Environmental Technologies and Eco-innovation in the Czech ...

participated in their research, e.g. the Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of
Sciences of the Czech Republic.
The biological treatment principle by microorganisms is described in later parts of
the chapter. In those special cases discussed above, the microorganism culture is able
to quickly dispose of the required substances. An example includes the derivatives
of petroleum. For these specific microorganisms to always work in the culture, it is
necessary to always cultivate them in an auxiliary device and to add them into the
treatment process itself.
In addition to the general physical-chemical processes, such as waste water
distillation and ultrafiltration processes 7 (including reverse osmosis), for the sanitation
of underground waste waters and mine water, using selective procedures according
to the type of the substance to be removed comes into question. This includes the
application of a specific microorganism culture (oil products, organic pesticides)
and special chemical and physical processes (ion exchangers, precipitation and
leaching under specific conditions) including classical de-aeration (of waters
contaminated by radioactive gases). In the Czech Republic, contaminated water from
landfills no longer being operated in Pozďátky (DIAMO, a state enterprise) or water
from the Časy oil product sludge bed of PARAMO, a.s. in Pardubice (SITA CZ a.s.) will be
treated in this way. Procedures to identify inorganic and organic contaminants in the
water are a part of this process. Today, the research of specific procedures enables us
to determine the pollution concentration at levels well below those dangerous to the
environment.
6.3 | The treatment of municipal and industrial waste waters
Biological treatment 8 of the waste water is the most common and the most
widespread manner of municipal and industrial waste water treatment. The basic
process in biological waste water treatment systems is the decomposition of organic
substances in which various microbial associations exist. At the same time, some
other processes conditioned by specialised bacteria species may take place under
suitable conditions. This includes the oxidation of ammonia to nitrites and nitrates
(nitrifications 9 ) through nitrification bacteria.
7 ultrafiltration processes – pressure filtration through special membranes
8 biological treatment –a process in which the biochemical processes of microorganisms are used
9 nitrification – the process of ammonia oxidation (NH 3 , or NH 4+ ) to nitrates (NO 3- ), namely via nitrites (NO 2- )
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