Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Volume 1 - BVSDE

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Acronyms and abbreviations used in the text ADI FAO IARC ICRP ILO IPCS IQ ISO JECFA JMPR LOAEL NOAEL NTU PMTDI PTWI TCU TDI UNEP WHO acceptable daily intake Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Agency for Research on Cancer International Commission on Radiological Protection International Labour Organisation International Programme on Chemical Safety intelligence quotient International Organization for Standardization Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues lowest-observed-adverse-effect level no-observed-adverse-effect level nephelometric turbidity unit provisional maximum tolerable daily intake provisional tolerable weekly intake true colour unit tolerable daily intake United Nations Environment Programme World Health Organization.
1. Introduction This volume of the Guidelines for drinking-water quality explains how guideline values for drinking-water contaminants are to be used, defines the criteria used to select the various chemical, physical, microbiological, and radiological contaminants included in the report, describes the approaches used in deriving guideline values, and presents brief summary statements either supporting the guideline values recommended or explaining why no healthbased guideline value is required at the present time. This edition of the guidelines considers many drinking-water contaminants not included in the first edition. It also contains revised guideline values for many of the contaminants included in the first edition, which have been changed as a result of new scientific information. The guideline values given here supersede those in the 1984 edition. Although the number of chemical contaminants for which guideline values are recommended is greater than in the first edition, it is unlikely that all of these chemical contaminants will occur in all water supplies or even in all countries. Care should therefore be taken in selecting substances for which national standards will be developed. A number of factors should be considered, including the geology of the region and the types of human activities that take place there. For example, if a particular pesticide is not used in the region, it is unlikely to occur in the drinking-water. In other cases, such as the disinfection by-products, it may not be necessary to set standards for all of the substances for which guideline values have been proposed. If chlorination is practised, the trihalomethanes, of which chloroform is the major component, are likely to be the main disinfection by-products, together with the chlorinated acetic acids in some instances. In many cases, control of chloroform levels and, where appropriate, trichloroacetic acid will also provide an adequate measure of control over other chlorination by-products. In developing national standards, care should also be taken to ensure that scarce resources are not unnecessarily diverted to the development of standards and the monitoring of substances of relatively minor importance. Several of the inorganic elements for which guideline values have been recommended are recognized to be essential elements in human nutrition. No attempt has been made here to define a minimum desirable concentration of such substances in drinking-water. 1.1 General considerations The primary aim of the Guidelines for drinking-water quality is the protection of public health. The guidelines are intended to be used as a basis for the development of national standards that, if properly implemented, will ensure the safety of drinking-water supplies through the elimination, or reduction to a minimum concentration, of constituents of water that are known to be hazardous to health. It must be emphasized that the guideline values recommended are not mandatory limits. In order to define such limits, it is necessary to consider the guideline values in the context of local or national environmental, social, economic, and cultural conditions. The main reason for not promoting the adoption of international standards for drinking-water quality is the advantage provided by the use of a risk-benefit approach (qualitative or quantitative) to the establishment of national standards and regulations. This approach should lead to standards and regulations that can be readily implemented and enforced. For example, the adoption of drinking-water standards that are too stringent could limit the availability of water supplies that meet those standards - a significant consideration in regions of water shortage. The standards that individual countries will develop can thus be influenced by national priorities and economic factors. However, considerations of policy and convenience must never be allowed to endanger public health, and the implementation of standards and regulations will require suitable
Page 1 and 2: Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quali
Page 3 and 4: Preface In 1984 and 1985, the World
Page 5: Acknowledgements The work of the fo
Page 9 and 10: It should be noted that the use of
Page 11 and 12: indicators used for this purpose ar
Page 13 and 14: surface water. It is conceivable th
Page 15 and 16: and mosquitos (Culex spp.); in warm
Page 17 and 18: 2.2.3 Escherichia coli and the coli
Page 19 and 20: environmental sources. Clostridial
Page 21 and 22: used in normal practice. Table 3. A
Page 23 and 24: It is not possible to set guideline
Page 25 and 26: Table 6. A list of International Or
Page 27 and 28: importance of surveillance is highl
Page 29 and 30: value. 3.4 Health risk assessment T
Page 31 and 32: elated to possible carcinogenicity.
