong>and</strong> Selection for Enhanced Dinitrogen Fixation in<br />
Soybean (Glycine max L.) <strong>of</strong> Maturity Groups O <strong>and</strong> OO<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.H. Orf <strong>and</strong> P.H. Graham<br />
1988 BYRON, DENNIS F.<br />
Thesis: Comparison <strong>of</strong> Three Selection Procedures for the Development<br />
<strong>of</strong> Early Maturing Soybean Lines<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.H. Orf<br />
1989 ASAFO-ADJEI, BAFFOUR<br />
Thesis: Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Exotic Soybeans for Favorable Agronomic Alleles<br />
Absent in Adapted Local Lines<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.H. Orf
271<br />
1995 PAZDERNIK, DAVID LEONARD<br />
Thesis: Selection for Early Nodulation <strong>and</strong> Dinitrogen Fixation in the<br />
Soybean–Bradyrhizobium Symbiosis*<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.H. Orf <strong>and</strong> P.H. Graham<br />
1996 SHAN, BAOSHAN<br />
Thesis: Yield, Protein, Oil <strong>and</strong> Oil Quality in Soybean: Comparison <strong>of</strong><br />
Selection Indices <strong>and</strong> Methods for Adjusting Spatial Variation in<br />
Experiments<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.H. Orf<br />
1999 JANNINK, JEAN-LUC<br />
Thesis: Feasibility <strong>of</strong> Breeding Soybean (Glycine max L.) for High Weed-<br />
Suppressive Ability<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. J.H. Orf<br />
1999 MUDGE, JOANN E.<br />
Thesis: Development <strong>of</strong> a Marker-Assisted Selection Program for<br />
Nematode Resistance in Soybeans<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.H. Orf <strong>and</strong> N.D. Young<br />
WEED SCIENCE<br />
1941 STAHLER, LEONARD M.<br />
Thesis: Some Ecological Aspects <strong>of</strong> Competition Between Crop <strong>Plant</strong>s<br />
<strong>and</strong> Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.)<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.B. Harvey <strong>and</strong> H.K. Wilson<br />
1942 NELSON, RUSSELL THEODORE<br />
Thesis: Studies <strong>of</strong> Micro-Organisms <strong>and</strong> Chlorate Persistence in Soils<br />
Treated With Sodium Chlorate<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. H.K. Wilson <strong>and</strong> R.H. L<strong>and</strong>on<br />
1945 BROWN, WILLIAM JOSEPH NICHOLAS<br />
Thesis: Leaching <strong>and</strong> Decomposition <strong>of</strong> Sodium Chlorate in Some<br />
Minnesota Soil Types<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.B. Harvey <strong>and</strong> H.K. Wilson<br />
1947 ROBINSON, ROBERT GEORGE<br />
Thesis: Annual Weeds, Their Seed Population in the Soil, Their Effect on<br />
Small Grain <strong>and</strong> Flax, <strong>and</strong> Some Ecological Methods <strong>of</strong> Control<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.O. Rost <strong>and</strong> R.S. Dunham<br />
1948 CARLSON, ARNE EMANUEL<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> the Root Reserves <strong>of</strong> Field Bindweed (Convolvulus<br />
arvensis L.) at Various Soil Levels on Fallowed <strong>and</strong> Undisturbed L<strong>and</strong><br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.S. Dunham <strong>and</strong> R.H. L<strong>and</strong>on
272<br />
1948 TANDON, ROOP KISHORE<br />
Thesis: Relative Susceptibility <strong>of</strong> Flax Varieties to Rates <strong>and</strong> Formulations<br />
<strong>of</strong> 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.S. Dunham<br />
1949 ARAKERI HANUMAPPA R.<br />
Thesis: The Relations <strong>of</strong> Some Environmental Factors to the<br />
Preemergence Treatment <strong>of</strong> Corn With 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy-acetic Acid<br />
<strong>and</strong> Soybeans with Ammonium Trichloroacetate*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.S. Dunham<br />
1950 EVERSON, LEROY EVERETT<br />
Thesis: The Effect <strong>of</strong> 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Certain Weed<br />
<strong>and</strong> Crop Seeds<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.S. Dunham<br />
1950 SHARMA, JAGDISH NARAIN<br />
Thesis: The Response <strong>of</strong> Flax to Applications <strong>of</strong><br />
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Made at Various Stages <strong>of</strong> Development<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.S. Dunham<br />
1952 PATHAK, CHANDRAVADAN HIRALA<br />
Thesis: Effect <strong>of</strong> Pre-emergence Treatment With 2,4-D on Weeds in<br />
Corn <strong>and</strong> on Various Soil Properties<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.S. Dunham <strong>and</strong> C.O. Rost<br />
1953 WIESE, ALLEN FRANKLIN<br />
Thesis: The Phytotoxicity <strong>of</strong> Isopropyl N-Phenyl Carbamate <strong>and</strong> Related<br />
Compounds on Wild Oats (Avena fatua L.) <strong>and</strong> Their Selective Action<br />
on Several Crop <strong>Plant</strong>s<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.S. Dunham<br />
1956 ANDERSON, LAUREL ETHAN<br />
Thesis: The Effects <strong>of</strong> Aqueous Solutions <strong>of</strong> MCP Applied to the Shoot<br />
Apex <strong>of</strong> Redwood Flax<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.S. Dunham<br />
1957 JORDAN, LOWELL STEPHEN<br />
Thesis: Effects <strong>of</strong> the Interaction <strong>of</strong> Varying Temperatures <strong>and</strong> Light<br />
Intensitites on the Response <strong>of</strong> Flax to 2,4-D (Dichlorophenoxyacetic<br />
Acid)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.S. Dunham<br />
1957 MILLER, JOHN HAROLD<br />
Thesis: Differential Response <strong>of</strong> Several Inbreds <strong>and</strong> Single Crosses <strong>of</strong><br />
Corn (Zea mays L.) to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.S. Dunham
273<br />
1959 BURNSIDE, ORVIN CHARLES<br />
Thesis: The Influence <strong>of</strong> Environmental Factors on the Phytotoxicity <strong>and</strong><br />
Dissipation <strong>of</strong> Simazin<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong> R. Behrens<br />
1959 YEO, RICHARD RUSSELL<br />
Thesis: The Absorption <strong>of</strong> the Sodium Salt <strong>of</strong> 2,4-D on Kaolinite,<br />
Bentonite <strong>and</strong> Cellulose<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.S. Dunham <strong>and</strong> A.C. Caldwell<br />
1960 ANDERSEN, ROBERT NEILS<br />
Thesis: Investigations <strong>of</strong> the Basis <strong>of</strong> Selective Action <strong>of</strong> Dalapon<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong> R. Behrens.<br />
1962 ERICKSON, LAMBERT CORNELIUS<br />
Thesis: Influences <strong>of</strong> Radiant Infrared on Germination <strong>of</strong> Weed <strong>and</strong> Crop<br />
Seeds<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1962 NALEWAJA, JOHN DENNIS<br />
Thesis: The Effect <strong>of</strong> Ethyl N,N-Di-N-Propylthiolcarbamate (EPTC) <strong>and</strong><br />
l-N-Butyl-3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1-Methylurea (Neburon) Upon Alfalfa<br />
Yield, Weed Control, Protein Content <strong>and</strong> Individual Free Sugars, <strong>and</strong><br />
Fate <strong>of</strong> C 14<br />
–Labeled EPTC in Alfalfa<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. A.R. Schmid <strong>and</strong> R. Behrens<br />
1962 WAX, LLOYD MONROE<br />
Thesis: Factors Affecting Quackgrass Control with Atrazine<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1963 WARNER, LLOYD CLAUDE<br />
Thesis: Factors Affecting the Fate <strong>and</strong> Phytotoxicity <strong>of</strong><br />
3-Amino-2-5-Dichlorobenzoic Acid (Amiben)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1964 SINGH, RAGHBIR<br />
Thesis: Physiological Response <strong>of</strong> Alfalfa <strong>and</strong> Weeds to 4-(2,4-DB)<br />
Applications<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R. Behrens <strong>and</strong> A.R. Schmid<br />
1966 AGUNDIS, OMAR<br />
Thesis: Some Factors That Influence the Deactivation <strong>of</strong> Atrazine in the Soil<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1969 IMBAMBA, SIMEON KEDOGO<br />
Thesis: Effect <strong>of</strong> 2-Chloro-4-Ethylamino-6-Isopropyl-Amino-S-<br />
Triazine (Atrazine) on Physiological Processes in Leaves<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.N. Moss
274<br />
1969 STRAND, OLIVER ERIC<br />
Thesis: Factors Affecting the Herbicidal Activity <strong>of</strong> Atrazine Applied as a<br />
Foliar Spray with Oil <strong>and</strong> Other Adjuvants<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1969 SWANN, CHARLES WILLIAM<br />
Thesis: Physiological Aspects <strong>of</strong> Trifluralin Herbicidal Activity<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1970 JACOBSOHN, RUBEN<br />
Thesis: Studies on Differential Response <strong>of</strong> Four Wild Oat Biotypes <strong>and</strong><br />
Two Barley Varieties to Barban<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.N. Andersen<br />
1971 DARWENT, ALBERT LLOYD<br />
Thesis: Influence <strong>of</strong> Several Environmental Factors on <strong>Plant</strong> Response to<br />
2,4-D<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1971 EVANS, JOHN OSCAR<br />
Thesis: Differential Response <strong>of</strong> Zea mays L. Inbreds to<br />
2,2-Dichloroproprionic Acid<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1971 HAWF, LARRY RAY<br />
Thesis: Some Factors Involved in the Herbicidal Activity <strong>of</strong> 2,4-DB<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1971 KLOSTERBOER, ARLEN DARYL<br />
Thesis: Factors Affecting the Herbicidal Performance <strong>of</strong> Trifluralin,<br />
Nitralin <strong>and</strong> AN56477<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1976 BERTGES, WILLIAM JOHN<br />
Thesis: Establishment <strong>of</strong> Forage Species for Seed Production with<br />
Herbicide-Protectant Combinations<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1976 BLANK, SHELDON ELMER<br />
Thesis: Studies on the Intraspecific Response <strong>of</strong> Spring Wheat Cultivars<br />
to Difenzoquat*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1980 HOTZMAN, FREDERICK WILLIAM<br />
Thesis: Effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Water Stress on the Response <strong>of</strong> Velvetleaf<br />
(Abutilon theophrasti), Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber), <strong>and</strong> Common<br />
Lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.) to Foliar Applications <strong>of</strong> 2-4-D<br />
