Land Rights and the Forest Peoples of Africa

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Land rights and the forest peoples of Africa – Part I adversely affected by conservation developments and regulations, resettlement and integration plans, insufficient representation in community land claims and a lack of sufficient funding and support for indigenous organisations. B Forest peoples marginalised from the forest Of the estimated 70–87,000 Batwa in the Great Lakes region, probably less than 7,000 have direct, regular access to forest today. Forest-based Batwa refer to themselves as Impunyu. A smaller second group of Batwa in the region are the fisherfolk who live mostly on the shores of Lake Kivu. The third and largest group – of 60–76,000 Batwa – are referred to as ‘potters’; for this latter group the forest has long since been destroyed and their sense of identity is focused on their occupation as potters rather than on their identification as forest peoples. In addition to these 60–76, 000 Batwa in the Great Lakes region, there are up to 100,000 Batwa (or Batua) further west, mostly in DRC, whose forest has been destroyed and who are now almost entirely dependent on their neighbours for their meagre livelihoods. Forest-based Batwa in Rwanda Many who no longer have access to forest remain on the farms that have taken over their traditional land, where they are often described as squatters despite the fact that the land has always been theirs. Other areas formerly inhabited by them have been taken over by conservation projects, and forest administrators often see Batwa access to the forest as illegal, despite the fact that they have lived in and relied on these forests since long before agriculturalist and pastoralist peoples, and conservation programmes, arrived in the area. As a result, more now ‘live on the borders of forest and agricultural areas but use the forest on a daily basis’. 64 In Rwanda this is primarily in the north, in the areas bordering on Gishwati forest and near the Parc des Volcans, and in Nyungwe forest in the south. There has been no effective consideration of the needs of the Batwa in the creation of these parks and forest reserve areas. Forest-based Batwa in Kivu, DR Congo Forest Batwa live in many areas of Kivu province, DRC, especially around the Kahuzi–Biega National Park. Between the late 1960s and the mid-1970s, the roughly 3,000 Batwa living inside the Kahuzi–Biega National Park in Kivu were expelled and have subsequently received brutal treatment when found hunting in the park. As a consequence their way of life and livelihoods were destroyed, and no provision was made to help them. 65 As in Rwanda and Burundi, the Batwa in Kivu, DRC, are particularly vulnerable in times of violence because they live in the remote areas where armed groups hide out. Most Batwa here have fled their villages, and they are caught helplessly between different armed groups, often being forced to act as guides and trackers for one group and then having revenge wreaked upon them by another for doing so. 66 64 J Lewis (2000) The Batwa of the Great Lakes Region, p 13. 65 A K Barume (2000) Heading towards extinction Indigenous rights in Africa: the case of the Twa of the Kahuzi–Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, IWGIA, Copenhagen. 66 Réseau des Associations Autochtones Pygmées (2004) Erasing the board, Minority Rights Group, London. Kidd & Kenrick 22 March 2009
Land rights and the forest peoples of Africa – Part I Forest-based Batwa in Uganda The Bwindi, Mgahinga and Echuya forests in southwestern Uganda were gazetted as forest reserves by the British in the 1930s. This effectively protected them from being destroyed by the agriculturalists who had moved into the area formerly inhabited only by the Batwa, while allowing the Batwa to continue to make use of them. However, since Bwindi and Mgahinga became national parks in 1991, Batwa Community meeting, Murubindi, Uganda. Photo: Valérie Couillard exclusion has been enforced and so their forest-based role in the local economy has been completely destroyed. A few Batwa received compensation; most received nothing. Meanwhile farmers received most of the available compensation, because they had been the ones turning the forest into agricultural lands and, by destroying it, were therefore recognised as having land rights. Only since the evictions have efforts been made by those responsible for the parks, but the implementation of revenue-sharing programmes has fallen well short of the expectations, demands and needs of the Batwa. Additionally there has been little or no Batwa involvement in management of their former ancestral lands, and only a handful of Batwa have access to the forest under a multiple use programme to collect valuable forest resources. 67 Despite this denial of their rights, persistent discrimination by their neighbours, and severe poverty, the Batwa have set up their own representative organisation. With the support of this organisation they have been able to lobby for resettlement, and to date approximately half of the Batwa in Uganda have been provided with some land to live on. In addition, the Batwa have been fighting to have their children included in local schools and health services and have been engaged in advocacy at local and national government levels. Despite these successes, however, just under half of all Batwa in Uganda are landless and forced into bonded labour agreements with their more dominant neighbours. As a result the full rights of the Batwa as citizens of Uganda are not being respected by their neighbours or by government institutions. C Forest peoples whose forest has been destroyed Batwa of DR Congo There are a great many scattered groups of Batwa throughout this region who are now totally dependent on their neighbours for their livelihoods. In DR Congo and Congo-Brazzaville they are thought to number up to 100,000. The Batwa of Mbandaka and Equateur, DRC, provide 67 Chris Kidd and Penninah Zaninka (2008) Securing Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Conservation: A review of south-west Uganda, Forest Peoples Programme (FPP), Moreton-in-Marsh. Kidd & Kenrick 23 March 2009
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Land Rights and the Forest Peoples of Africa

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