The Challenges to Sustainability in Island Tourism - School of Travel ...
The Challenges to Sustainability in Island Tourism - School of Travel ... The Challenges to Sustainability in Island Tourism - School of Travel ...
INTRODUCTION Islands are special places with a natural attraction for tourists and a special challenge to sustainability. The thousands of islands on the face of the earth include some of the finest and most sought after destinations, such as the Balearic Islands, the Hawaiian Islands, the Galapagos Islands, the Canary Islands, the French Polynesian Islands, and the Caribbean islands. The mystique associated with islands is dependent on a blend of different lifestyles, indigenous cultures, unique land formations, flora and fauna, and ocean and coastal resources. To keep that mystique alive and thriving, islands must implement sustainable tourism policies in all areas including environmental, economic and socio-cultural. This paper will examine the unique challenges that islands face as they attempt to build sustainability into their tourism development policies. It will also propose policies to assist in attaining and maintaining quality island tourism. Examples from all types of island destinations are included in the paper. TYPES OF ISLAND TOURISM DESTINATIONS Islands vary in many ways, and understanding the various types clarifies for the decision-makers the policies that need to be used. One classification is islands’ climate which can be cold, temperate or tropical. Even though tropical islands (Caribbean, Hawaii, French Polynesia) tend to have most allure for tourists, cold and temperate islands also have environmental or cultural features and lifestyles that attract tourism – for example the Shetland islands off the coast of Scotland. Baum 1997 describes the general attractivity of North Atlantic islands, including their remoteness, their small size, the slower pace of life, the chance to go back-in-time, the wilderness environment, the water-focused society and the sense of difference yet familiarity (Baum 1977). Very cold islands such as Iceland and Greenland offer unique landscapes and flora and fauna and are alternate destinations often attracting scientists, photographers and other specialized travelers. Another island classification is the proximity to the related mainland and also its size. Islands that are more remote and distant face more challenging accessibility and transportation issues due to their isolation. Visitors will tend to stay longer in islands that are remote and larger, whereas those close to the mainland and smaller may experience more excursionist tourism. For example, Cousin Island in the Seychelles, hosts only day visitors that leave the 1
island at the end of each day (Shah, 2002). The island’s choice to host excursionists versus stay-over visitors requires a careful evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of each type of tourism. A third classification is whether an island is a single island or part of an archipelago. Multi-destination travel in island chains may be an added attraction for tourists, whereas the peace, or ‘sun, sand, sea’ experience of a single island vacation may be the choice for others. Cooperative marketing and complementary product development is important for archipelago islands. This will create a diverse touristic experience giving archipelagos an advantage over single islands, particularly if they are small. A fourth classification is the governance of the island destination. Some islands have autonomous governments and others are part of the mainland government system. Those with autonomy have more control over the direction of sustainable development of the island. They are also more likely to reap the maximum economic benefits from tourism, without any revenue being leaked to the mainland through taxes and other means. Islands under the jurisdiction of the mainland need to ensure adequate representation in the government decision-making. Fifth, some island destinations have growing resident populations (which may be due in part to tourism) and other with weak economies are experiencing declining populations. In the latter case, there is a special need to ensure economic viability to prevent the out-migration of residents – especially young ones who look for opportunities elsewhere. Some islands, of course, have no human population and are simply nature-reserves, and others are privately owned with their own policies. The last classification relates to the homogeneity of the population and the socio-cultural sustainability of island destinations. Islands with homogeneous, indigenous populations are particularly vulnerable to tourism development since they have different cultures with different values than the source markets. The close interaction that islands create between hosts and guests must be managed. Islands with more heterogeneous populations may be more resilient to socio-cultural impacts. It is clear from the categories above that islands differ in many ways from the mainland and from each other. Each island has its uniqueness and that uniqueness needs to be nurtured and strengthened through sustainable tourism 2
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INTRODUCTION<br />
<strong>Island</strong>s are special places with a natural attraction for <strong>to</strong>urists and a special challenge <strong>to</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>ability. <strong>The</strong><br />
thousands <strong>of</strong> islands on the face <strong>of</strong> the earth <strong>in</strong>clude some <strong>of</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>est and most sought after dest<strong>in</strong>ations, such as<br />
the Balearic <strong>Island</strong>s, the Hawaiian <strong>Island</strong>s, the Galapagos <strong>Island</strong>s, the Canary <strong>Island</strong>s, the French Polynesian<br />
<strong>Island</strong>s, and the Caribbean islands. <strong>The</strong> mystique associated with islands is dependent on a blend <strong>of</strong> different<br />
lifestyles, <strong>in</strong>digenous cultures, unique land formations, flora and fauna, and ocean and coastal resources. To keep<br />
that mystique alive and thriv<strong>in</strong>g, islands must implement susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>to</strong>urism policies <strong>in</strong> all areas <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
environmental, economic and socio-cultural. This paper will exam<strong>in</strong>e the unique challenges that islands face as<br />
they attempt <strong>to</strong> build susta<strong>in</strong>ability <strong>in</strong><strong>to</strong> their <strong>to</strong>urism development policies. It will also propose policies <strong>to</strong> assist <strong>in</strong><br />
atta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g quality island <strong>to</strong>urism. Examples from all types <strong>of</strong> island dest<strong>in</strong>ations are <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the<br />
paper.<br />
TYPES OF ISLAND TOURISM DESTINATIONS<br />
<strong>Island</strong>s vary <strong>in</strong> many ways, and understand<strong>in</strong>g the various types clarifies for the decision-makers the policies that<br />
need <strong>to</strong> be used. One classification is islands’ climate which can be cold, temperate or tropical. Even though<br />
tropical islands (Caribbean, Hawaii, French Polynesia) tend <strong>to</strong> have most allure for <strong>to</strong>urists, cold and temperate<br />
islands also have environmental or cultural features and lifestyles that attract <strong>to</strong>urism – for example the Shetland<br />
islands <strong>of</strong>f the coast <strong>of</strong> Scotland. Baum 1997 describes the general attractivity <strong>of</strong> North Atlantic islands, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
their remoteness, their small size, the slower pace <strong>of</strong> life, the chance <strong>to</strong> go back-<strong>in</strong>-time, the wilderness<br />
environment, the water-focused society and the sense <strong>of</strong> difference yet familiarity (Baum 1977). Very cold islands<br />
such as Iceland and Greenland <strong>of</strong>fer unique landscapes and flora and fauna and are alternate dest<strong>in</strong>ations <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
attract<strong>in</strong>g scientists, pho<strong>to</strong>graphers and other specialized travelers.<br />
Another island classification is the proximity <strong>to</strong> the related ma<strong>in</strong>land and also its size. <strong>Island</strong>s that are more remote<br />
and distant face more challeng<strong>in</strong>g accessibility and transportation issues due <strong>to</strong> their isolation. Visi<strong>to</strong>rs will tend <strong>to</strong><br />
stay longer <strong>in</strong> islands that are remote and larger, whereas those close <strong>to</strong> the ma<strong>in</strong>land and smaller may experience<br />
more excursionist <strong>to</strong>urism. For example, Cous<strong>in</strong> <strong>Island</strong> <strong>in</strong> the Seychelles, hosts only day visi<strong>to</strong>rs that leave the<br />
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