<strong>and</strong> Dicamba<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens
275<br />
1980 WESTRA, PHILIP<br />
Thesis: Control <strong>of</strong> Quackgrass (Agropyron repens L.) With Glyphosate<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.L. Wyse<br />
1981 EBERLEIN, CHARLOTTE VAWTER<br />
Thesis: Environmental <strong>and</strong> Selectivity Factors Involved in Wheat<br />
(Triticum aestivum L.) Tolerance to Propanil<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1981 YOUNG, FRANCIS LEWIS<br />
Thesis: Quackgrass (Agropyron repens L.) Interference in Corn (Zea<br />
mays L.) <strong>and</strong> Soybeans (Glycine max L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.L. Wyse<br />
1982 HAGEMAN, LARRY HERMAN<br />
Thesis: Investigations <strong>of</strong> Chlorsulfuron Mode <strong>of</strong> Action <strong>and</strong> Soil<br />
Persistence<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1982 RANSOM, JOEL K.<br />
Thesis: Chemical <strong>and</strong> Cultural Control <strong>of</strong> Common Waterplantain in Wild<br />
Rice*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.A. Oelke<br />
1983 HALLING, BLAIK P.<br />
Thesis: Investigations on the Mechanism <strong>of</strong> Action <strong>of</strong> Difenzoquat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1983 KLEVORN, THOMAS BERNARD<br />
Thesis: Effect <strong>of</strong> Soil Temperature, Soil Moisture, <strong>and</strong> Transport System<br />
Alteration on Assimilate Transport in Quackgrass (Agropyron repens L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.L. Wyse<br />
1983 QUAKENBUSH, LAURA SUE<br />
Thesis: Studies on the Biology <strong>and</strong> Herbicide Susceptibility <strong>of</strong> Weedy<br />
Nightshades <strong>of</strong> the Solanum nigrum Complex Solanum Sect. Solanum<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.N. Andersen<br />
1984 WALDECKER, MARK ALLEN<br />
Thesis: Soil Moisture, Chemical, <strong>and</strong> Physical Effects on Glyphosate<br />
Absorption <strong>and</strong> Translocation in Common Milkweed (Asclepias<br />
syriaca L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.L. Wyse<br />
1985 MERIWANI, YUSUF NURRADDIN<br />
Thesis: Effect <strong>of</strong> Tillage, Glyphosate <strong>and</strong> Sethoxydim on Quackgrass<br />
(Agropyron repens L.) in a Corn (Zea mays L.) Soybean (Glycine max<br />
L.) Rotation<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.L. Wyse
276<br />
1986 COULTAS, JEFFREY SCOTT<br />
Thesis: Growth <strong>and</strong> Development <strong>of</strong> Wild Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum<br />
L.) in Three Cropping Systems <strong>and</strong> Natural Infestations<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1986 KIDDER, DANIEL WORDEN<br />
Thesis: Behavior <strong>of</strong> 14C-Haloxyfop-Methyl as Influenced by Water Stress<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1987 JOHNSON, MICHAEL DONALD<br />
Thesis: The Influence <strong>of</strong> Herbicide Formulation on Weed Control in Four<br />
Tillage Systems: Absorption, Translocation, <strong>and</strong> Metabolism <strong>of</strong> Bentazon<br />
in Tolerant <strong>and</strong> Susceptible Soybeans (Glycine max L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.L. Wyse<br />
1988 STAMM, ELIZABETH J. (KATOVICH)<br />
Thesis: A Characterization <strong>of</strong> Correlatively Inhibited Root Buds <strong>of</strong><br />
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.L. Wyse<br />
1988 STOLTENBERG, DAVID ERIC<br />
Thesis: Selectivity <strong>and</strong> Mechanism <strong>of</strong> Action <strong>of</strong> Sethoxydim <strong>and</strong><br />
Haloxyfop<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.L. Wyse<br />
1989 BOERBOOM, CHRIS MICHAEL<br />
Thesis: Selection <strong>and</strong> Characterization <strong>of</strong> Glyphosate Tolerance in<br />
Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.L. Wyse<br />
1990 PARKER, WILLIAM BEAURIE<br />
Thesis: Selection <strong>and</strong> Characterization <strong>of</strong> Sethoxydim- <strong>and</strong><br />
Haloxyfop-Tolerant Corn (Zea mays L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.L. Wyse<br />
1992 SORENSON, BRENT ALAN<br />
Thesis: Formation <strong>and</strong> Movement <strong>of</strong> 14C-Atrazine Degradation Products<br />
in a S<strong>and</strong>y Loam, Silt Loam <strong>and</strong> Clay Loam Soil Under Field Conditions<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. D.L. Wyse <strong>and</strong> W. Koskinen<br />
1993 BUSSLER, BRETT HAYDEN<br />
Thesis: Corn Interactions With Common Cocklebur <strong>and</strong> Velvetleaf<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.L. Wyse<br />
1993 DOTRAY, PETER ANTHONY<br />
Thesis: Cross Tolerance to Aryloxyphenoxypropionate <strong>and</strong><br />
Cyclohexanedione Herbicides in Tissue Culture Derived Corn (Zea mays<br />
L.) Lines<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.L. Wyse
277<br />
1993 EVENSON, KIMBERLY JANE<br />
Thesis: Characterization <strong>of</strong> Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase from<br />
Dicl<strong>of</strong>op-Resistant <strong>and</strong> -Susceptible Lolium multiflorum Biotypes<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.W. Gronwald <strong>and</strong> D.L. Wyse<br />
1993 RZOZI, BENNASSEUR SI<br />
Thesis: Weed Interference <strong>and</strong> Control in Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.L. Wyse<br />
1998 DOMINGUEZ-VALENZUELA, JOSE<br />
Thesis: Effect <strong>of</strong> Nitrogen Source <strong>and</strong> Time <strong>of</strong> Giant Foxtail (Setaria fabveril<br />
H.) Removal on Corn (Zea mays L.)<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. J.L. Gunsolus <strong>and</strong> G.A. Johnson<br />
WHEAT<br />
1925 GOULDEN, CYRIL HAROLD<br />
Thesis: A Genetic <strong>and</strong> Cytological Study <strong>of</strong> Dwarfing in Wheat <strong>and</strong> Oats<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1925 HARRINGTON, JAMES BISHOP<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Resistance to Puccinia graminis in Crosses<br />
Between Varieties <strong>of</strong> Durum Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1926 STEWART, GEORGE<br />
Thesis: Correlated Inheritance in Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1927 AAMODT, OLAF SVERRE<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> the Growth Habit <strong>and</strong> Rust Reaction in Crosses<br />
Between Marquis, Kota <strong>and</strong> Kanred Wheats<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1930 QUISENBERRY, KARL SPANGLER<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Winter Hardiness, Growth Habit <strong>and</strong> Stem Rust<br />
Resistance in Crosses Between Minhardi Winter <strong>and</strong> H-44 Spring Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1931 NEATBY, KENNETH WILLIAM<br />
Thesis: Factor Relations in Wheat for Resistance to Groups <strong>of</strong><br />
Physiologic Forms <strong>of</strong> Puccinia graminis tritici<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1931 POWERS, LEROY<br />
Thesis: Cytologic <strong>and</strong> Genetic Studies <strong>of</strong> Variability <strong>of</strong> Strains <strong>of</strong> Wheat<br />
Derived from Interspecific Crosses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes
278<br />
1932 AUSEMUS, ELMER REX<br />
Thesis: Correlated Inheritance in a Triangular Wheat Cross <strong>of</strong> Reaction<br />
to Diseases <strong>and</strong> Botanical Characters<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1932 SALMON, SAMUEL CECIL<br />
Thesis: Resistance <strong>of</strong> Varieties <strong>of</strong> Winter Wheat <strong>and</strong> Rye to Low<br />
Temperatures in Relation to Winter Hardiness <strong>and</strong> Adaptation<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. A.C. Arny <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
1934 KULKARNI, LAXMAN GOPAL<br />
Thesis: Correlated Inheritance with Special Reference to Disease<br />
Resistance in Spring Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1935 PAN, CHIEN LIANG<br />
Thesis: A Genetic Study <strong>of</strong> Mature <strong>Plant</strong> Resistance in Spring Wheat to<br />
Black Stem Rust (Puccinia graminis tritici)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1940 WHITE, WILLIAM JAMES<br />
Thesis: Intergeneric Crosses Between Triticum <strong>and</strong> Agropyron<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1941 CHANG, SIH-CHANG<br />
Thesis: Morphological <strong>and</strong> Physiological Causes for Varietal Differences<br />
in Shattering <strong>and</strong> After-Harvest Sprouting in Cereal Crops*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Wilson<br />
1941 MACINDOE, STEPHEN LIVINGSTONE<br />
Thesis: The Nature <strong>and</strong> Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Resistance to Stem Rust <strong>of</strong> Wheat<br />
(Puccinia graminis tritici)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1943 SEMENIUK, WILLIAM ANTON<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> Chromosome Behavior <strong>and</strong> Rust Reaction in<br />
Advanced Generations <strong>of</strong> Triticum vulgare x T. timopheevi<br />
<strong>and</strong> in Crosses <strong>of</strong> Certain <strong>of</strong> These Lines with Hard Red Spring Wheats<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1944 WEIR, JOHN ROBERT<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> the Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Protein Content, Date <strong>of</strong> Heading,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Height in a Cross <strong>of</strong> Prelude X Dicklow Spring Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1945 ABBASI, FEEROSE HUSAIN<br />
Thesis: Studies <strong>of</strong> Mature <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>and</strong> Physiologic Resistance to Stem Rust<br />
in Crosses <strong>of</strong> Premier With Kenya<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes
279<br />
1945 ATKINS, IRVIN MILBURN<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Characters Associated With Resistance to<br />
Lodging in a Cross <strong>of</strong> Kanred With Coppei Winter Wheats<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1946 PETO, HOWARD BROADHURST<br />
Thesis: The Nature <strong>of</strong> Drought Resistance in Spring Wheat<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. F.R. Immer <strong>and</strong> R.B. Harvey<br />
1947 SMITH, GLENN SANBORN<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Stem Rust Reaction, Glume Tenacity <strong>and</strong> Head<br />
