Phoenix Dactylifera L. ARECACEAE - Digital Plant Atlas Project
Phoenix Dactylifera L. ARECACEAE - Digital Plant Atlas Project
Phoenix Dactylifera L. ARECACEAE - Digital Plant Atlas Project
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<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera L.<br />
<strong>ARECACEAE</strong><br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
38<br />
Cocos nucifera<br />
Arecaceae<br />
Cocos nucifera: Fruit (market) (New Delhi - India; 2007)<br />
1 cm<br />
Cocos nucifera: Fruit<br />
(exocarp and mesocarp)<br />
(subfossil: desiccated;<br />
Berenike - Egypt: Roman<br />
Period) - no. 29809<br />
1 cm<br />
Cocos nucifera: Fruit (endocarp;<br />
button hole) (recent:<br />
The Netherlands) - no. 29773<br />
1 cm<br />
Cocos nucifera: Fruit (endocarp) (subfossil: desiccated;<br />
Berenike - Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 14494<br />
1 cm<br />
Cocos nucifera: Fruit (endocarp;<br />
button) (recent: Groningen -<br />
The Netherlands) - no. 14509<br />
1 cm<br />
Cocos nucifera: Fruit (endocarp; button hole) (subfossil:<br />
desiccated; Berenike - Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 14497<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
Cocos nucifera<br />
39<br />
Arecaceae<br />
1 cm<br />
Cocos nucifera: Fruit<br />
(endocarp) (subfossil:<br />
desiccated; Berenike - Egypt:<br />
Roman Period) - no. 14494<br />
1 cm<br />
Cocos nucifera: Fruit<br />
(endocarp) (subfossil:<br />
desiccated; Berenike - Egypt:<br />
Roman Period) - no. 14496<br />
2 cm<br />
Cocos nucifera: Fruit (cross<br />
section) (recent: Groningen -<br />
The Netherlands) - no. 14510<br />
2 cm<br />
Cocos nucifera: Fruit<br />
(mesocarp) (recent: unknown<br />
provenance) - no. 14487<br />
1 cm<br />
Cocos nucifera: Fruit<br />
(endocarp) (subfossil:<br />
desiccated; Berenike - Egypt:<br />
Roman Period) - no. 14499<br />
1 cm<br />
Cocos nucifera: Seed (recent:<br />
New Delhi - India) - no. 14532<br />
2 cm<br />
Cocos nucifera: Fruit (recent: Hengelo -<br />
The Netherlands) - no. 14516<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
40<br />
Hyphaene thebaica<br />
Arecaceae<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Fruit (market) (Cairo - Egypt; 2009)<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Fruit (gnawed)<br />
(Kharga oasis - Egypt; 2011)<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Entire plant (cultivated specimen)<br />
(recent: Cairo - Egypt; 2007)<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Entire plant (wild specimen) (recent: Kharga oasis - Egypt; 2011)<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
Hyphaene thebaica<br />
41<br />
Arecaceae<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Inflorescence (subfossil: desiccated;<br />
Berenike - Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 9343<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Fruit<br />
and seed (recent: unknown<br />
provenance) - no. 9341<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Fruit and<br />
seed (cross section) (recent:<br />
Quseir - Egypt) - no. 9359<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Fruit and seed<br />
(cross section) (recent: unknown<br />
provenance) - no. 28590<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Seed (partly sliced)<br />
(recent: Cairo - Egypt) - no. 9349<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Fruit (endocarp)<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Berenike -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 9345<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Fruit (endocarp;<br />
sawn) (subfossil: desiccated; Berenike -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 9344<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
42<br />
Hyphaene thebaica<br />
Arecaceae<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Fruit (endocarp; sawn) (subfossil:<br />
desiccated; Berenike - Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 9344<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Seed (subfossil: desiccated;<br />
Karanis - Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 29247<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Seed (subfossil: desiccated;<br />
Shenshef - Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 9361<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Seed (subfossil: desiccated;<br />
Shenshef - Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 9361<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Seed (subfossil:<br />
charred; Umm Mawagir - Egypt: 2nd<br />
Intermediate Period) - no. 29793<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Seed<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Berenike -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 9342<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Seed (subfossil:<br />
charred; Umm Mawagir - Egypt: 2nd<br />
Intermediate Period) - no. 29787<br />
1 cm<br />
Hyphaene thebaica: Seed (subfossil:<br />
charred; Umm Mawagir - Egypt: 2nd<br />
Intermediate Period) - no. 29787<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
Medemia argun<br />
43<br />
Arecaceae<br />
Medemia argun: Entire plant (Theben Desert Road Survey (Yale University) (Egypt)<br />
1 cm<br />
Medemia argun: Fruit<br />
(epicarp removed;<br />
cross section) (recent:<br />
unknown provenance -<br />
no. 12352<br />
1 cm<br />
Medemia argun: Fruit (subfossil:<br />
charred; Umm Mawagir - Egypt: 2nd<br />
Intermediate Period) - no. 29792<br />
1 cm<br />
Medemia argun: Fruit (subfossil:<br />
charred; Umm Mawagir - Egypt: 2nd<br />
Intermediate Period) - no. 29797<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
44<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera<br />
Arecaceae<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Entire plant (fruiting) (Ezbet Dawud - Egypt; 2009)<br />
1 cm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Stem (subfossil:<br />
charred; Abu Qubur - Iraq:<br />
Achaemenid period) - no. 14258<br />
1 cm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Leaf<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 28889<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera<br />
45<br />
