Environmental Technologies and Eco-innovation in the Czech ...

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TABLE 8 | Changes in installed capacity in the Czech Republic [MWp], 2000–2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Off-grid systems I. 0.055 0.077 0.093 0.129 0.147 0.177 0.187 0.209 0.380 On-grid systems II. 0.017 0.047 0.062 0.160 0.216 0.292 0.682 5.152 54.294 Total 0.072 0.124 0.155 0.289 0.363 0.469 0.869 5.361 54.674 I. Off-grid systems – the systems that are not interconnected with electric distribution network II. On-grid systems – the systems that are interconnected with a public network SOURCE | CZREA Photovoltaics are technologically versatile. The photovoltaic effect may be obtained through structures made of various semiconductor materials produced through a wide range of technological procedures. In general, photovoltaics are divided into three basic generations: 1 st generation – these are solar cells made of crystalline silica; solar panels are made through the serial interconnection of individual solar cells, 2 nd generation – these are thin-film structures of semiconductor materials, especially based on amorphous and microcrystalline hydrogenated silica; it also includes other semiconductor materials and structures (cadmium-telluride, copper-indium-galliumselenide), 3 rd generation – these are new low-cost technologies based on the highly efficient principles of converting solar energy into electricity. A separate group includes organic and polymeric solar cells. Specific applications of solar cells include concentrator photovoltaic systems. Czech regions show an overall growth in the installed capacity of PVS connected in the network (see Fig. 1). Research and development in photovoltaics in the Czech Republic show a steadily rising trend. Research is not only concentrated in the workplaces of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and universities, but private companies are also devoting more and more time. Mutual relationships between individual research centres are supported by the exchange of knowledge and experience within regular Czech conferences on photovoltaics organised by CZREA. 66 | 67
FIG. 1 | The installed capacity of PVS connected to the mains [MWp] and the number of licences granted by the Energy Regulatory Office in Czech regions as of 31 December 2008 The number of awarded licences Installed capacity (MWp) 0.127–0.433 0.434–1.454 1.455–2.145 2.146–5.292 5.293–17.377 SOURCE | Energy Regulatory Office 5.1.1 | Technologies using crystalline silica An abrupt growth in the use of photovoltaics throughout the world can be seen by the amount of crystalline silica solar panels being produced. This shows this technology is still dominant. The first crystalline silica solar cells in the Czech Republic were developed in the Czech Technical University laboratories in Prague and semi-industrially produced by Tesla Vrchlabí. During the end of the last decade, research and development was also conducted at the former Tesla Seznam in Rožnov pod Radhoštěm. Based on this successful development, Solartec s.r.o. was established in 1993. It deals with the research, development and production of solar cells. Currently, research and development is aimed at those processing technologies that show great potential and have a special and highly efficient structure for solar cells. The properties of characteristic methods have been studied and optimised in order to analyze the materials and structures in crystalline silica solar cells in
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Environmental Technologies and Eco-
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Environmental Technologies and Eco-
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Foreword Environmental protection i
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Environmental Protection Policy
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Although many environmental technol
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Technology Action Plan and of suppl
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significantly lower environmental i
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Page 22 and 23: 1.2.3 | Environmental technologies
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Page 26 and 27: in the areas of Production of Heat
Page 28 and 29: 1. Measures requiring new legislati
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Page 33 and 34: 2 | Environmentally Friendly Genera
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 2 | Electricity generation fr
Page 37 and 38: 2.2.3 | Biomass combustion The comb
Page 39 and 40: 2.2.4 | Photovoltaic power plants B
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Page 45 and 46: 2.8 | Increasing energy efficiency
Page 47: Environmentally Friendly Motor Tran
Page 50 and 51: 3.1 | Increasing the efficiency of
Page 52 and 53: 3.4 | CNG technology Using CNG for
Page 54 and 55: Transportation a.s., which also mod
Page 56 and 57: for monitoring the characteristics
Page 59 and 60: 4 | Technologies Reducing Greenhous
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Page 63 and 64: applied during summer months when o
Page 65: Material Efficiency
Page 70 and 71: cooperation with the Faculty of Ele
Page 72 and 73: 5.2 | Czech Nanospider - a global t
Page 74 and 75: 5.4 | Experience with the operation
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Page 79 and 80: 6 | Sustainable Water Management Wa
Page 81 and 82: Because the drinking water shall su
Page 83 and 84: Biological waste water treatment ma
Page 85 and 86: The oxidation of ammonia nitrogen t
Page 87 and 88: 6.5 | Modern physical methods in th
Page 89: Environmental Protection in Connect
Page 92 and 93: Technology Platform for Biofuels in
Page 94 and 95: Legend of the terms: Transesterific
Page 96 and 97: can bind calcium and magnesium salt
Page 99 and 100: 8 | Effective Waste Management Wast
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Page 103 and 104: station cogeneration units 5 . Wast
Page 105 and 106: For the aforementioned reasons, the
Page 108 and 109: Conclusion The application of envir
Page 110 and 111: RES - renewable energy sources ROME
Page 112 and 113: DOLEJŠ, J., aj. Ověřování biop
Page 114 and 115: KABEŠ, K. Vodíkové hospodářstv
Page 116: Srovnávací tabulka evropských in
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