No. 4, 1998 - Tribology in Industry

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[20.] I*i'oukov, VA., et al.,llenanie metallov, N{;rigiz, Mosccvr, 19-{4. [21.,] Krivoult"'1v, V.A., ei al., Obrabotka mettalov rezaniem, Obr:rrrngiz, Moscorv, 1958. [22.j l{ronutbi:rg" M., Grundziige der Zerspanungslelire, Erster band, Zweite Auflage, Springer-Verlag, Ber- IiniGotinge vl-ieidelberg, 1954. [23.) Kronenbery M., Uber eine neue Banciherung in dcr teoretischen Zerspanungslehre, Werkstatt und Betrieb, 90. Jahrg., 1957.,Heft l. [24.) Kronenbeig, M., l"Iachining Science and Application, Ferga:non Press, Oxford-l.ondon, 1966. 125.1 L ola dz e, Ll-{, Iznos reiu3dego in s trum enta, Maigiz, N{oscow, 1958. {26.) Makarov, A.D., trznns i stojkost reiu5Cih instmmentov, Maiinostroenie, Moscow, 1966. [27.j Merchant, !v{:E." Mechanics and Metal Cutting process, L I. of Applied Physics. Vol. 16, No. 5, 1945. l2S.lMerchant, lvI.E., Zlatin, N., New Methods of Analysis of h{achiniiig Pl:ocesses, Erperimental Stress Ana- Iysis, Voi. IIi, No. 2, Addison-Wesley Press Inc., Carnbridge, 1946. [29.f Moore, D., Principles and..lpplicatious of Tribologz, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 7975. [30.) Poletika, iy'. F. , Kcntaktnie nagruski ira reiu5dih poverhnastjah instrumenta, N{aiinostroenie, Moscow, 1969. 137.) Rezt:k, C., Examiriation of Friction Conditiorrs at Orthogonal Cutting. Periodica Polytechnica, Budapest, 1970,, Vol. 14,Iio.4. [32.] Reaikov, A.N., Tepioftzika rezanija, Ma5lnostroenie, Moscow,1969. [33,) Sekulit, ,9., tshenon:enon of Concentrated Wear in the Wide R.ange of Feed Rates" Proceedings of Produetioir Engineering Counseling, Sarajevo, 1968. (in Serbian). [34.) Sekulif, S., Friction l&brlc at Orthogonal Cutting - Ratios of Frictiqrn Works on Contact Surfaces of fc"ol ariri Chrip anci Mact ined Surface, Tribology in Ildr:stry, Vol.II, No. 1, 1979. (in Serbian) 135.1Silin, i'.5., h{etod podobija pri rezanii materialov, MaSinostroenie, Moscow, 1979. p6.l Sotaja, 14, Contribution to Study of Concentrated Wean in Steei Machining on Lathe, Technics - Mechanical Engineering, 1958, 7. (in Serbian). l3i.l Thomsen, E.G., et al., Mechanics of Plastic Deformation in Metal Processing, The MacMillan Corp., New York, 1965. [38.] Vieregge, G., Temperaturfeld und Wdrmerbilanz des Schervorgange bei der Zerspanung, Werkstatt und Betrieb, i955, 88, Heft 5. {39.1Vtikelja D,, Therrnodynamics of Cutting, Monograph, IAMA, 2, IAMA" Belgrade, 1970. (in Serbian). [40.) Zctrev, Ar.N", Voprosi mehaniki processa reazanija rnetallov, fuiir5giz, Moscosr, 1956. 111 .l Zorev, N.ilI., et nl., Razvitie o rezanii metallov, MaSiaostroerrie, Moscc\r', 7967 . t3rl THbologt iit indwtr.y v'ulume 20, No. 4,7998.
UDI( 621.1J9262t.9.27 A" TIAC C*ntemporary Lubricanfs: Rcle and E{,eqiureme mts rl li .] T n I O E. TU a tu E. Sr;i"',ing of tibologica! problems in moving parts of nnchhtes and devices inevitably includes tlrc application cf the apitrcpiate ry*pes o! lubicants. Their clmracteristics are detennilrcd by eEipment marutfactttrerc and enr:ironme ntal protectiott legislatiott.. The object of this paper i.g to nnal,r,se the state and tendencies of the rnodcnt. iubicgt:ts developmetil itt the light of tlie reEirements rneriliotrcd. Key words:.Lubicittts, Basic properlics, Reqttiremenls I.INTRODUCTION Lubricirnts are vital components in transportation, as rveil :rs with most of industnal equipment. A proper selcciicn of the lulrricant end lubricating methods increirse the lifetime of machinery and decrease operation anci maintenance costs, These effects manifest themselves in a decre:rse of energSl consumption, lower working iemDeiiitrtres and sliorter clown times. Histcrically. :ire iirst applicetion of lubricants coincides ri'ith the beginni ;rgs of civilization, while the first research v,'iis canied out during the industrial revolution. Fr'->m that tir're till today, lubricants have played an important rolr in the developrneni of industrial society [1]. The gcnera.l technical progress, requirements for high crnfonniry of all parameters of machine operations and cver stricter regulations over environmental protection ha."'e in the last several years resulted in a series of soiutions thai should cnsure highly productive and also environmcntally friencity iubricants. 