No. 4, 1998 - Tribology in Industry
No. 4, 1998 - Tribology in Industry No. 4, 1998 - Tribology in Industry
Tabie 3. Typical ISO viscosirt* groLq.s.frtr indust;'la! ltii;ricants stance to aging, croinpatibility v,'ith scarling nrzrtt:rials, liydrolytic stabiliii,, as -rvell as to fuifiii certaur ecological requirements - riol tu contain haearclous materials, to be bioclegradable, nr;ntoxic, and nct llr poUute waters above thc legally pennissiirle values. 4.2. lV{etal working fluids Other factors that have to be considered when applying hydroprocessed base oils are solubilify and dispersivit'v. Most indi-rstria! oils with a greater content of additives - hydraulic oils, gear oils, and others - require good solubrlity cr dispersivity of additives and contaminants, in order to control sludge or deposit formation, and thus fo exten,d thc drain irten'als and oil filter life. A proper selection of the base oil, together with a balanced system of additives, is the funciantental approach in the nanufacturing of highly productive industrial lubricants, The possibility of a application of base oils "vider obtained by hydroprocesses will require new teclinologies that wili produce wider ranges of base oils viscositi. Basic types of lubricants, most frequently applied in industrial practice, are hydraulic fluids, gear oils, metalworking fluids and iotal loss lubricants. 4.1. Hy'draulic fluids Hydraulic fluids, whose consumpticrn ranges frorn -15 to 207o of the total lubricant consunrpiion, represent an important group of lubricants. Their application is rvide and it includes mobile machines and stationary equipment, machine tools, plants and equiptnent in food and beverage industry, etc. Possible trends in hydraulic fluids development are illustrated in Table 4 by the exarrple of Germany. T'able 4. l'uture rlevclopmeri oflrydraulic lluids itt Gertnaty Rapidly biodeg raCable lubricants Mineral oils basec flL:iCs 7 i 10 ._t_. I __f____ zi5 It is obvious that a significant increase is expectetJ in the application of biodegradable prociucts, liased both on vegetable oils i;nd synthesized esters. The future hydraulic fluids will have to satisfu a series oi technical criteria - low tcmperature characteristics, resi- lvlelal*,r'ri
arrd electronic systerns are needed, with high hydiaulic piessures. thrcugh the application of such systems higher produciivit,v is aehieved. Fundamental prcblems iippeering in their operiition are related to process fluicis (lubricants, hydraulic oils, cutting {iuiiis). Their interactions can often result in destai,ih;:ing both the cutting t'luids and lubricants, regardless of lne faci tliat ir,.dividually they were properiy selec,red. [iecause of this, Mercedes for instance, is considering io elimi::ate water-miscible fluids in its production plants, and to use only straight machining oils, which are totally solubie with lubricants, and compatible with all materials thai are used in :irachine tools manufacturing. 4.3. Tatal Loss l,erbricants Total Loss Lubricernts (TLL) constitute about 7o/o of all anpiied lubricants. According to their characteristics Ihey are very dif reni, but they have one comnron prope rqv and that is that they are, due to the way of their application, significant pollutarts of waters and soil. This is tbe reason wiry in the future the application of biodeqracjilble Iubricants is expected, whether of vegetable or synthetic origin. Basic areas of the application of these lubricants are given in Table 5. Tcble 5. {.uiut'c fotn! Loss Lubicants i lq"pd@ I Grease applicaticns f l^^.-_^. 