Arecaceae<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Leaf<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 29639<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Leaf (Saqqara - Egypt; 2010)<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
46<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera<br />
Arecaceae<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Infructescence (Ezbet Dawud - Egypt; 2007)<br />
1 cm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera :<br />
Infructescence<br />
(recent: Groningen -<br />
The Netherlands) - no. 14314<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Infructescence (Kharga oasis - Egypt; 2011)<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera<br />
47<br />
Arecaceae<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Calyx (subfossil: charred;<br />
Wadi Gufaina - Yemen: Iron Age) - no. 29691<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Calyx<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 28885<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Flower (male)<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 29648<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Flower (male)<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 29611<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
48<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera<br />
Arecaceae<br />
1 cm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Peduncle<br />
(subfossil: desiccated;<br />
Karanis - Egypt: Roman<br />
Period) - no. 28883<br />
1 cm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera :<br />
Peduncle (subfossil:<br />
desiccated; Karanis - Egypt:<br />
Roman Period) - no. 28884<br />
1 cm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Peduncle : Peduncle<br />
(recent: Groningen -<br />
The Netherlands) - no. 14312<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Fruit (market) (Ezbet Dawud - Egypt; 2007)<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera<br />
49<br />
Arecaceae<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Fruit (market) (Cairo - Egypt; 2007)<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Fruit (market) (Cairo - Egypt; 2007)<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Fruit (market) (Cairo - Egypt; 2007)<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
50<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera<br />
Arecaceae<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Fruit (subfossil: desiccated;<br />
Karanis - Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 28912<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Fruit (subfossil:<br />
desiccated; Berenike - Egypt: Roman<br />
Period) - no. 14264<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Fruit (subfossil: charred; Tayma<br />
- Saudi Arabia: Early Iron Period) - no. 29656<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Fruit (fruitcoat)<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 28882<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Fruit and seed (subfossil:<br />
charred; Karanis - Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 28907<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera<br />
51<br />
Arecaceae<br />
1 mm<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Fruit and seed (subfossil:<br />
desiccated; Karanis - Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 29232<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera :<br />
Fruit (fruitcoat)<br />
(subfossil: desiccated;<br />
Karanis - Egypt: Roman<br />
Period) - no. 8880<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed (recent:<br />
Groningen - The Netherlands) - no. 14314<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed (contamination)<br />
(Karanis - Egypt; 2010)<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed (subfossil:<br />
charred; Tayma - Saudi Arabia:<br />
Early Iron Period) - no. 29653<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
52<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera<br />
Arecaceae<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 28887<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 28947<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera<br />
53<br />
Arecaceae<br />
1 mm<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed (gnawed)<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 28893<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed (gnawed)<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 28886<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed (gnawed)<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 29228<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed (gnawed)<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 28888<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed (gnawed) (subfossil: desiccated;<br />
Umm Mawagir - Egypt: 2nd Intermediate Period) - no. 29788<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
54<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera<br />
Arecaceae<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed (gnawed)<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 28911<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed (gnawed)<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 29218<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed (gnawed)<br />
(subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 29223<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed<br />
(gnawed) (subfossil: charred;<br />
Umm Mawagir - Egypt: 2nd<br />
Intermediate Period) - no. 29795<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera – Arecaceae<br />
55<br />
Arecaceae<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed<br />
(contamination; gnawed) (recent: Umm<br />
Mawagir - Egypt; 2011) - no. 29790<br />
1 mm<br />
<strong>Phoenix</strong> dactylifera : Seed (damaged by salt<br />
crystal) (subfossil: desiccated; Karanis -<br />
Egypt: Roman Period) - no. 28979<br />
1 mm<br />
Arecaceae: Fruit (subfossil: charred; Sohr<br />
Damb - Pakistan: c. 2700-2400 BC) - no. 29636<br />
DIGITAL ATLAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
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