2. R{}LE O! I,UBRICAI\ITS IN TzuR OF'I ECIIINI OlL SYSTENI S Thousailds of products nowaCays cover all the aspects of !ubricatiru iechnokrgy. This will undoubtedly remain so in the fl:ture. .Aiarge nunrber of different types of lubricauts rirrl producis iras been brought about by tlsks ihat iubnianis have to perforrn iir different constructions, ;intl unricr dilfercrtt rvcrkinu and environmental conditioris. Apciicatinn oi'!ubricanis is inevitable in solving tribological oroblems in the majority of b:rsic macirinelements (gears, siiding anC ro!iing hearings. joints, ropes, chains, P:,t.f. dr,llcksaridar Rac, di;tl. ing. F n c t : !ry c,{ I'f e t' l t a : i t a I Er ryi t t e ei t ry, B eo gra d etc.), aswell as in different machines (IC engines, pumps, turbines, compressors, etc.), and technological processes of metal machining. Effectiveness of iLrbricants depends on numerous interrelated factors that are determining the influence of a lubricant on fdction and wear of the vital machine parts and equipment. They include the properties of Iubricants and changes that occur in the properties during exploitation, character!stics of frictional surfaces, character of interactions of the lubricant components and surface material, speed, lcad, temperature, and other parameters of the workjng regime [2]. Tiris points to the mutual dependence of the development of machues, their components and lubricants, which is one of the characteristic features of modern mechanical systerus. Thus, for instance, the solutions realized in the area of lubrication theory and lubricant production technology enabled the designing of hydrodynamic sliding bearings of high reliability and efficiency [3], they helped to achieve high performances and long life of rolling bearings and gears [4], they contributed to the decreasing of fuel consumption and improvement of the IC engines pertonnances [5], etc. As far as thr:ii'history is concerned, lubricants were the subject of intense develcpment during the fifties and the sixties of thrs century. 'fhe multigrade oils were introduced, as well as highly refined mineral base oils, nerv additives, synthetic lubricants, etc. In the mid-seventies, which were witness to crude oil crises, ihe trend shifted towards the saving ofenergy and other resources, and tc the solving of accumulated pro- Lrlems related to environrnental prolection. During that period economic aspects of lubricants application, especially their irtfluence on energy saving in machinery, l'lec;rrng ltrore Drominent. 7'riLrcicp itt itulrtsiry', i'ciunre 20, No. 4, 1998, 137
Page 2 and 3: YU |SSN 03s4 - 8996 Iff I I voLUME
Page 4 and 5: i - number of passes; i6 - number o
Page 6 and 7: o Y = 10" o Y = 10" oY=1 t Y = 10"
Page 8 and 9: Figurc 13. Awiliary f,;ttction gt f
Page 10 and 11: Vapor Depositron) proce tl ure, t h
Page 14 and 15: The end of this century, i.e., the
Page 16 and 17: Tabie 3. Typical ISO viscosirt* gro
Page 18 and 19: = (J ul U) LrJ t\a T T il t-i tl rl
Page 20 and 21: and systens, and the numbet lf si:i
Page 22 and 23: area of triboiogy of the real machi
Page 24 and 25: UDK 621:192.6.N4 I O cc LU U) [! E
Page 26 and 27: 3. TRIBOLOGIC,{L ENERGY LOSSES Tiib
Page 28 and 29: \biurmno u s invr.:stigations cf ec
Page 30 and 31: nn n T o E, lrJ (t) IU E YY P. BI}I
Page 32 and 33: Distribution of these inclusions wa
Page 34: Fig. 7. Detail of electroslag sutfa

No. 4, 1998 - Tribology in Industry

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