Manual for Male Circumcision under Local Anaesthesia
Manual for Male Circumcision under Local Anaesthesia
Manual for Male Circumcision under Local Anaesthesia
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<strong>Male</strong> circumcision <strong>under</strong> local anaesthesia<br />
Version 3.1 (Dec09)<br />
• chancroid (soft chancre);<br />
• syphilis<br />
• lymphogranuloma venereum;<br />
• granuloma inguinale (donovanosis);<br />
• genital herpes;<br />
• genital warts (condylomata acuminata).<br />
The most common symptom of an STI is pain on urination, a burning<br />
sensation in the penis, or an ulcer on the genitals. <strong>Male</strong> patients who<br />
complain of urethral discharge or pain when passing urine should be<br />
examined <strong>for</strong> evidence of a discharge. If none is seen, the urethra<br />
should be gently massaged from the ventral part of the penis towards<br />
the meatus. Examination of a urethral smear <strong>under</strong> a microscope may<br />
show an increased number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In men,<br />
a finding of more than 5 polymorphonuclear leukocytes per highpower<br />
field (×1000) is indicative of urethritis. A Gram stain may<br />
demonstrate the presence of gonococci.<br />
If a urethral discharge or genital ulcer is confirmed, the patient should<br />
be managed according to local treatment guidelines and procedures<br />
(syndromic approach). For both conditions, non-medically indicated<br />
male circumcision should be delayed until the condition has been<br />
satisfactorily resolved.<br />
Balanitis<br />
Balanitis is an inflammation of the <strong>for</strong>eskin and the glans of the penis.<br />
The condition occurs most often in men and boys who have not been<br />
circumcised and who have poor personal hygiene. The inflammation<br />
can occur if the sensitive inside surface of the <strong>for</strong>eskin is not washed<br />
regularly.<br />
Symptoms of balanitis include redness or swelling, itching, rash, pain,<br />
and foul-smelling discharge.<br />
Factors that predispose to or cause balanitis include:<br />
• Phimosis. This is a condition in which the <strong>for</strong>eskin is too tight to<br />
be retracted. Dead skin cells, smegma (a white substance<br />
excreted by small glands around the corona of the glans penis)<br />
and bacteria accumulate <strong>under</strong> the <strong>for</strong>eskin. It is difficult to<br />
keep the area clean and inflammation can easily develop.<br />
• Dermatitis. This is an inflammation of the skin, with irritation,<br />
itching and rash, often caused by an irritating substance or an<br />
allergic reaction to chemicals in certain products, such as<br />
soaps, detergents, perfumes and spermicides.<br />
• Infection with the yeast Candida albicans can result in an itchy,<br />
spotty rash.<br />
• Certain sexually transmitted infections (including gonorrhoea,<br />
herpes and syphilis) can produce symptoms of balanitis.<br />
Linking male circumcision and other male SRH services Chapter 2-8