Type in Mindum Durum x Vernal Emmer<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1948 AYAD, MOHAMED ABDEL-GHANI<br />
Thesis: Correlated Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Reaction to Stem Rust <strong>and</strong> Other<br />
Characters in Crosses between Egyptian Varieties <strong>of</strong> Wheat<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> E. C. Stakman<br />
1948 HASNAIN, SYED ZULFIQARUL<br />
Thesis: Study <strong>of</strong> Stem Rust Reaction <strong>and</strong> Other Characters in Indian<br />
Wheat Varieties <strong>and</strong> Their Crosses<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> H.H. Hart<br />
1950 KOO, KEH-SHING (FRANCIS)<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Reaction to Stem Rust <strong>and</strong> Other Characters in<br />
Crosses <strong>of</strong> Timstein With Thatcher, Newthatch <strong>and</strong> Mida<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1950 WU, CHAO-SU<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Leaf Rust Reaction <strong>and</strong> Other Characters in a<br />
Spring Wheat Cross<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1951 HASHIM, MOHAMMED<br />
Thesis: Studies <strong>of</strong> the Mode <strong>of</strong> Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Leaf Rust Reaction <strong>and</strong><br />
Other Characteristics in Crosses <strong>of</strong> Frontana with Thatcher <strong>and</strong><br />
Newthatch Wheats<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1952 HANNAH, ALVIN EDMUND<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Reaction to Bunt in Crosses Involving Redman<br />
Wheat <strong>and</strong> Some <strong>of</strong> Its Ancestors<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1952 HEYNE, ELMER GEORGE<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Leaf Rust, (Puccinia rubigo-vera tritici) (Erikss.<br />
<strong>and</strong> Henn.) Carl., Reaction <strong>and</strong> Other Characters in Crosses Among<br />
Three Wheat Varieties<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus
280<br />
1952 JONES, GUY LANGSTON<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> the Mode <strong>of</strong> Reaction to Stem Rust, Particularly<br />
Race 15B, <strong>and</strong> Leaf Rust in Two Crosses <strong>of</strong> Vulgare Wheats<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1952 MARTINEZ, LORENZO M.<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Reaction to Leaf Rust, (Puccinia rubigo-vera tritici<br />
Erikss.) Carleton, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Certain Other Characters in a Wheat Cross<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1953 McNEAL, FRANCIS HARRISON<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Stem Solidness in a Thatcher by Rescue Wheat<br />
Cross<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1953 ROHDE, CHARLES RAYMOND<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> the Inheritance <strong>of</strong> the Reaction to Leaf Rust <strong>and</strong><br />
Other Characters in Triangular Wheat Crosses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1954 CAMPBELL, ALLAN BARRIE<br />
Thesis: A Monosomic Analysis <strong>of</strong> Redman Wheat for Stem Rust<br />
Resistance<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1954 DA SILVA, ADY RAUL<br />
Thesis: Breeding for Stem <strong>and</strong> Leaf Rust Resistance in Wheat in Brazil,<br />
Including Basic Genetical Studies <strong>and</strong> a Survey <strong>of</strong> the Physiological Races<br />
<strong>of</strong> Rust<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.R. Burnham <strong>and</strong> H.H. Hart<br />
1954 HEERMANN, RUBEN MARTIN<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Stem Rust Reaction in Durum <strong>and</strong> Emmer Crosses<br />
with Particular Reference to Race 15B<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1954 OMAR, ABDEL-AZIZ MOSTAFA<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Reaction to Race l5B <strong>and</strong> Some Other Races <strong>of</strong><br />
Stem Rust <strong>of</strong> Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1954 PLESSERS, ARTHUR GERARD<br />
Thesis: The <strong>Genetics</strong> <strong>of</strong> Stem <strong>and</strong> Leaf Rust Reactions <strong>and</strong> Other<br />
Characters in Crosses <strong>of</strong> Lee Wheat with Chinese Monosomic Testers*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
1955 REITZ, LOUIS POWERS<br />
Thesis: Responses <strong>of</strong> Hard Winter Wheat Varieties in Regional Tests<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus
281<br />
1956 ASLAM, CHAUDHARI MUHAMMAD<br />
Thesis: Relationship <strong>of</strong> Genes for Rust Resistance in Vulgare Wheat<br />
Varieties<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1960 SUNDERMAN, DONALD WAYNE<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Reaction to Stem Rust in Crosses Between Certain<br />
Vulgare Spring Wheats<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1961 FUAD, JAMAL ABDUL-KARIM<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Stem Rust Reaction to Races 15B, 11, <strong>and</strong> 56 in<br />
Crosses <strong>of</strong> Some Vulgare Wheats<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1962 CORTAZAR, RENE S.<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Stem Rust Reaction <strong>and</strong> Certain Other Characters<br />
in a Cross <strong>of</strong> Thatcher x 11-53-521 <strong>and</strong> Several Other Wheat Crosses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1962 SHEEN, SHUH-JI<br />
Thesis: Studies <strong>of</strong> Genetic Factors Controlling Stem Rust Resistance in<br />
Chromosome Substitution Lines <strong>of</strong> Two Wheat Varieties<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
1963 LEISLE, DAVID<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Seedling Stem Rust Reaction to Races 56 <strong>and</strong><br />
15B in a Frontana X Kenya 58-Newthatch Derivative <strong>and</strong> its Parents<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1963 MCKENZIE, HUGH<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Characters, Especially Mode <strong>of</strong> Reaction to Sawfly<br />
<strong>and</strong> Bunt, in Spring Wheat Crosses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.R. Ausemus<br />
1964 KAO, FA-TEN<br />
Thesis: Effects <strong>of</strong> Recurrent Irradiation in Diploid, Tetraploid, <strong>and</strong><br />
Hexaploid Triticum Species*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.S. Caldecott<br />
1965 JACKSON, BEN RAY<br />
Thesis: Quantitative Inheritance in Crosses Among Four Tetraploid<br />
Wheats*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. L.A. Snyder<br />
1967 GILMORE, EARL CARNLEY JR.<br />
Thesis: Composition <strong>of</strong> the Phenotypic Variance <strong>of</strong> Percent Protein in<br />
Hard Red Spring Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. L.A. Snyder
282<br />
1976 BLANK, SHELDON ELMER<br />
Thesis: Studies on the Interspecific Response <strong>of</strong> Spring Wheat Cultivars<br />
to Difenzoquat*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R. Behrens<br />
1979 MARTINEZ-GONZALEZ, JESUS<br />
Thesis: Slow Rusting to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Era Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1981 ELSAYED, FAROUK A.<br />
Thesis: Daylength Insensitivity in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.):<br />
Effect on Agronomic Traits <strong>and</strong> Its Inheritance<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.H. Busch<br />
1982 HERNANDEZ-SIERRA ARTURO<br />
Thesis: Recurrent Selection Methods in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.D. Stuthman<br />
1982 LOFFLER, CARLOS MARCELO<br />
Thesis: Grain <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Protein Relationships <strong>and</strong> Recurrent Selection<br />
for Grain Protein Percentage in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.H. Busch<br />
1983 ALTMAN, DAVID WAYNE<br />
Thesis: R<strong>and</strong>om Intermating Before Selection in Spring Wheat<br />
(Triticum aestivum L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.H. Busch<br />
1983 EATON, DANA LYLE<br />
Thesis: The Incorporation <strong>of</strong> Unadapted Germplasm Into Adapted Spring<br />
Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.H. Busch<br />
1985 BENINATI, NOEL FRANCIS<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Grain Protein in Two Hard Red Spring Wheat<br />
Crosses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.H. Busch<br />
1986 PAULY, MICHAEL HALE<br />
Thesis: Parameters <strong>of</strong> Nitrogen Utilization in Hard Red Spring Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.H. Busch<br />
1988 BROTSLAW, DANIEL JEFFREY<br />
Thesis: Crosses <strong>of</strong> Spring by Winter Wheats: Agronomic <strong>and</strong><br />
Breadmaking Quality <strong>of</strong> Spring Wheat Progeny<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.H. Busch<br />
1992 DELZER, BRENT WILLIAM<br />
Thesis: Recurrent Selection <strong>of</strong> Grain Protein in Hard Red Spring Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.H. Busch
283<br />
1992 KAMANZI, ABDUL<br />
Thesis: Characterization <strong>of</strong> Testing Sites <strong>of</strong> Uniform Regional Hard Red<br />
Spring Wheat Performance Nurseries<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Stucker<br />
1993 VAN BEUNINGEN, LEONARDUS THEODORUS<br />
Thesis: Genetic Diversity Among North American Spring Wheat Cultivars<br />
as Determined From Genealogy <strong>and</strong> Morphology<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.H. Busch<br />
1995 FABRIZIUS, MARTIN A.<br />
Thesis: Genetic Diversity <strong>and</strong> Heterosis in North American Hard Red<br />
Spring Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.H. Busch<br />
1995 WIERSMA, JOCHUM JAN<br />
Thesis: Recurrent Selection for Kernel Weight in Spring Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.H. Busch<br />
1999 PROCOPIUK, ANA MARIA<br />
Thesis: Early Generation Bulk Testing to Evaluate the Introgression <strong>of</strong><br />
Unadapted Wheat (Triticum asetivum L.) Germplasm into Adapted<br />
Spring Wheat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.H. Busch<br />
WILD RICE<br />
1971 SMITH, LARRY JAMES<br />
Thesis: Agronomic Studies on Wild Rice (Zizania aquatica)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.A. Brun<br />
1982 EVERETT, LESLIE ALLEN<br />
Thesis: A Comparison <strong>of</strong> Selection Methods for Reduced<br />
