Environmental Technologies and Eco-innovation in the Czech ...

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GRAPH 1 | Structure of heating generation from RES in the Czech Republic [%], 2007 Biomass in households Biomass outside households Solar thermal collectors Heat pumps Biodegradable part of IW and AF Biodegradable part of MSW Biogas in total IW – industrial wastes AF – alternative fuels MSW – municipal solid waste SOURCE | MIT While some systems for delivering heat from RES are commercially available and are being used (solar panels and collectors for water heating, wood heaters, biogas combustion), RES use for cooling also exists in the Czech Republic. Today, a modern technology called “trigeneration” enables the use of a heat pump for heating in winter and for cooling in summer (see Chapter – 4.3.3. Trigeneration). 2.4 | Clean coal technologies Traditional coal combustion on a grate is still the most common technology for smaller coal boilers. This is mainly used in industrial and local equipment for central heat supplies in the Czech Republic. Today’s boilers in steam turbine power plants use either pulverized (dry bottom) or fluidized bed combustion. These boilers produce steam that drive turbines for generating electricity. 38 | 39
The steam being produced by existing electrical boilers does not reach critical specifications. This means that the steam pressure reaches a maximum 18 MPa, and its temperature fluctuates between 540 and 580 °C. This allows for maximum clean energy efficiency 6 at a range of 32–35%. In order to increase the energy efficiency, decrease airborne release contaminants and achieve fuel savings, better systems called “clean coal technology” have been developed. 2.4.1 | Pulverized coal combustion with supercritical steam specifications To achieve more efficient power units, boilers and power units (including turbines) that work with supercritical steam specifications have been constructed. Power units that use above critical specifications reach a steam pressure of 25–31.5 MPa and a steam temperature of 600–610 °C. This allows for clean energy efficiency ranging between 42 and 43%. Power units working with a pressure of 35 MPa and a steam temperature of 700 °C and able to achieve clean energy efficiency up to 50% are being developed. As a result of increasing the thermal efficiency of power plants, a smaller amount of fuel is being used for producing the same amount of electricity, and airborne release contaminants have significantly decreased. A newly constructed unit at the Ledvice power plant with supercritical parameters will allow for clean efficiency between 42 and 43% (with gross efficiency of 47%), using steam pressure of 28 MPa and a temperature of 600–610 °C. A comparison of two “subcritical” units in operation at the Ledvice power plant with the “above critical” unit is shown in Table 4. If the existing units in Czech power plants are modernised with the technology listed in Table 4 having supercritical parameters, a significant contribution to environmental protection in the form of savings of emissions into the atmosphere can be expected compared to the use of the technology with subcritical parameters. 6 energy efficiency – the ratio of energy included in the input fuel against the electrical output of a power plant as measured at the generator
Page 1 and 2: Environmental Technologies and Eco-
Page 3 and 4: Environmental Technologies and Eco-
Page 6: Foreword Environmental protection i
Page 9: Environmental Protection Policy
Page 12 and 13: Although many environmental technol
Page 14 and 15: Technology Action Plan and of suppl
Page 16 and 17: significantly lower environmental i
Page 18 and 19: ● permits to operate equipment an
Page 20 and 21: construction can proceed despite th
Page 22 and 23: 1.2.3 | Environmental technologies
Page 24 and 25: justifies the preparation of the Pr
Page 26 and 27: in the areas of Production of Heat
Page 28 and 29: 1. Measures requiring new legislati
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Page 33 and 34: 2 | Environmentally Friendly Genera
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 2 | Electricity generation fr
Page 37 and 38: 2.2.3 | Biomass combustion The comb
Page 39: 2.2.4 | Photovoltaic power plants B
Page 43 and 44: esources equipped with CCS are iden
Page 45 and 46: 2.8 | Increasing energy efficiency
Page 47: Environmentally Friendly Motor Tran
Page 50 and 51: 3.1 | Increasing the efficiency of
Page 52 and 53: 3.4 | CNG technology Using CNG for
Page 54 and 55: Transportation a.s., which also mod
Page 56 and 57: for monitoring the characteristics
Page 59 and 60: 4 | Technologies Reducing Greenhous
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Page 63 and 64: applied during summer months when o
Page 65: Material Efficiency
Page 68 and 69: TABLE 8 | Changes in installed capa
Page 70 and 71: cooperation with the Faculty of Ele
Page 72 and 73: 5.2 | Czech Nanospider - a global t
Page 74 and 75: 5.4 | Experience with the operation
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Page 79 and 80: 6 | Sustainable Water Management Wa
Page 81 and 82: Because the drinking water shall su
Page 83 and 84: Biological waste water treatment ma
Page 85 and 86: The oxidation of ammonia nitrogen t
Page 87 and 88: 6.5 | Modern physical methods in th
Page 89: Environmental Protection in Connect
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Technology Platform for Biofuels in
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Legend of the terms: Transesterific
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can bind calcium and magnesium salt
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8 | Effective Waste Management Wast
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flowerbed pavements, fence planks,
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station cogeneration units 5 . Wast
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For the aforementioned reasons, the
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Conclusion The application of envir
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RES - renewable energy sources ROME
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DOLEJŠ, J., aj. Ověřování biop
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KABEŠ, K. Vodíkové hospodářstv
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Srovnávací tabulka evropských in
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