Environmental Technologies and Eco-innovation in the Czech ...

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significantly lower environmental impacts than comparable technologies. The production and application of environmental technologies of the second generation are also strongly motivated by legal requirements. Compared to technologies of the first generation, however, economic motives (i.e. the necessity to utilize resource and energy outputs more efficiently) play a more prominent role. For environmental technologies of the second generation, the definition can be complicated in some cases. The best defined category of environmental technologies is best available techniques. They are also mentioned in legal norms. According to Section 2(f) of Act No. 76/2002 Coll., on integrated prevention, the best available techniques are the most efficient and most advanced technologies and methods of operating them that demonstrate a practical value of certain technologies designed for preventing emissions and their environmental impact or, if prevention is not achievable, for their reduction. At the EU level, BAT for selected industrial and agricultural activities are defined and qualified in Best Available Techniques Reference Documents. In the new draft of the Directive on industrial emissions, which will include and replace the existing Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control, the scope of the binding character of BAT and the reference documents and their efficiency in the process of issuing integrated permissions may be strengthened. For evaluating and assessing individual environmental technologies, it is necessary to consider the entire life cycle, which is the most objective of the available criteria for evaluating the environmental impacts of a specific technology, product or service. Eco-innovation is a special case of innovation that can be defined as a process of establishing new knowledge and its transformation into useful products, services and technologies for the domestic and international markets, which leads not only to the creation of economic value, but also to an increase in the quality of life. Eco-innovation is thus any form of innovation aimed at achieving significant and demonstrable progress in the area of sustainable development so that environmental impact is reduced, or a much more efficient and more responsible utilization of natural resources, including energy. Most member countries of the EU and OECD have started considering eco-innovation as a way of reaching environmental goals and of increasing the competitiveness of domestic companies. Eco-innovation creates new opportunities for entrepreneurial activities in all areas of the economy, especially energy production, construction, industry, transport and logistics, agriculture, the food industry, the travel industry, the mining industry, waste and water management and environmental protection itself. In addition to these areas, the OECD expects eco-innovations in the “green” chemical 14 | 15
industry that are mainly based on biotechnologies and biomass as well as on retaining and storing CO 2 from incineration. An objective of eco-innovation can be both existing and newly developed environmental technologies of the first and second generation. 1.2.1 | Tools for supporting environmental technologies and eco-innovations The tools for supporting environmental investments and eco-innovations are – like tools of environmental policy in general – categorized into the following groups: ● normative (administrative) tools, ● economic and market tools, ● organizational and institutional tools, ● informational tools, ● voluntary tools, In the area of normative (administrative) tools, the most important impulse for developing and applying environmental technologies are limit values for pollution sources (emission limits, standards, technical requirements for operating equipment) identified in legal norms. Standards of environmental quality are indirectly important as well (pollution limits, requirements for water quality). Among the normative tools, the principle of integrated prevention and pollution reduction has an extraordinary role. It makes it possible – to a considerable extent – to set individual conditions for operating equipment so that environmental impacts are reduced. This approach can lead to the installation of new environmental technologies as well as to an increase in the efficiency of the current technology. In the Czech Republic, the following normative (administrative) tools are mainly used to support environmental technologies and eco-innovations: ● limit values for pollution sources (e.g. emission limits for sources of air pollution), ● global standards of environmental quality (e.g. pollution limits, requirements for water quality), ● product standards (e.g. fuels, packaging), ● obligations for handling certain commodities (e.g. chemical substances and agents, GMO, selected types of waste, packaging), ● obligations for handling energy (e.g. pursuant to the Act No. 406/2000 Coll. on energy management), ● technical requirements for operating equipment (e.g. sources of air pollution, sources of water pollution, landfills, large industrial complexes),
Page 1 and 2: Environmental Technologies and Eco-
Page 3 and 4: Environmental Technologies and Eco-
Page 6: Foreword Environmental protection i
Page 9: Environmental Protection Policy
Page 12 and 13: Although many environmental technol
Page 14 and 15: Technology Action Plan and of suppl
Page 18 and 19: ● permits to operate equipment an
Page 20 and 21: construction can proceed despite th
Page 22 and 23: 1.2.3 | Environmental technologies
Page 24 and 25: justifies the preparation of the Pr
Page 26 and 27: in the areas of Production of Heat
Page 28 and 29: 1. Measures requiring new legislati
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Page 33 and 34: 2 | Environmentally Friendly Genera
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 2 | Electricity generation fr
Page 37 and 38: 2.2.3 | Biomass combustion The comb
Page 39 and 40: 2.2.4 | Photovoltaic power plants B
Page 41 and 42: The steam being produced by existin
Page 43 and 44: esources equipped with CCS are iden
Page 45 and 46: 2.8 | Increasing energy efficiency
Page 47: Environmentally Friendly Motor Tran
Page 50 and 51: 3.1 | Increasing the efficiency of
Page 52 and 53: 3.4 | CNG technology Using CNG for
Page 54 and 55: Transportation a.s., which also mod
Page 56 and 57: for monitoring the characteristics
Page 59 and 60: 4 | Technologies Reducing Greenhous
Page 61 and 62: ammonia and malodorous substances i
Page 63 and 64: applied during summer months when o
Page 65: Material Efficiency
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TABLE 8 | Changes in installed capa
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cooperation with the Faculty of Ele
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5.2 | Czech Nanospider - a global t
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5.4 | Experience with the operation
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6 | Sustainable Water Management Wa
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Because the drinking water shall su
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Biological waste water treatment ma
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The oxidation of ammonia nitrogen t
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6.5 | Modern physical methods in th
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Environmental Protection in Connect
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Technology Platform for Biofuels in
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Legend of the terms: Transesterific
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can bind calcium and magnesium salt
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8 | Effective Waste Management Wast
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flowerbed pavements, fence planks,
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station cogeneration units 5 . Wast
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For the aforementioned reasons, the
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Conclusion The application of envir
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RES - renewable energy sources ROME
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DOLEJŠ, J., aj. Ověřování biop
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KABEŠ, K. Vodíkové hospodářstv
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Srovnávací tabulka evropských in
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