Shattering in Wild Rice (Zizania palustris L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Stucker<br />
1982 RANSOM, JOEL K.<br />
Thesis: Control <strong>of</strong> Common Waterplantain (Alisma trivale)<br />
in Wild Rice (Zizania palustris L.)*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.A. Oelke<br />
1984 PALM, WALLACE EINAR<br />
Thesis: Half-Sib Family Selection in Wild Rice (Zizania palustris L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Stucker<br />
1985 HERNANDEZ, JOSE E.<br />
Thesis: Intercultivar Competition in Row Plots <strong>of</strong> Wild Rice<br />
(Zizania palustris L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Stucker
284<br />
1986 CLAY, SHARON A.<br />
Thesis: Interference <strong>and</strong> Control <strong>of</strong> Giant Burrweed (Sparganium<br />
eurycarpum) in Wild Rice (Zizinia palustris L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. E.A. Oelke<br />
1986 HAYES, PATRICK MILO<br />
Thesis: Selection for Tiller Synchrony in Wild Rice<br />
(Zizania palustris L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Stucker<br />
1988 WANDREY, GREGORY GERARD<br />
Thesis: Genetic Variation <strong>of</strong> Seed Length in Wild Rice<br />
(Zizania palustris L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.E. Stucker<br />
LESS-OFTEN-STUDIED CROPS OR SUBJECTS<br />
BEANS<br />
1940 HILPERT, MARION MOTH<br />
Thesis: Genetic Studies in Phaseolus vulgaris<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. F.R. Immer <strong>and</strong> T.M. Currence<br />
1990 SADIKI, MOHAMMED<br />
Thesis: Germplasm Development <strong>and</strong> Breeding for Improved Biological<br />
Nitrogen Fixation in Faba Bean in Morocoo<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. D.K. Barnes<br />
BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL<br />
1953 YAWALKAR, KESHAO SIRWAN<br />
Thesis: Performance <strong>of</strong> Birdsfoot Trefoil Alone <strong>and</strong> in Competition With<br />
Other Species in Pastures<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.R. Schmid<br />
1954 RACHIE, KENNETH OWEN<br />
Thesis: Winter Hardiness <strong>of</strong> Birdsfoot Trefoil Strains <strong>and</strong> Varieties<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.R. Schmid<br />
1992 MILLER, PERRY RAY<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Condensed Tannins <strong>and</strong> Tannin-Forage-Quality<br />
Relationships in Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.)<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. N.J. Ehlke <strong>and</strong> D.K. Barnes
285<br />
BLUEGRASS<br />
l946<br />
KRAMER, HERBERT HARVEY<br />
Thesis: Morphologic <strong>and</strong> Agronomic Variation in Poa pratensis L. in<br />
Relation to Chromosome Numbers<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
BROMEGRASS<br />
1942 TSIANG, YIEN SI<br />
Thesis: Methods <strong>of</strong> Breeding Bromegrass, Bromus inermis, Leyss.<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> R.H. L<strong>and</strong>on<br />
1951 KNEEBONE, WILLIAM ROBERT<br />
Thesis: Factors Related to Forage Quality <strong>and</strong> to Seed Production<br />
Among Eight Clones <strong>of</strong> Bromus inermis L. <strong>and</strong> Their Polycross<br />
Progenies<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. H.L. Thomas <strong>and</strong> M.F. Kernkamp<br />
1956 TIMOTHY, DAVID HARRY<br />
Thesis: Evaluations <strong>of</strong> Combining Ability in Bromus inermis L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.L. Thomas<br />
1957 DICKENSON, DONALD DWIGHT<br />
Thesis: The Characteristics <strong>of</strong> Six Bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.)<br />
Clones, Their Polycross <strong>and</strong> Single Cross Progeny<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.L. Thomas<br />
1962 ROBISON, LAREN R.<br />
Thesis: Combining Ability for Seedling Vigor <strong>and</strong> the Isolation <strong>of</strong><br />
Seedling Pathogens in Bromus inermis L.<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.R. Wilcoxson <strong>and</strong> H.L. Thomas<br />
COTTON<br />
1948 RICHMOND, THOMAS ROLLIN<br />
Thesis: The <strong>Genetics</strong> <strong>of</strong> Certain Factors Responsible for Lint Quantity in<br />
American Upl<strong>and</strong> Cotton<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes.<br />
CRIMSON CLOVER<br />
1950 ROGERS, THOMAS HAYDEN<br />
Thesis: Methods <strong>of</strong> Breeding Crimson Clover (Trifolium incarnatum)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes
286<br />
INTERCROPS<br />
1994 AYISI, KINGSLEY KWABENA<br />
Thesis: Yield, Quality <strong>and</strong> Competitive Interactions in a Canola-Soybean<br />
Strip Intercrop*<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. C.P. Vance, <strong>and</strong> D.H. Putnam<br />
KENAF<br />
1961 NELSON, ELTON GLEN<br />
Thesis: Inheritance in Kenaf as Related to Selection <strong>of</strong> Inbred Lines for<br />
Composite Varieties<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
KURA CLOVER<br />
1993 PETERSON, PAUL RICHARD<br />
Thesis: Kura Clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.): Growth, Forage<br />
Quality, Persistence, <strong>and</strong> Carbohydrate Reserves Under Sheep Grazing<br />
<strong>and</strong> Clipping*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
<strong>2000</strong> SEGUIN, PHILLIPPE<br />
Thesis: Quantification <strong>and</strong> Characterization <strong>of</strong> Kura Clover (Trifolium<br />
ambiguum M.B.) Dinitrogen Fixation<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.C. Sheaffer<br />
LESPEDEZA<br />
1941 STITT, RHEA EMERSON<br />
Thesis: Inheritance Studies <strong>of</strong> the Tannin Content <strong>of</strong> Perennial Lespedeza<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. H.K. Hayes <strong>and</strong> H.K. Wilson<br />
ONIONS<br />
1951 FERGUSON, ALBERT CLARENCE<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> the Relationship Between Characters in Inbred Lines<br />
<strong>of</strong> Onions <strong>and</strong> Their Crosses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes
287<br />
ORCHARDGRASS<br />
1940 SCHULTZ, HERMAN KARL<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> Methods <strong>of</strong> Breeding Orchard Grass (Dactylis glomerata<br />
L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
POTATO<br />
1948 RIEDL, WILLIAM ALFRED<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Tuber-set in Solanum tuberosum L.<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. F.A. Krantz <strong>and</strong> H.K. Hayes<br />
RED CLOVER<br />
1956 DEWEY, DOUGLAS R.<br />
Thesis: Combining Ability <strong>and</strong> Related Studies <strong>of</strong> Selected Lines <strong>of</strong> Red<br />
Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers<br />
REED CANARYGRASS<br />
1970 SIMONS, ALLAN BARNARD<br />
Thesis: Relationship <strong>of</strong> Indole Alkaloids to Palatability <strong>of</strong> Phalaris arundinacea<br />
L. <strong>and</strong> Influence <strong>of</strong> Several Factors on Alkaloid Concentration*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. G.C. Marten<br />
1972 FRELICH, JAMES R.<br />
Thesis: Effect <strong>of</strong> Environmental Factors on Indole Alkaloids in Reed<br />
Canarygrass, (Phalaris arundinacea L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. G.C. Marten<br />
1978 MARUM, PETTER KAND<br />
Thesis: Cell Wall Constitutents in Reed Canarygrass: Variation in <strong>Plant</strong><br />
Parts, Heritability, <strong>and</strong> Association With Other Forage Quality<br />
Characters*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.W. Hovin<br />
1980 CASLER, MICHAEL DARWIN<br />
Thesis: An Analysis <strong>of</strong> Forage Yield in Reed Canarygrass: Heritability <strong>of</strong><br />
Stability Parameters, Factors Influencing Stability, <strong>and</strong> Yield Prediction<br />
from Morphological Characters*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. A.W. Hovin
288<br />
1984 SUPRENANT, JACQUES<br />
Thesis: Forage Yield <strong>and</strong> Quality in Reed Canarygrass; Influence <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Plant</strong>ing Patterns <strong>and</strong> Effect <strong>of</strong> One Cycle <strong>of</strong> Phenotypic Selection<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. R.H. Busch<br />
RUBBER PLANTS<br />
1950 HENDERSON, ROBERT WESLEY<br />
Thesis: Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Rubber Percentage in Taxaracum Kok-Saghya<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
RYE<br />
1926 BREWBAKER, HARVEY EDGAR<br />
Thesis: Studies <strong>of</strong> Self-Fertilization in Rye<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1933 PETERSON, RUDOLPH FREDERICK<br />
Thesis: The Improvement <strong>of</strong> Rye Through Inbreeding<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1949 WARREN, FRANCIS SHIRLEY<br />
Thesis: Correlation Studies <strong>of</strong> Yield <strong>and</strong> Other Characters in Rye<br />
Polycrosses<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1950 PUTT, ERIC DOUGLAS<br />
Thesis: Cytogenetic Studies <strong>of</strong> Sterility in Rye*<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
RYEGRASS<br />
1997 WALDRON, BLAIR L.<br />
Thesis: Breeding for Improved Winterhardiness in Turf-Type Perennial<br />
Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. N.J. Ehlke<br />
STATISTICS<br />
1991 PAGE, NATHANIEL JOHN<br />
Thesis: A Computer Simulation Evaluation <strong>of</strong> the Utility <strong>of</strong> Marker-<br />
Assisted Selection<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.E. Stucker <strong>and</strong> F.D. Enfield
289<br />
1994 ABADIE, TABARE<br />
Thesis: A Computer-Simulation Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Breeding Methods for Self-<br />
Pollinated Species<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. R.E. Stucker <strong>and</strong> F.D. Enfield<br />
SUGAR BEETS<br />
1934 RALEIGH, STEPHEN MARTIN<br />
Thesis: Environmental Factors Affecting Seed Setting in Sugar Beets<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Wilson<br />
1940 CULBERTSON, JOSEPH OLIVER<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Sucrose Percentage in Beta vulgaris L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. F.R. Immer<br />
SWEET CLOVER<br />
1936 McMICHAEL, SCOTT CLARENCE<br />
Thesis: A Comparative Study <strong>of</strong> Strains <strong>of</strong> Sweet Clover (Melilotus alba<br />
Desr.)<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. H.K. Wilson <strong>and</strong> R.B. Harvey<br />