Page 33 and 34: carcinogenicity in humans but limit
Page 35 and 36: Aluminium Aluminium is a widespread
Page 37 and 38: Asbestos Asbestos is introduced int
Page 39 and 40: Assuming an absorption rate for die
Page 41 and 42: in a guideline value of 0.07 mg/lit
Page 43 and 44: Lead is toxic to both the central a
Page 45 and 46: 1000: 100 for inter- and intraspeci
Page 47 and 48: some salts. It has occasionally bee
Page 49 and 50: Zinc Zinc is an essential trace ele
Page 51 and 52: guideline value. Based on a NOAEL o
Page 53 and 54: Trichloroethene in anaerobic ground
Page 55 and 56: In long-term inhalation studies in
Page 57 and 58:
followed in this study, which invol
Page 59 and 60:
Miscellaneous organic constituents
Page 61 and 62:
Although ECH is a genotoxic carcino
Page 63 and 64:
The database on the toxicity of the
Page 65 and 66:
JMPR evaluated bentazone in 1991 an
Page 67 and 68:
programmes far outweigh any health
Page 69 and 70:
mathematical risk extrapolation. Th
Page 71 and 72:
to drinking-water results in a guid
Page 73 and 74:
other mammalian species. PCP has be
Page 75 and 76:
used in many countries, relatively
Page 77 and 78:
acid (provisional guideline values
Page 79 and 80:
Chlorate In addition to being a dec
Page 81 and 82:
naturally occurring organic materia
Page 83 and 84:
Monochloroacetic acid Concentration
Page 85 and 86:
Dichloroacetonitrile For dichloroac
Page 87 and 88:
chloroform, iron, manganese and hyd
Page 89 and 90:
the limit.” However, because only
Page 91:
Selecting suitable analytical metho
Page 94 and 95:
committed effective dose is a measu
Page 96 and 97:
Table 9. Examples of the doses aris
Page 98 and 99:
and assess doses from all radon sou
Page 100 and 101:
aluminium in drinking-water. Ammoni
Page 102 and 103:
ange 6.5-9.5. Extreme values of pH
Page 104 and 105:
Chlorine The taste and odour thresh
Page 106 and 107:
esidence periods of the order of 3-
Page 108 and 109:
alumina facilities and household de
Page 110 and 111:
pipe, and microbial growths (biofil
Page 112 and 113:
lay down such a scale will always b
Page 114 and 115:
Bibliography Chapter 2. Microbiolog
Page 116 and 117:
contaminants. Geneva, World Health
Page 118 and 119:
Annex 1. List of participants in pr
Page 120 and 121:
National Institute of Public Health
Page 122 and 123:
Poland M. Takeda, Director of Envir
Page 124 and 125:
K.L. Bailey, Health Effects Assessm
Page 126 and 127:
D. Kello, Project Officer for Toxic
Page 128 and 129:
Members H. Abouzaid, Chief, Water Q
Page 130 and 131:
Substances Division, Environmental
Page 132 and 133:
Members O. Hydes, Drinking-Water In
Page 134 and 135:
Final Drafts Preparation Meeting fo
Page 136 and 137:
B. Mintz, Chief, Exposure Assessmen
Page 138 and 139:
Annex 2. Tables of guideline values
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B. Organic constituents Guideline v
Page 142 and 143:
D. Disinfectants and disinfectant b
Page 144 and 145:
Table A2.4. Radioactive constituent
Page 146 and 147:
Announcing updated guideline values
Page 148 and 149:
safety of drinking-water supplies i
Page 150:
Back cover The first edition of Gui
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