5. COFICLUSIOI{ Perrnanent technical progress, ecological nspects and econcmic factors il'Etr) dict:rte the new qualities of lubricants. Of all base oils, that ct;nstitute 90Vc of total cuantity r:f produced lubricrants, the ones that will be most applied in the future are hydrocracked oils, polyalphaolefincs and biodegraciable products obtained form natural raw materials. These base oils, together with the new types of additives give lubricants with optimal performances, which satisfy ihe TEE requirements. REFERENCES [1.) Dowsort, D., Hrstory of iribology, I-ongman, 1979. [2.] Rac, A., Pogonske materije - III Deo: MAZIVA, (in Serbian), Maiinsla fakultet, Beograd,1991. [3.) Rac,.,4., Hidrodinamidki klizni leZaji - Teorija i praksa, (in Serbian), Tribologija u industriji, XV, 3, 1993, 111 -116. [4.) Rac, A., Up-to-l)ate Tribological Consideration of Rolling Bearing. Tribolog.v irr Industry, 18, 3, (E), 1996, pp. 105-110. [5.] Rrzc,,:1.,'Iribolcgija rnotora SUS- Startje je, i tendenci- (in Serbian), Tribologija u industriji, XVI ,4, 1994,719-126. [6.) Rac, A., Maziva za rnotorna vozila,(in Serbian), Osmisimpozijum MVlv{, Kragujevac, MVM "Saop- Stenja", 94021,1994,153-158. [1.)Rac, A.,l'ravci razvoja motora SUS i motornih ulja: Interakcija motor-motorno ulje. (in Serbian),Henrijska in
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Tabie 3. Typical ISO viscosirt* groLq.s.frtr <strong>in</strong>dust;'la! ltii;ricants<br />
stance to ag<strong>in</strong>g, cro<strong>in</strong>patibility v,'ith scarl<strong>in</strong>g nrzrtt:rials, liydrolytic<br />
stabiliii,, as -rvell as to fuifiii certaur ecological<br />
requirements - riol tu conta<strong>in</strong> haearclous materials, to be<br />
bioclegradable, nr;ntoxic, and nct llr poUute waters above<br />
thc legally pennissiirle values.<br />
4.2. lV{etal work<strong>in</strong>g fluids<br />
Other factors that have to be considered when apply<strong>in</strong>g<br />
hydroprocessed base oils are solubilify and dispersivit'v.<br />
Most <strong>in</strong>di-rstria! oils with a greater content of additives -<br />
hydraulic oils, gear oils, and others - require good solubrlity<br />
cr dispersivity of additives and contam<strong>in</strong>ants, <strong>in</strong><br />
order to control sludge or deposit formation, and thus fo<br />
exten,d thc dra<strong>in</strong> irten'als and oil filter life.<br />
A proper selection of the base oil, together with a balanced<br />
system of additives, is the funciantental approach <strong>in</strong><br />
the nanufactur<strong>in</strong>g of highly productive <strong>in</strong>dustrial lubricants,<br />
The possibility of a application of base oils<br />
"vider<br />
obta<strong>in</strong>ed by hydroprocesses will require new tecl<strong>in</strong>ologies<br />
that wili produce wider ranges of base oils viscositi.<br />
Basic types of lubricants, most frequently applied <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>dustrial practice, are hydraulic fluids, gear oils, metalwork<strong>in</strong>g<br />
fluids and iotal loss lubricants.<br />
4.1. Hy'draulic fluids<br />
Hydraulic fluids, whose consumpticrn ranges frorn -15 to<br />
207o of the total lubricant consunrpiion, represent an<br />
important group of lubricants. Their application is rvide<br />
and it <strong>in</strong>cludes mobile mach<strong>in</strong>es and stationary equipment,<br />
mach<strong>in</strong>e tools, plants and equiptnent <strong>in</strong> food and<br />
beverage <strong>in</strong>dustry, etc.<br />
Possible trends <strong>in</strong> hydraulic fluids development are illustrated<br />
<strong>in</strong> Table 4 by the exarrple of Germany.<br />
T'able 4. l'uture rlevclopmeri oflrydraulic lluids itt Gertnaty<br />
Rapidly biodeg raCable lubricants<br />
M<strong>in</strong>eral oils basec flL:iCs<br />
7 i 10<br />
._t_.<br />
I<br />
__f____<br />
zi5<br />
It is obvious that a significant <strong>in</strong>crease is expectetJ <strong>in</strong> the<br />
application of biodegradable prociucts, liased both on<br />
vegetable oils i;nd synthesized esters.<br />
The future hydraulic fluids will have to satisfu a series oi<br />
technical criteria - low tcmperature characteristics, resi-<br />
lvlelal*,r'ri
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