1937 STEVENSON, TRUEMAN M.<br />
Thesis: Sweet Clover Studies on Habit <strong>of</strong> Growth, Seed Pigmentation<br />
<strong>and</strong> Permeability <strong>of</strong> the Seed Coat<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1943 RINKE, ERNEST HENRY<br />
Thesis: The Inheritance <strong>of</strong> Coumarin in Sweet Clover<br />
(Melilotus alba Desr.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
TALL FESCUE<br />
1952 COWAN, J. RITCHIE<br />
Thesis: Some <strong>Plant</strong> Breeding Studies with Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea<br />
Schreb.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.L. Thomas<br />
1955 BUCKNER, ROBERT CECIL<br />
Thesis: Breeding Tall Fescue for Palatability<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. W.M. Myers
290<br />
TIMOTHY<br />
1927 CLARKE, SIDNEY EDWARD<br />
Thesis: Self-Fertilization in Timothy<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
TOMATOES<br />
1933 HUMPHREY, LLEWELLYN MEALEY<br />
Thesis: The Meiotic Divisions <strong>of</strong> Haploid, Diploid, <strong>and</strong> Tetraploid<br />
Tomatoes with Special Reference to the Prophase<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1954 QUINONES, FERDINAND ANTONIO<br />
Thesis: Heterosis in Tomatoes as Affected by Diverse Origin <strong>of</strong> Parents<br />
Major Advisers: Pr<strong>of</strong>s. E.H. Rinke <strong>and</strong> T.M. Currence<br />
1966 STRINGHAM, GARY RICE<br />
Thesis: Cytogenetic Studies <strong>of</strong> Chromosome 2 in the Tomato<br />
(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. C.R. Burnham<br />
WHEATGRASS<br />
1941 MURPHY, ROYSE PEAK<br />
Thesis: Part A, Methods <strong>of</strong> Breeding Crested Wheatgrass, (Agropyron<br />
cristatum L.) Beauv. Part B, Convergent Improvement With Four Inbred<br />
Lines <strong>of</strong> Corn<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
1952 HEINRICHS, DAVID HENRY<br />
Thesis: Methods <strong>of</strong> Breeding Intermediate Wheatgrass, Agropyron intermedium<br />
(Host.) Beauv.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.K. Hayes<br />
WHITE CLOVER<br />
1966 YUNGBLUTH, THOMAS ALAN<br />
Thesis: A Study <strong>of</strong> the Possible Role <strong>of</strong> Recombination Within the Self-<br />
Compatability Locus Resulting in Pseudo-Self-Compatability in Trifolium<br />
repens L.<br />
Major Adviser: Pr<strong>of</strong>. H.L. Thomas
Appendix E<br />
Field Crop Varieties<br />
VARIETIES RELEASED BY THE MINNESOTA<br />
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION<br />
Crop Cultivar Name Date<br />
ADZUKI<br />
Minoka 1980<br />
Crop Cultivar Name Date<br />
BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL<br />
Norcen 1983<br />
ALFALFA<br />
Grimm 1895<br />
Ramsey 1973<br />
Agate 1973<br />
ARC 1975<br />
Nitro 1986<br />
Wrangler 1986<br />
ANNUAL CANARYGRASS<br />
Alden 1973<br />
Keet 1979<br />
Elias 1983<br />
BARLEY<br />
Manchuria 1918<br />
Minsturdi 1922<br />
Svansota 1926<br />
Velvet 1926<br />
Peatl<strong>and</strong> 1926<br />
Glabron 1929<br />
Regal 1931<br />
Mars 1945<br />
Forrest 1957<br />
Cree 1957<br />
Manker 1974<br />
Morex 1978<br />
Robust 1983<br />
Excel 1990<br />
St<strong>and</strong>er 1993<br />
Royal 1994<br />
MNBrite 1998<br />
Lacey <strong>2000</strong><br />
BLUEGRASS<br />
Park 1969<br />
Tommy 1993<br />
BROMEGRASS<br />
Martin 1951<br />
Fox 1968<br />
BUCKWHEAT<br />
Giant American 1977<br />
FIELD PEA<br />
Procon 1986<br />
FLAX<br />
Primost 1900<br />
Redwing 1916<br />
Winona 1922<br />
Chippewa 1923<br />
Redson 1943<br />
Biwing 1943<br />
Crystal 1944<br />
Minerva 1949<br />
Dakota 1949<br />
Redwood 1952<br />
Arny 1961<br />
Marine 62 1962<br />
Windom 1962<br />
Nored 1968<br />
Norstar 1969<br />
Culbert 1975<br />
Verne 1987
292<br />
Crop Cultivar Name Date<br />
HORSEBEAN<br />
Minnesota Horse- 1968<br />
bean<br />
OAT<br />
Improved Ligoua 1895<br />
Swedish Select 1908<br />
MN #281 1910<br />
MN #289 1910<br />
Minota 1910<br />
Silvermine 1914<br />
Gopher 1923<br />
Anthony 1929<br />
Minrus 1931<br />
Mindo 1946<br />
Bonda 1946<br />
Zephyr 1949<br />
Andrew 1949<br />
Minl<strong>and</strong> 1955<br />
Minhafer 1957<br />
Minton 1959<br />
Otter 1970<br />
Lyon 1977<br />
Moore 1978<br />
Benson 1979<br />
Preston 1982<br />
Proat 1983<br />
Starter 1986<br />
Premier 1990<br />
Milton 1994<br />
Pal 1994<br />
Jim 1995<br />
Richard <strong>2000</strong><br />
PROSO MILLET<br />
Snobird 1976<br />
Minco 1976<br />
Minsum 1980<br />
RED CLOVER<br />
Wegener<br />
REED CANARYGRASS<br />
MN-76 1976<br />
RYE<br />
Caribou 1954<br />
Crop Cultivar Name Date<br />
Elk 1959<br />
Emerald<br />
Pearl 1964<br />
Swedish Minn. #2<br />
Von Lochow 1964<br />
Rymin 1973<br />
SORGHUM, GRAIN<br />
Minnesota 1 1963<br />
RS 455 1976<br />
MA-4 A 1976<br />
MA-4 B<br />
SOYBEAN<br />
Habaro
293<br />
Crop Cultivar Name Date<br />
Kasota 1990<br />
Bert 1991<br />
Leslie 1991<br />
Agassiz 1992<br />
Lambert 1992<br />
Parker 1992<br />
Alpha 1992<br />
Hendricks 1994<br />
Faribault 1994<br />
M87-1567 1994<br />
Toyopro 1995<br />
Black Kato 1995<br />
Glacier 1995<br />
Granite 1995<br />
Freeborn 1995<br />
MN 0301 1997<br />
MN 1301 1997<br />
UM3 1997<br />
Surge 1997<br />
Stride 1997<br />
MN 1401 1998<br />
MN 0901 1999<br />
MN 1801 1999<br />
MN 0902CN <strong>2000</strong><br />
SUNFLOWER<br />
Arrowhead 1954<br />
Mingren 1964<br />
TICKBEAN<br />
Petite 1975<br />
TIMOTHY<br />
Itasca 1951<br />
WILD RICE<br />
Netum 1978<br />
Voyager 1983<br />
Meter 1985<br />
Franklin 1992<br />
Purple Petrowski <strong>2000</strong><br />
Crop Cultivar Name Date<br />
WHEAT, HARD RED SPRING<br />
Preston (1895)<br />
Reliance (1926)<br />
#163 1899<br />
#169 1902<br />
#188 1905<br />
Glyndon 1915<br />
Marquillo 1928<br />
Thatcher 1934<br />
Newthatch 1944<br />
Lee 1951<br />
Willet 1954<br />
Crim 1963<br />
Chris 1965<br />
Polk 1968<br />
Era 1970<br />
Fletcher 1970<br />
Kitt 1975<br />
Angus 1978<br />
Centurk 1981<br />
Marshall 1982<br />
Wheaton 1983<br />
Vance 1989<br />
Minnpro 1989<br />
Norm 1992<br />
Verde 1995<br />
BacUp 1996<br />
HJ98 1998<br />
McVey 1999<br />
WHEAT, HARD RED WINTER<br />
Minard 1915<br />
Minturki 1919<br />
Marim 1940<br />
Minter 1948<br />
WHEAT, DURUM<br />
Mindum 1917<br />
Spelmar 1917<br />
WHEAT, SOFT RED WINTER<br />
Minhardi 1920
294<br />
CORN HYBRIDS, INBRED AND SOURCE POPULATIONS<br />
Minhybrid designations: Double-cross Minhybrids released prior to 1965<br />
contain three digits. The first digit represents the maturity zone: 4=southern,<br />
5=south central, 6=central, 7=north central, <strong>and</strong> 8=northern. The<br />
remaining two digits designate the hybrid’s sequence within a zone.<br />
In 1965 new Minhybrids were given four-digit designations. The first digit<br />
designates the maturity. The second digit designates the type <strong>of</strong> cross:<br />
2=single cross, 3=three-way cross, <strong>and</strong> 4=double cross. The last two digits<br />
designate the sequence <strong>of</strong> release within each zone.<br />
Variety<br />
MINHYBRID<br />
201, 202<br />
301<br />
401– 418<br />
4201– 4203, 4301– 4303<br />
500–509, 511– 513, 515, 519<br />
5201, 5202, 5301– 5303<br />
600–609, 611– 613, 621<br />
6301– 6305<br />
700 – 703, 706, 707, 711<br />
7301<br />
800 – 806<br />
8201, 8301<br />
AES<br />
101, 201– 204, 514, 610<br />
MINN. EXPERIMENTAL<br />
157, 309<br />
SWEET CORN HYBRIDS<br />
Minhybrid<br />
201– 205<br />
Variety<br />
POPCORN HYBRIDS<br />
Minhybrid<br />
250 – 252<br />
OPEN POLLINATED<br />
Minn. 13, Rustler, Northwestern<br />
Dent, Longfellow, Silver King<br />
INBRED LINES (DENT TYPE)<br />
A7, 12, 15, 21, 25, 34, 71,73, 90,<br />
96, 111, 116, 131, 148, 158, 165,<br />
166, 171,188,203, 204, 208,218,<br />
223, 238, 239, 251, 254–259,<br />
264, 265, 277, 286, 293, 295,<br />
297, 305, 308, 311, 312, 322,<br />
334, 340, 344, 347, 357, 374,<br />
375, 385, 392, 395, 401, 417,<br />
427, 495, 498,502, 508, 509, 513,<br />
545–548, 551, 554, 556, 561,<br />
563, 568, 619, 624, 629–632,<br />
634–641, 648 – 663
295<br />
Appendix F<br />
Index<br />
A<br />
A tribute to Fred Frosheiser 57<br />
Aamodt, O.S. 22, 104, 187, 189<br />
Acres (<strong>of</strong> seed) certified <strong>of</strong> selected crops 179<br />
Adams, R.S., Jr. 46<br />
Advisers, student club 46<br />
Adzuki 134, 153, 154, 156<br />
Ag botany greenhouse 27<br />
Arakeri, H.R. 187<br />
Agricultural Association <strong>of</strong> Minnesota 13, 176<br />
Agricultural engineers 151, 165<br />
Agricultural industries <strong>and</strong> marketing major<br />
40, 43<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> Building 5, 7, 27, 33, 175<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> Journal 69<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er, Lee 32, 33<br />
Alfalfa 11, 18, 22-25, 51-57, 83, 84, 85,<br />
86, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97, 115, 119, 159,<br />
160, 163, 164, 291<br />
breeding <strong>and</strong> pathology research 51-57<br />
varieties 291<br />
Alfalfa Variety Review Board 93<br />
Amaranth 153<br />
American Alfalfa Improvement Conference 93<br />
American Forage <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Council 90,<br />
91<br />
American <strong>Genetics</strong> Association 11<br />
American Malting Barley Association 62<br />
American Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> 13, 15-22,<br />
45<br />
American Soybean Association 19, 20<br />
Andersen, R.N. 22, 133, 134, 136, 138<br />
Anderson, Don 173<br />
Anderson, Hubert 77<br />
Anderson, James 22, 108, 146, 189<br />
Anderson, Richard 173, 174, 190<br />
Animal <strong>and</strong> plant systems major 40, 43<br />
Annual canarygrass 134, 153, 154, 156, 291<br />
Annual medics 93<br />
Armour, Myron 22, 48, 130<br />
Armstrong, Charles 107<br />
Arneman, Harold 46<br />
Arny, A.C. 22, 32, 35, 36, 44, 81, 84, 85,<br />
129, 136, 163, 182, 189<br />
Association <strong>of</strong> Official Seed Certifying Agencies<br />
(AOSCA) 13<br />
Ausemus, E.R. 5, 22, 104, 142, 143, 146,<br />
182, 189<br />
Axtell, John 105<br />
B<br />
Backcross 69, 73<br />
Bahri, Hakima 116<br />
Baker, Reed 100<br />
Banttari, E.E. 60<br />
Barberg, Eric 92<br />
Barberry 169<br />
Barker, Reed 100<br />
Barley 6-8, 11, 22, 23, 25, 26, 59-62, 90,<br />
94, 104, 110, 124, 160, 169, 170, 175,<br />
179, 291<br />
improvement 59-62<br />
varieties 60, 291<br />
Barnes, Donald K. 22, 46, 51, 54-57, 93,<br />
187, 189, 190<br />
Barnett, Ron 121<br />
Bassett, L.B. 22, 33, 175<br />
Beadle, George 105<br />
