Download PDF - Robson Hall Faculty of Law

Gladue: Beyond Myth 103
happens a form of injustice results; specific victims and members of the public generally are
given cause to believe that the justice system has failed to protect them. 89
While we share the concern that violence against Aboriginal women and
children must be taken seriously and that ending the violence and providing
tangible safety and security for Aboriginal community members should be a top
priority for governments, we do not see the meaningful implementation of Gladue
and restorative justice principles as necessarily inconsistent with those concerns
and goals. The challenge is that the demands from survivors of intimate violence,
including particularly the calls by Aboriginal women, for the violence against
them to be taken seriously have been often misunderstood as calls for retributivist,
punitive approaches, rather than as calls to stop the violence. Too often, the
resources necessary to provide the safety, economic independence, and ongoing
support required to really make a difference simply do not flow to the people who
need them. 90
In addition, demands that violence against women and children be taken
seriously, including those by feminist anti-violence groups, have coincided with
retributivist law and order policy agendas that have been focused on mandatory
minimum sentences 91 and increased use of incarceration. 92 The punitive
approaches implemented in recent years fly in the face of the evidence that prison
largely does not deliver on its promises of public safety and rehabilitation. They
also ignore the complexity of communities, victims’ needs and the victim-offender
continuum. Cases involving Aboriginal women as accused put this reality into
stark relief. 93 Aboriginal women are the fastest growing prison population in
89
90
91
92
93
R v J (H), Court file no 1095FC, Reasons for Sentence, 17 January 1990 (BC Prov Ct) 1.
Angela Cameron, Restorative Justice: A Literature Review, (Vancouver: The British Columbia
Institute Against Family Violence, 2005) at 53 [Cameron, Restorative Justice].
For example, mandatory minimum sentences for offences committed with a firearm were added
to the Code in 2008. See also Bill C-10: An Act to enact the Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act and to
amend the State Immunity Act, the Criminal Code, the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, the
Corrections and Conditional Release Act, the Youth Criminal Justice Act, the Immigration and Refugee
Protection Act and other Acts, 1 st Sess, 41 st Parl, 2011 (Senate first reading 16 December 2011)
[“Omnibus Crime Bill”]. Among other measures, the Omnibus Crime Bill increases the number
of mandatory minimum sentences and further limits the availability of conditional sentences.
However, it is worth nothing that there has been no legislative effort to bring in mandatory
minimum sentences for sexual assault: Elizabeth Sheehy, “The Discriminatory Effects of Bill C-
15’s Mandatory Minimum Sentences” (2010) 70 CR (6th) 302. The median sentence for that
crime is 360 days.
See e.g. Laureen Snider, “Feminism, Punishment and the Potential for Empowerment,” in
Mariana Valverde, Linda MacLeod & Kirsten Johnson, Wife Assault and the Canadian Criminal
Justice System, Toronto: Centre of Criminology 236; and Dianne L Martin, “Retribution
Revisited: A Reconsideration of Feminist Criminal Law Reform Strategies” (1998) 36 Osgoode
Hall LJ 151.
Gillian Balfour, “Falling Between the Cracks of Retributive and Restorative Justice: The
Victimization and Punishment of Aboriginal Women” (2008) 3:2 Feminist Criminology 101;
Cameron, “R v Gladue”, supra note 6.