Bean, dry edible 165<br />
Becker, Roger 22, 50, 136, 138, 190<br />
Bees, alkali, honey, leaf cutting 97<br />
Behrens, Richard 19, 22, 50, 97, 134, 136,<br />
137, 190<br />
Beil, Gary 180<br />
Bergan, Glen, farm 52<br />
Bergh, Otto 173<br />
Bergl<strong>and</strong>, Robert (Bob) 97<br />
Bergsrud, Fred 165<br />
Bernardo, Rex 22, 76, 189<br />
Bindweed 129, 130<br />
Bio Veg 133, 154<br />
Birdsfoot trefoil 25, 86, 91, 98, 101, 109,<br />
291<br />
Bloat, 91
296<br />
Bloom, P. 151<br />
Bluegrass, Kentucky 5, 84-86, 95, 98-100,<br />
102, 291<br />
Boedicker, J. 151<br />
Bolley, H.L. 80<br />
Booth, Ernest G. 187<br />
Borgeson, Carl 22, 96, 98, 104, 181, 182<br />
Borlaug Hall 19, 27, 30<br />
Borlaug, Norman 81<br />
Boss, Andrew 2-4, 12, 14, 22, 35, 64, 83,<br />
129, 139, 162, 168, 176, 178, 180-182,<br />
187, 189<br />
Branch agricultural experiment stations 85,<br />
158-174<br />
Branch station conference 167<br />
personnel 162, 173, 174<br />
Bregitzer, Phil 116<br />
Breil<strong>and</strong>, Oscar 97<br />
Brewbaker, Harvey 22, 65-67, 103<br />
Bridgford, Roy O. 60, 161, 170, 182<br />
Briggle, Lee 23, 119<br />
Briggs, Rodney 23, 48, 49, 173, 181<br />
Brink, R.A. 105<br />
Bromegrass 84, 86, 99, 158, 291<br />
Brookins, W.W. 47, 48, 130<br />
Brooks, Erwin 147, 148<br />
Brule, Adrian 97<br />
Brule, Oscar 97<br />
Brun, William 150<br />
Buckthorn nursery 114, 117<br />
Buckwheat 153, 154, 156, 165, 291<br />
Buhler, D. 136, 138, 189, 190<br />
Buildings, department 27-30<br />
locator map 29<br />
Bull, Coates P. 3, 4, 11, 13, 23, 35, 129,<br />
174, 178, 179, 181, 182<br />
Bull, James 13<br />
Burnham, C.R. 5, 23, 33, 60, 104-106, 189<br />
Burnside, Orvin C. 6, 19,22, 129, 126, 136-<br />
138, 182, 189, 190<br />
Burson, P.M. 87, 97<br />
Busch, Robert 23, 139, 144, 146, 182, 188-<br />
190<br />
C<br />
Caldecott, R.S. 22, 105<br />
Camelina 153<br />
Canada thistle 101, 135<br />
Cannabis 165<br />
Canola 153<br />
Cardwell, V.B. 23, 39-41, 43, 44, 46, 188-<br />
190<br />
Carnahan, H.L. 104<br />
Casler, Michael 100<br />
Caspus bug 98<br />
Center for Alternative <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>and</strong> Animal<br />
Products (CAPAP) 46, 183, 184<br />
Center for Microbial <strong>Plant</strong> Genomics 49<br />
Centers <strong>and</strong> institutes 183<br />
Centgener 80<br />
Certified Alfalfa Variety Review Board 53<br />
Certified seed 170, 177<br />
Champlin, Manly 13<br />
Chang, Te Tzu 187<br />
Chapman, Herman H. 160, 173<br />
Chemical Storage Facility 30<br />
Christensen Laboratory 30<br />
Christensen, A.M. 173<br />
Christensen, J.J. 8, 60, 71, 72, 81<br />
Christenson, Clifford 45<br />
Christianson, Charles 97<br />
Cicer milkvetch 91, 98, 101, 102<br />
Civil service 32<br />
excellence award 291<br />
Clark, Elmer 170, 173<br />
Clones 107<br />
Clover, alsike 96, 97<br />
kura 92, 93, 98<br />
ladino 99<br />
red 82, 86, 96-99<br />
white 99<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fey Hall 3<br />
Cole, C.L. 173<br />
College <strong>of</strong> Agricultural, Food, <strong>and</strong><br />
Environmental Sciences (COAFES) 50, 98,<br />
109, 183, 184<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agriculture 39-41, 47, 130, 158, 162<br />
<strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences 106, 109<br />
Comfrey 153<br />
Compton, William 23, 76<br />
Comstock, Ralph 106<br />
Comstock, V.E. 23, 79, 82<br />
Coon Creek experimental fields 165<br />
Cooper, T.P. 23, 46<br />
Corn 5, 6, 11, 15, 16, 21-27, 49, 63-78, 84,<br />
94, 109, 132, 137, 154, 160, 160-166,<br />
169, 170, 175, 179<br />
borer 74<br />
improvement 63-78<br />
varieties 294<br />
Coteau Farm 3, 11, 158, 159, 172<br />
County agent 5, 47, 171<br />
Cowan, J.W. 99<br />
Crambe 153<br />
Crim, R.F. 4, 23, 47, 48, 60, 176, 178, 181,<br />
182<br />
Crookston, R. Kent 6, 7, 20, 41, 184, 185,<br />
189, 190<br />
Croom, H.G. 173<br />
Crop <strong>and</strong> acreage assigned for increase, 1920<br />
169
297<br />
Crop improvement 171, 179<br />
Quality Council 179<br />
Science Society <strong>of</strong> America 19, 22, 45<br />
varieties released by the Minnesota<br />
Agricultural Experiment Station (Appendix E)<br />
291-293<br />
Crops <strong>and</strong> soils conference 170, 171<br />
research building 30<br />
service buildings 28<br />
teams coaches 45<br />
teams, judging contests 17, 44, 45, 85, 129<br />
Crownvetch 86, 153<br />
Culbertson, J.O 23, 81, 82, 103, 163, 182<br />
Cummings, Donn 119, 191<br />
Cuomo, Gregory 23, 173, 174<br />
Cytogenetics 5, 17, 23-26, 60, 78, 103-107<br />
D<br />
Dahlager, Howard 180, 181<br />
Dahleen, Lynn 119<br />
Dailey, Donald L. 173<br />
Dalapon 131<br />
De Haan, L. 93<br />
De Koeyer, David 116, 120<br />
Decision cases in agriculture 21<br />
Denniston, Rollin 87<br />
<strong>Department</strong> buildings 27-30<br />
<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Agriculture (University) 3<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> 17, 18, 20,<br />
32, 35, 53, 62, 82, 86, 99, 101, 103, 105,<br />
106, 109, 110, 123, 147, 148, 157, 179,<br />
180, 183-185<br />
Entomology 74<br />
<strong>Genetics</strong> <strong>and</strong> Cell Biology 106, 109<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> Biology 22<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> Pathology 15, 56, 74<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> Pathology <strong>and</strong> Botany 113, 129<br />
Dewey, Douglas R. 187<br />
Dexter, A. 135, 136<br />
Dicamba 135<br />
Dill-Macky, Ruth 121, 145<br />
Dillman, A.C. 79<br />
Distinguished undergraduate teachers 43<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Farm Management<br />
13, 14, 32, 48, 84, 103, 112, 162, 168<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Genetics</strong> 103, 129<br />
<strong>Agronomy</strong>, Farm Management <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong><br />
<strong>Genetics</strong> 14, 21, 177<br />
Botany <strong>and</strong> <strong>Plant</strong> Pathology 103<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> Pathology <strong>and</strong> Agricultural Botany 129<br />
DNA 105<br />
Doctor <strong>of</strong> Philosophy Graduates, alphabetical<br />
(Appendix C) 213-230<br />
Doctor <strong>of</strong> Philosophy Graduates, Theses <strong>and</strong><br />
Advisers (Appendix D) 231-290<br />
Dodge, James 83<br />
Dolan, Dennis 116<br />
Donker, J. 87<br />
Double cross 67, 71, 75, 76<br />
Dowell, Austin 172<br />
Downie, Andrew 163<br />
Doxtater, C.W. 23, 71<br />
Dunham, R.S. 23, 37, 82, 97, 130-132, 136<br />
173, 182, 190<br />
Durgan, Beverly 23, 43, 50, 136-138, 190<br />
Dyck, Elizabeth 23, 42, 43, 136, 138, 174<br />
E<br />
Eastman, G.W. 175<br />
Eberlein, C.B. 23, 136-138, 190, 191<br />
Economic impact <strong>of</strong> barley research 61<br />
Edson, A.W. 173<br />
Edwards, Craig 87<br />
Ehle, F. 91<br />
Ehlke, Nancy 23, 58, 93, 95, 98, 99, 104,<br />
188<br />
Electron microscope 103, 104<br />
Elling, Laddie J. 1, 9, 23, 27 31, 35, 37, 38,<br />
43, 44, 46, 47, 51-53, 95, 97-99, 101,<br />
103, 164, 166, 175, 182, 187, 189<br />
Ellingboe, R<strong>and</strong>y 88<br />
Elliott, Anson 40, 46, 107, 148<br />
Emerson, R.A. 105<br />
Enestvedt, Bert 77<br />
Entomology, entomologists 79, 125, 151, 183<br />
Erickson, Ross 97<br />
Evans, John 77<br />
Evans, Sam 173<br />
Extension 3, 18, 22-26, 47-50, 84, 94, 133,<br />
134, 137<br />
Extension education 47-50<br />
Extracurricular opportunities for students 44<br />
F<br />
Fababean 153, 154<br />
Faculty Awards <strong>and</strong> Recognition (Appendix A)<br />
187<br />
Faculty members, <strong>1888</strong>-<strong>2000</strong> 22<br />
Falkner, Lori 23, 42, 43, 174<br />
Fallow effect or syndrome 132, 154<br />
Farm <strong>and</strong> Home Week 130<br />
Farm House 2, 5, 27, 29, 30, 69<br />
Farmers institutes 47, 79<br />
Fenske, T.F. 163, 173<br />
Fertilizer 30, 161, 166, 167<br />
Fescue 98<br />
Field bindweed 130<br />
Field Crop Varieties, Minnesota releases<br />
(Appendix E) 291-294
298<br />
Field day 155, 161, 162, 168, 176, 177<br />
house 27<br />
Fieldbean 134, 153, 154<br />
Fieldpea 134, 153, 154, 156<br />
Fields, L. 156<br />
Fischer, R.L. 97<br />
Flax 4, 11, 16, 23, 25, 79-82, 95, 96, 131,<br />
153, 164, 165, 170, 171, 175, 179, 291<br />
acreage 81<br />
improvement 79-82<br />
Institute 79, 82, 120<br />
seed repository 82<br />
varieties 80, 291<br />
wilt 80, 81<br />
Flax Development Committee 82<br />
Flesl<strong>and</strong>, Albert 178<br />
Flor, H.H. 103<br />
Fodder 88<br />
Forage 18, 22-26, 83, 87, 89, 90, 92-95,<br />
99, 100-102, 118, 161, 163, 164, 166<br />
<strong>and</strong> turf seed production 95-98<br />
breeding <strong>and</strong> genetics 99-104<br />
management, quality <strong>and</strong> utilization 83-94<br />
Forcella, Frank 23, 122, 174<br />
Ford, J. Harlan 23, 82,174, 182<br />
Forsberg, Robert 121<br />
Foundation seed 22, 67, 171, 179<br />
Foxtail 122<br />
Fr<strong>and</strong>sen, K.J. 96<br />
Franklin, D.B. 97<br />
Frederick, Edward 174<br />
Freifelder, D. 105<br />
Frey, Ken 105, 115<br />
Frolik, E.F. 104, 187<br />
Frosheiser, Fred 53-55, 57<br />
Fulcher, Gary 120<br />
Fusarium 55, 57, 72, 74, 80, 110, 145<br />
G<br />
Gallo-Meagher, Maria 23, 110<br />
G<strong>and</strong>rud, Ebenhard 187<br />
Garber, R.J. 23, 104<br />
Garrison, C.S. 98<br />
Gast, R. 46<br />
Gaumnitz, D.A. 158, 172<br />
Gavelin, Seth 97<br />
Geadelmann, Jon L. 23, 76, 190<br />
Gene transfer 109<br />
General Mills L<strong>and</strong> Grant Chair in Cereal<br />
Technology 120<br />
Genetic diversity 63<br />
engineering 6, 107<br />
map, marker maps, mapping 107, 108, 120<br />
variability 75, 88<br />
<strong>Genetics</strong> Center 105<br />
<strong>Genetics</strong>, cytogenetics <strong>and</strong> biotechnology 103-<br />
110<br />
Gengenbach, Burle G. 7, 21-24, 108, 189,<br />
190<br />
Genomics 110<br />
Germplasm 73, 99, 122, 144-146<br />
Gillie, Albert 97<br />
Glyphosate 101, 135<br />
Godward Brothers 147<br />
Goodding, John 24, 40, 44, 46<br />
Good Seed Special Trains 48<br />
Gopher Crops <strong>and</strong> Soils Club 45, 46<br />
Gosney Fellow 105<br />
Goulden, Cyril H. 187<br />
Grain 160, 171<br />
Grain sorghum 134, 153, 154, 1`56<br />
Grasses 86, 94, 98, 100, 164, 165<br />
Grava, John 97, 151<br />
Grazing 89, 102<br />
Grebenc, Tony 97<br />
Green, C.E. (Ed) 24, 107<br />
Greenhouse 27, 28, 30, 82, 101, 131, 138<br />
Gregg, Oren C. 3, 47, 79, 158, 172<br />
Griffee, Fred 24, 104<br />
Grimm alfalfa 51, 57, 83, 84, 95, 96, 176<br />
farm 83<br />
Wendelin 3, 11, 51, 57, 95<br />
Gronwald, J.W. 24, 136-138<br />
Gunsolus, Jeffrey 24, 43, 50, 136, 138, 190<br />
H<br />
Hackney Bill 47<br />
Haedecke, A.D. 24, 178, 181, 182<br />
Halgerson, James 87, 92, 191<br />
Halstead, Richard 119, 121<br />
Hansen, Henry 132<br />
Hansen, M.C. 163<br />
Hanson, L. 46<br />
Haploids 108<br />
Hard Red Spring Wheat Uniform Regional<br />
Performance Nursery 146<br />
Hardman, L.L. 24, 35, 43, 47, 49, 183<br />
Harlan, H.V. 59<br />
Harper, D.N. 139<br />
Harrington, James B. 187<br />
Hartl, D.L. 105<br />
Hartwig, Edgar E. 187<br />
Harvey, Donald U. 30, 31, 33<br />
Harvey, R.B. 129, 130<br />
Haugerud, James 116<br />
Haws, B.A. 57<br />
Hay 85, 90, 163<br />
Hayes graduate student award 291<br />
Hall 5, 7, 27, 28, 30, 38, 185
299<br />
Hayes, H.K. 4, 5, 8, 14, 15, 17, 24, 32, 33,<br />
35-37, 51, 52, 59, 62-67, 69, 71, 77, 81,<br />
85, 96, 100, 103, 104, 112, 114, 139,<br />
142, 163, 182<br />
Hays, Willet M. 2, 3, 10, 14, 24, 35, 80, 83,<br />
111, 112, 157, 158, 160, 174, 179, 181<br />
Hedlund, Elvin 97<br />
Heichel, Gary 24, 56, 100, 189, 190<br />
Hein, Mason 86<br />
Heine, Albert 174<br />
Heiner, Robert 24, 108, 143, 144, 146, 182,<br />
189, 190<br />
Helminthosporium 99<br />
Herbicide 19, 30, 86, 94, 134, 135, 137,<br />
154, 167<br />
Hesterman, O. 93, 191<br />
Heterosis 64<br />
Heyne, Elmer G. 187<br />
Hicks, Dale R. 24, 47, 49, 63, 78, 188, 189<br />
Higbie, E.C. 160, 173<br />
Hill, James J. 11, 159<br />
Hodgson, R.G. (Bob) 1163, 174<br />
Holdaway, F.G. 97<br />
Holdens Foundation Seeds 76<br />
Horsebean 154, 156, 292<br />
Hoverstad, Torger A. 24, 64, 158, 159, 162,<br />
172, 174<br />
Hovin, Arne W. 24, 100, 101<br />
Hsu, Harry (Kuan-Jen-Hsu) 24, 31, 188<br />
Hueg, William F., Jr. 24, 48, 87, 182, 187,<br />
188<br />
Hutcheson, T.B. 24, 63, 112<br />
Hybrid 16, 63-67, 74, 76-78, 99, 102, 117,<br />
161<br />
Hybrid Corn Industry Research Conference 65<br />
Hybrid vigor 63, 75<br />
Hybridization 14, 187<br />
Hyl<strong>and</strong>, Jack 131<br />
I<br />
Ibrahim, M.A. 104<br />
Immer, F.R 15, 24, 36, 59, 62, 66, 104<br />
Inbred, inbreeding 16, 63-66, 68-72, 74, 75-<br />
77, 99, 161,<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Agriculture 76, 132, 163, 164<br />
International Center for Improvement <strong>of</strong> Maize<br />
<strong>and</strong> Wheat (CIMMYT) 115, 116, 145<br />
International programs 75, 181<br />
Iron Range Resources <strong>and</strong> Rehabilitation<br />
Commission 96<br />
Iron Range Resources Funding Committee 97<br />
area advisory members 97<br />
Irrigation 165<br />
Izuno, Takumi 187<br />
J<br />
Jenks, B.L. 175<br />
Jensen, Edward 24, 48<br />
Jeppson, R<strong>and</strong>all G. 24, 50<br />
Jin, Ill Do 151<br />
Joachim, Gertrude 78<br />
Johnson, Algot 147, 148, 150<br />
Johnson, Freeman 173<br />
Johnson, Gregg 24, 136, 138, 174, 185<br />
Johnson, Herbert W. 6, 24, 18, 63, 75, 97,<br />
146, 182, 188, 189<br />
Johnson, Iver J. 24, 27, 36, 63, 67, 71, 73,<br />
104, 197-189<br />
Joint Religious Legislative Coalition 184<br />
Jones, D.F. 64<br />
Jones, G.L. 189<br />
Jones, F.R. 51, 95<br />
Jones, Robert J. 24, 76, 189, 190<br />
Jordan, Nicholas (Nick) 24, 136, 138, 185<br />
Jordan, R. 87, 92, 93<br />
Judging 35<br />
Jung, Hans 24, 56<br />
Justin, James R. 24, 49<br />
K<br />
K & D wild rice 150<br />
Kao, F.T. 105<br />
Kasha, Kenneth 104, 187<br />
Kaukis, Kar 48<br />
Kehr, William 104<br />
Kelly, Oliver 147<br />
Kennard, F.L. 173<br />
Kernkamp, M.F. 97, 9, 151<br />
Kessler, Patricia 34<br />
King, Tom 148, 151<br />
Kirk, Lawrence E. 187<br />
Kleese, Roger 24, 106, 115<br />
Kneebone, W.R. 99<br />
Kommendahl, Thor 132<br />
Koo, Keh-Shing (Francis) 24, 114, 115<br />
Kosbau Brothers 148, 150<br />
Kosbau, Franklin 148<br />
Kramer, Herbert 24, 104, 187, 189, 190<br />
Kunkel, Avis 34<br />
Kveen, Gustav 97, 98<br />
L<br />
Lacey, Christina 87<br />
Lacy, Charles V. 9<br />
Lahti, Eino 97<br />
Lamb, J. 46, 56<br />
Lambert, J.W. 24, 37, 38, 59, 62, 123-125,<br />
182, 188, 189
300<br />
L<strong>and</strong> clearing 160, 162<br />
L<strong>and</strong> Stewardship Project 184<br />
Larson, A.H. 129, 130<br />
Lawn 95, 131<br />
Leafy spurge 131, 135<br />
Lebsock, J.L. 189<br />
Lee, Archie 97<br />
Lee, E. Wong 87<br />
Legume 23, 56 84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 96, 98,<br />
101, 102<br />
Lemme, G. 173<br />
Lentil 153<br />
Licon, Ed Yardo 117<br />
Liechew, Henry 77<br />
Liggett, William M. 3<br />
Linder, L.K. 173<br />
Linder, Mauritz 34, 124, 191<br />
Linkert, Gary 191<br />
Lodging 61, 65, 67, 74, 113, 143<br />
L<strong>of</strong>gren, James 173<br />
Lueschen, William 24, 174, 189, 190<br />
Lugger, Otto 79, 80<br />
Lupine 153, 165<br />
M<br />
MacDonald, Dave 56<br />
Magnusson, Mrs. Peggy 98<br />
Magrath Library 27<br />
Majek, Bradley J. 50, 136, 137<br />
Maldonado, Urie 115<br />
Malting Barley Improvement Association 61<br />
Malzer, G. 46<br />
Managers <strong>of</strong> Minnesota Crop Improvement<br />
Association 180<br />
Manomin Development Co. 148, 150<br />
Manure 159-161, 166, 167<br />
Marker assisted selection 120<br />
Marshall, Ward 77, 178, 180<br />
Marten, G.C. 25, 83, 86, 87-93, 100, 101<br />
Martin, Neal 25, 49, 86, 94, 188, 189<br />
Marum, Petter 100<br />
Marvin, William S. 188<br />
Master <strong>of</strong> science graduates (appendix B) 193-<br />
212<br />
Matalamaki, William 173<br />
Mathison, Russ 173<br />
Maxwell, Bruce 25, 136, 138<br />
McCall, Thomas 172<br />
McClintock, Barbara 105<br />
McCloud, D.E. 86<br />
McCoy, Tom 108, 191<br />
McGuire, A.J. 173<br />
McKnight Presidents Chair 7, 103, 110<br />
MCPA 82, 131<br />
McVey, Donald 144<br />
Medgaarden, Lynne 191<br />
Meier, Fred 175<br />
Melbostad, Stella 31, 32<br />
Merriam, W.R. 79<br />
Messing, Jochaim 109<br />
Milestones 1-6<br />
Miller, Douglas 191<br />
Miller, Gerald R. 25, 49, 134, 136-138, 190<br />
Miller, Oscar 104, 105, 188<br />
Miller, Paul E. 3, 160, 161, 173<br />
Miller, Susan 191<br />
Millet 134, 153, 154<br />
Minhybrid 16, 66, 67, 70, 74- 77<br />
Minhybrid Growers Association 77<br />
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station<br />
(MAES) 6, 7, 15, 27, 59, 67, 76, 77-79,<br />
83, 86, 99, 100, 108, 111, 115,119, 123,<br />
124, 130, 139, 150, 175, 176, 179<br />
Minnesota Alfalfa Variety Testing Program 94<br />
Minnesota Barley Growers Association 62<br />
Minnesota Corn Growers Association 76<br />
Minnesota Crop Improvement Association 6,<br />
11, 14, 27, 33, 47-49, 98, 175-182<br />
managers 180<br />
buildings 5<br />
secretaries 180<br />
Minnesota Cultivated Wild Rice Council 151<br />
Minnesota <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Agriculture 129,<br />
130<br />
Minnesota Farm <strong>and</strong> Home Science 78, 142<br />
Minnesota Field Crops Breeders Association<br />
11, 13, 175, 179<br />
Minnesota flax acreage 81<br />
Minnesota Food Association 184<br />
Minnesota Forage <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Council 49<br />
Minnesota Institute for Sustainable Agriculture<br />
(MISA) 25, 184, 185<br />
Minnesota Paddy Wild Rice Research <strong>and</strong><br />
Promotion Council 151<br />
Minnesota Plan <strong>of</strong> Seed Distribution 177<br />
Minnesota Seed Grower 175, 177<br />
Minnesota Soybean Growers Association 124<br />
Minnesota Soybean Research <strong>and</strong> Promotion<br />
Council 50, 124<br />
Minnesota Valley Canning Co. 69<br />
Minnesota Weed <strong>and</strong> Seed Inspectors Short<br />
Course 130<br />
Molecular genetics 7, 23, 25, 107, 108<br />
Moline, W.J. 87<br />
Moore, Matthew (Matt) 113, 117-119<br />
Moseman, A.H. 25, 188, 189<br />
Moss, Dale 25, 60, 62, 189, 190<br />
Mostoller, Ivan 97<br />
Muehlbauer, Gary 25, 43, 110<br />
Munger, Lee 97<br />
Murphy, H.C. 113, 117
301<br />
Murphy, Royse 25, 103, 189, 190<br />
Murray, Helene 25, 183, 185<br />
Mustard 153<br />
Mutagenesis 119<br />
Myers, Will M. 16, 25, 28, 37, 38, 75, 86,<br />
104, 114, 115, 161, 182, 188, 189<br />
N<br />
Naeve, Seth 25, 50<br />
Naked-seeded pumpkin 153<br />
National Academy <strong>of</strong> Science 105<br />
National Alfalfa Hay Testing Association 90<br />
National Alfalfa Improvement Conference 54<br />
National Grange 147<br />
National Hay Testing Association 90<br />
Native prairie species 98<br />
Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)<br />
88, 90, 94<br />
Nelson, David 55<br />
Nelson, Wallace W. 165, 174, 182<br />
Nematode 56, 128<br />
New <strong>and</strong> uncommon crops 153<br />
Newlin, Owen 188<br />
Nickel, Pauline 174<br />
Nielsen, Robert 119<br />
Niger 153<br />
Nitrogen fixation 55, 56, 110, 128<br />
Nobel, Nobel Prize 81, 104, 105e<br />
Nodulation 128<br />
Noetzel, D. 151<br />
NorFarm Seeds 101<br />
North American Alfalfa Improvement<br />
Conference 93<br />
North Central Experiment Station (first shown as<br />
sub-station) 159<br />
North Central Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach Center<br />
(Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids) 147, 149, 152,<br />
North Central Weed Control Committee 133<br />
North Central Weed Science Society 20<br />
Northeast Demonstration <strong>and</strong> Experiment Farm<br />
(first shown as station) 4, 159, 162, 173,<br />
174<br />
Northern Minnesota Bluegrass Growers<br />
Association 100<br />
Northern Minnesota Forage Turf Seed Advisory<br />
Board 98<br />
Northwest Crop Improvement Association<br />
130, 177, 179<br />
Northwest experiment station (first shown as<br />
sub-station) 11, 159, 166, 172<br />
Northwest Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach Center<br />
(Crookston) 26, 50<br />
Nylund, Robert 132<br />
Nyvall, Robert 151, 173<br />
O<br />
O’Leary, Louise 34<br />
Oat 4-7, 11, 15, 18, 23-26, 87, 90, 91, 98,<br />
108-122, 131, 161, 164-166, 169, 170,<br />
179, 291<br />
acreage <strong>and</strong> production in Minnesota 121<br />
improvement 110-122<br />
varieties 118, 292<br />
Odl<strong>and</strong>, T.E. 161, 173, 181, 189<br />
Oelke, Ervin 25, 46, 49, 60, 147, 148, 150,<br />
152, 188-190<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> International Programs 76<br />
Oilseed radish 153<br />
Olmein, Nels 33<br />
Olsen, J.W. 12<br />
Olson, P.J. 25, 63, 104<br />
Olson, Oscar O. 4<br />
Open pollinated 63, 67, 73<br />
Openshaw, Stephen (Steve) 25, 76<br />
Orchardgrass 86, 98, 101<br />
Orf, James H. 25, 43, 123-125, 168, 182,<br />
189, 190<br />
Organic Growers <strong>and</strong> Buyers Association 184<br />
Origin <strong>and</strong> Faculty 9-26<br />
Otto, Harley J. 25, 49, 78, 98, 133, 134,<br />
180-182<br />
Outst<strong>and</strong>ing achievement award <strong>and</strong> honorary<br />
doctorate recipients 187-188<br />
P<br />
Palatability 84, 100, 102<br />
Palmer, W.C. 158<br />
Parker, E.C. 25, 35<br />
Pasture 17, 23 84, 86, 87 159, 163<br />
Pauley, George 162, 174<br />
Payne, K.T. 116<br />
Pea, fieldpea 97, 138, 291<br />
Peanut 153<br />
Peck, Frank 4, 25, 48<br />
Pedersen, M.W. 99<br />
Pedigreed seed 175, 176<br />
Pendergast, Warren P. 159, 173<br />
Percich, J. 151<br />
Perennial ryegrass 95, 98, 102<br />
Peterson, Alan 97, 98, 151<br />
Peterson, Paul 50<br />
Peterson, Robert (Bob) 34, 63, 76, 78<br />
Phillips, Ronald 7, 25, 103, 105-108, 110,<br />
120, 149, 188-190<br />
Phlaris grass 163<br />
Photosensitization, photosynthesis 72, 101<br />
Physiology, physiologist 60, 76, 84, 125<br />
Phytophthora 54, 57, 125, 128, 164
302<br />
Pillsbury, John S. 1, 9<br />
Pinnell, Emmett L. 73, 75, 104, 189<br />
Pinney, Carl 77<br />
Plaisance, Kate 191<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> Industries Club 81<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> Molecular <strong>Genetics</strong> Institute 22, 109<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> pathology, pathologists 7, 28, 30, 55,<br />
60, 62, 81, 95, 99, 113, 125, 141, 151,<br />
183<br />
Pomeranke, Gary 116<br />
Popcorn 69, 70<br />
Porter, Edward D. 1, 2, 9, 43, 157<br />
Porter, Paul 25, 174<br />
Porter, Raymond 25, 107, 147, 149, 152,<br />
173<br />
Potato 10, 160, 176<br />
Powers, L.R. 59, 62, 104, 189<br />
Premier Seed Grower 178<br />
Premier Seedsman Award, honorary, to agronomy<br />
faculty 182<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional awards <strong>and</strong> recognition <strong>of</strong> faculty,<br />
graduate students <strong>and</strong> staff 188-191<br />
Project Sunrise 6, 40<br />
Proso Millet 135, 156, 292<br />
Protein 117, 125, 143, 144<br />
Purple loosestrife 138<br />
Putnam, D.H. 25, 156, 184<br />
Putt, Eric 104, 188<br />
Q<br />
Quackgrass 94, 101<br />
Quaker Oats Company (QOC) 114, 120<br />
Quinoa 153<br />
Quisenberry, K. 104, 188<br />
R<br />
Rabas, D.R. 86, 173<br />
Radtke, Jim 116<br />
Radway, Richard 97<br />
Ragi 153<br />
Raitz, Charles 97<br />
Rape 87, 153, 165<br />
Rasmusson, D.C. 6, 7, 25, 59, 61, 62, 182,<br />
188, 189<br />
Rauenhorst, George <strong>and</strong> Robert 68<br />
Red top 83<br />
Reed canarygrass 84, 88, 89, 91, 94, 98,<br />
100, 101, 163, 292<br />
Regional performance nursery 146<br />
Registered seed 169, 177<br />
Reysack, James 116<br />
Rhoades, Marcus 105<br />
Rines, Howard 25, 108, 109, 119, 189, 190<br />
Rinke, Ernest H. 6, 26, 37, 38, 73, 75, 104,<br />
182, 189<br />
Ristau, Eric 88, 92<br />
RNA gene 104, 107<br />
Roberts, B.J. 114<br />
Robertson, David W. 188<br />
Robertson, Daniel A. 9<br />
Robertson, William 172<br />
Robinson, L.R. 89<br />
Robinson, Robert (Bob) 26, 31, 37, 38, 82,<br />
130-134, 136, 137, 153, 155, 164, 165,<br />
182<br />
Roessler, Jeff 191<br />
Rogosin, Alfred 141<br />
Roosevelt, Theodore 160<br />
Rosemont Research Center 164<br />
Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station 5,<br />
86, 87, 134, 163, 174,<br />
Rothman, Paul 119<br />
Rubenstein, Irwin 109<br />
Russel, M. 56<br />
Russell, W.A. 103<br />
Russelle, M.P. 46, 93<br />
Rust, crown 113, 114, 117, 119, 121, 122<br />
leaf 142-144<br />
resistance 116<br />
resistant 170<br />
stem 61, 62, 113-116, 119, 142-144, 159<br />
Rust Prevention Association 179<br />
Rust, Joe 173<br />
Rye 6, 114, 153, 156, 162, 165, 169-171,<br />
292<br />
S<br />
Safflower 153<br />
Samac, Deborah 56<br />
S<strong>and</strong> Plains Research Farm 165, 174<br />
Saul, E.M. 97<br />
Scab, scab resistance 142, 145, 146<br />
Schafer, C.H. 130<br />
Schaus, Phil 124<br />
Schertz, C. 151<br />
Schmid, A.R. 19, 26, 37, 38, 44, 85, 86, 92,<br />
182<br />
Schmitt, Michael 50, 188, 189<br />
Schoeder, Teresa 191<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture 2, 22, 27, 47, 130, 162<br />
Schummer, Henry 152<br />
Science in Agriculture major 41-42<br />
Scott, Harold 33<br />
Secretaries <strong>of</strong> Minnesota Crop Improvement<br />
Association 180<br />
Seed house 27<br />
laboratory 179, 181<br />
show 175<br />
stocks 28, 77, 179
303<br />
Seguin, P. 93<br />
Selvig, Conrad 169, 170, 172<br />
Sentz, James C. 63, 75, 76<br />
Sesame 153<br />
Shaver, J. 46, 190<br />
Sheaffer, Craig C. 26, 40, 41, 43, 46, 57,<br />
83, 92, 94, 101, 184, 185, 189<br />
Shepperd, J.H. 79, 80<br />
Shoberg, Peter 97<br />
Shultz, H.K. 104<br />
Silage 83, 88, 94, 160<br />
Simmons, S.R. 26, 39-41, 43, 44, 46, 60,<br />
62, 188-191<br />
Simpson, C.A. 46, 77<br />
Single cross 68, 75-77<br />
Sinox 131<br />
Slyter, Judy 191<br />
Small grains 24-26, 49, 50, 84, 90, 95, 137,<br />
161, 163-165<br />
Smith, Duane 34, 54, 57, 103<br />
Smith, Kevin 26, 43, 62, 108<br />
Smith, L.H. 26, 38-41, 43, 46, 181, 182,<br />
188, 189<br />
Smith, Larry J. 172, 173, 182<br />
Smith, Olin 115<br />
Smith, R.A. 173<br />
Smith, Win G. 158, 172<br />
Smut 71, 119, 121<br />
Snyder, Leon A. 10, 26<br />
Soil Science Society 45<br />
Soil, soil scientists 28, 30, 40, 43, 45, 151,<br />
164, 165, 173, 183<br />
Soine, Olaf 173<br />
Somaclonal 119<br />
Somers, David 7, 26, 102, 108-110, 189<br />
Sorghum, 86, 165, 292<br />
Sosa, Gilbert 116<br />
Southern Experiment Station (first shown as<br />
demonstration <strong>and</strong> experiment farm) 4, 162,<br />
166, 174<br />
Southern Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach Center<br />
(Waseca) 24, 138<br />
Southwest Experiment Station 6, 82, 104,<br />
166, 174<br />
Southwest Minnesota Crop Improvement<br />
Association 164<br />
Southwest Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach Center<br />
(Lamberton) 23, 42, 138<br />
Southwest State University 23, 42, 138<br />
Soybean 5, 7, 18, 21, 23-26, 75, 84, 110,<br />
123-128, 135, 137, 138, 154, 160-162,<br />
164-166, 169, 171, 175, 179<br />
cyst nematode (SCN) 128<br />
improvement 123-128<br />
varieties 126, 127, 292, 293<br />
Spalding Farm 157<br />
Speltz 160<br />
Spot blotch 62<br />
Srb, Adrian 106<br />
Stage, James 115, 121<br />
Stahler, L.M. (Chuck) 26, 129, 130, 136<br />
Stakman Hall 5, 28, 30<br />
Stakman, E.C. 3, 81, 96, 142, 169<br />
Steen, A. 85<br />
Stevenson, F.J. 104, 189<br />
Storey, Kathleen 191<br />
Strait, J.J. 151<br />
Str<strong>and</strong>, Oliver 26, 40, 49, 50, 134, 136-138<br />
Stucker, Robert 26, 54, 76, 107, 148<br />
Stuthman, Deon 26, 40, 43, 46, 108, 111,<br />
115, 117, 120, 182, 185, 189, 190<br />
Sudangrass 85<br />
Sugarbeet 23, 25, 66, 67, 163<br />
Sumner, H.R. (Si) 178<br />
Sun <strong>Plant</strong> Products 155<br />
Sunflower 134, 135, 153-156, 160, 165,<br />
293<br />
Sustainable agriculture 21, 41, 138, 184, 185<br />
Sustainers Coalition 184<br />
Swan, J. 46<br />
Swanson, Jean 191<br />
Swanson, Douglas 92<br />
Swanson, Merl 164<br />
Sweet corn 69, 70, 138<br />
Swenson, Otto 173<br />
Swenson, Stanley P. 188<br />
T<br />
Taarud, Margaret 30, 33<br />
Tangierd, Paul 97<br />
Teaching 16, 25, 26, 35-46, 85, 92, 99,<br />
101, 104, 105, 128, 136, 137<br />
Teff 153, 165<br />
Tewari, A.R. 86<br />
Text, textbook 15, 18, 104, 105<br />
Thatcher, R.W. 168<br />
The Minnesota Project 184<br />
The Rockefeller Foundation 18<br />
Thies, Judy 56<br />
Thomas, Horace (H.L.) 26, 33, 37, 51, 52,<br />
58, 99, 100, 104, 175, 181, 182<br />
Thompson, Arlo 45<br />
Thompson, J.B. 35<br />
Thompson, John 26, 174<br />
Thompson, Mark J. 172<br />
Thompson, O.C. 175<br />
Thompson, Roy L. 26, 49, 60, 157, 161,<br />
165, 173, 182<br />
Tickbean 154, 156, 293<br />
Timber 158, 162<br />
Timothy 16, 83-86, 98, 293
304<br />
Timothy, D.H. 99<br />
Tissue culture 24, 102, 107, 108, 119<br />
Titrud, Glen 174<br />
Transgenic 109<br />
Troyer, Forrest 78, 188<br />
Tsiang, Y.S. 26, 104, 188<br />
Tucker, Ken 97<br />
Turf, turfgrass 95, 99, 102,<br />
Turner, Deane 174<br />
U<br />
Uncommon crop varieties released from project<br />
breeder seed 156<br />
Uncommon crops 153, 164<br />
University Farm 83, 157, 175, 176<br />
USDA 15, 17, 18, 22-26, 30, 53-57, 59, 79,<br />
81-83, 86, 100, 101, 108, 110, 113, 114,<br />
119-121, 123, 125, 129, 134, 141, 144,<br />
147, 158<br />
cereal rust laboratory 26<br />
oat performance nursery 113<br />
weed research laboratory 30<br />
V<br />
Vance, Carroll 56, 110, 190<br />
Varietal Trials 5, 163, 170, 172<br />
Vatthauer, R. 173<br />
Vellekson, Donn 98, 101<br />
Vetch 153<br />
Virta, Allen 178<br />
W<br />
Walgenbach, David 174<br />
Wallace, Henry 70<br />
Walter, Kenneth 174<br />
Warnes, Dennis 60, 174, 182<br />
Warnke, Tom 34, 191<br />
Wedin, W.F. 26, 83, 86, 189<br />
Weed control 19, 82, 129-138, 154, 164-<br />
167<br />
identification 129<br />
nursery 134<br />
Weed Science Society <strong>of</strong> America 20, 134,<br />
137<br />
Weed, weed science 6, 19, 20, 22-26, 50,<br />
101, 129-138, 180<br />
West Central Experiment Station 12, 48, 161,<br />
166, 173<br />
West Central Research <strong>and</strong> Outreach Center<br />
(Morris) 23, 122<br />
West Central School <strong>and</strong> Experiment Station<br />
160<br />
Westerberg, D.R. 61<br />
Westerberg, Paul 86, 87<br />
Westgate, Mattie 33<br />
Weston, Salli 92<br />
Wheat 5-7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 23-25, 84, 110,<br />
138-146, 161, 162, 165, 169-171, 175,<br />
179<br />
improvement 138-146<br />
varieties 140, 293<br />
Wheatgrass 18<br />
Wheaton, D.T. 61<br />
White cockle 135<br />
White, William 188<br />
Whitney, Milton 158<br />
Wiersma, Jochum 26, 50, 173<br />
Wiersma, John 60, 173<br />
Wilcox, Clifford 174<br />
Wilcoxson, Roy 60, 119, 121, 145<br />
Wild buckwheat 134<br />
Wild oat 135<br />
Wild proso millet 135<br />
Wild radish 131<br />
Wild rice 23, 25, 26, 107, 147-152, 164,<br />
166<br />
Wild rice breeding <strong>and</strong> production 147-152<br />
Wild rice varieties developed in Minnesota 150<br />
Wild sunflower 135<br />
Wilson, Archie D. 3, 26, 47, 48<br />
Wilson, H.K. 26, 35, 36, 44, 129, 130, 136,<br />
189<br />
Wilson, J.K. 18<br />
Wilt resistance 81<br />
Winter nursery 122, 128<br />
Winter rye 154<br />
Winterhardy, winterhardiness 84, 85, 93, 95,<br />
99, 101, 102<br />
Woods, A.F. 12<br />
Woolly cupgrass 135<br />
Wortman, L.S. 104, 188<br />
Wyse, Donald 26, 40, 43, 97, 101, 102,<br />
136-138, 185<br />
Y<br />
Yagu, Paul 107, 147, 148<br />
Yellow nutsedge 135<br />
Youngquist, Bernard 172<br />
Youngren, Russel 97<br />
Yungbluth, T.A. 99<br />
Z<br />
Zoebisch, Oscar 45
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312