Environmental Technologies and Eco-innovation in the Czech ...
Environmental Technologies and Eco-innovation in the Czech ... Environmental Technologies and Eco-innovation in the Czech ...
Technology Action Plan and of supplementary measures. The Commission will try to integrate support for environmental products, services and processes into its industrial and environmental policy. In addition, the functioning of voluntary tools in industry (EMAS and environmental labelling), the great potential of which has not yet been fully utilized.” The aforementioned facts suggest that the 6 th EAP attributes great relevance to environmental technologies and eco-innovations and that it creates a sufficient framework for their future development and practical implementation. 1.1.2 | Environmental protection policy in the Czech Republic The main national political document is State Environmental Policy of the Czech Republic 2004–2010 approved by Government Resolution No. 235 of 17 March 2004. In the environmental area, the SEP naturally reflects the 6 th EAP as well as all other relevant strategic and political documents of the EU, and it is in accordance with them. The SEP concentrates on four priority areas: Protection of the environment, landscape and biological diversity; sustainable usage of natural resources, material flows and waste management; the environment and quality of life; protection of the Earth’s climate system and the reduction of long distance transmissions of air pollution. For each of the priority areas, priority goals, partial goals and measures through which they can be reached are determined. With regards to environmental technologies and eco-innovations, the most important priority goals of the SEP are goal 2.3: Utilization of renewable resources, 2.4: Reduction of the Energy and Material Intensity of Production and Increased Material and Energy Use of Wastes, 3.5: Reduction of Anthropogenic/Industrial Impacts and Risks 4.1: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The SEP explicitly mentions integrated pollution prevention and control and the application of best available techniques as important tools towards achieving these priority goals. In the SEP section about sector policies, support for environmental technologies is primarily mentioned in the Energy production (support for the introduction of modern high efficiency energy technologies and external costs as low as possible) and Industry (to create a programme of support for the general application of low-emission, low-waste and energy-saving technologies with adequate costs and closed production cycles) chapters. 12 | 13
With regards to tools for implementing the SEP, attention is devoted – in addition to standard legal (normative) and economic tools – to voluntary tools (labelling, environmental management systems, cleaner production, eco-design, voluntary agreements, green procurement) and to research and development (to support the research of technologies and equipment for protecting and improving the environment and for sustainable development). The aforementioned facts suggest that the State environmental policy of the Czech Republic 2004–2010 provides a sufficient general framework for supporting the development and application of environmental technologies and eco-innovations. 1.2 | Policy of support for environmental technologies and eco-innovations In accordance with Chapter 34 of Agenda 21 4 , environmental technology is defined as a technology whose environmental impact is smaller than a technology that is comparable in other regards. Thereafter, the environmental goods and services industry (eco-industry) is defined as activities producing goods and services whose goal it is to measure, prevent, limit, minimize or rectify environmental damage, be it in the climate, water, air or land, as well as with problems related to waste, noise and eco-systems. For practical reasons, it is appropriate to distinguish between environmental technologies of the first generation (primary) and the second generation (secondary). Environmental technologies of the first generation (end-of-pipe 5 ) are technologies whose only or main purpose is to reduce environmental impacts. Environmental technologies of the first generation are operated either on a stand-alone basis (municipal waste water treatment plant) or are a part of a larger technological unit (desulphurization plant). The development and application of environmental technologies of the first generation are, to a decisive degree, a result of legal requirements. Environmental technologies of the first generation can be clearly defined. Environmental technologies of the second generation are technologies that are primarily used in the production of goods or in the delivery services but have 4 Agenda 21 – a programming document of the UNO approved at the Rio de Janeiro conference in 1992 5 end-of-pipe technologies – end technologies that are used for handling waste and pollution (e.g. separators, waste water treatment plants, landfills, incineration plants, waste treatment plants) and are not an indispensable part of the production technology
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With regards to tools for implement<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> SEP, attention is devoted – <strong>in</strong> addition<br />
to st<strong>and</strong>ard legal (normative) <strong>and</strong> economic tools – to voluntary tools (labell<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
environmental management systems, cleaner production, eco-design, voluntary<br />
agreements, green procurement) <strong>and</strong> to research <strong>and</strong> development (to support<br />
<strong>the</strong> research of technologies <strong>and</strong> equipment for protect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> improv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
environment <strong>and</strong> for susta<strong>in</strong>able development).<br />
The aforementioned facts suggest that <strong>the</strong> State environmental policy of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Czech</strong><br />
Republic 2004–2010 provides a sufficient general framework for support<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
development <strong>and</strong> application of environmental technologies <strong>and</strong> eco-<strong><strong>in</strong>novation</strong>s.<br />
1.2 | Policy of support for environmental<br />
technologies <strong>and</strong> eco-<strong><strong>in</strong>novation</strong>s<br />
In accordance with Chapter 34 of Agenda 21 4 , environmental technology is def<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
as a technology whose environmental impact is smaller than a technology that is<br />
comparable <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r regards.<br />
Thereafter, <strong>the</strong> environmental goods <strong>and</strong> services <strong>in</strong>dustry (eco-<strong>in</strong>dustry) is def<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
as activities produc<strong>in</strong>g goods <strong>and</strong> services whose goal it is to measure, prevent,<br />
limit, m<strong>in</strong>imize or rectify environmental damage, be it <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> climate, water, air or<br />
l<strong>and</strong>, as well as with problems related to waste, noise <strong>and</strong> eco-systems.<br />
For practical reasons, it is appropriate to dist<strong>in</strong>guish between environmental<br />
technologies of <strong>the</strong> first generation (primary) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generation (secondary).<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> technologies of <strong>the</strong> first generation (end-of-pipe 5 ) are technologies<br />
whose only or ma<strong>in</strong> purpose is to reduce environmental impacts. <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
technologies of <strong>the</strong> first generation are operated ei<strong>the</strong>r on a st<strong>and</strong>-alone basis<br />
(municipal waste water treatment plant) or are a part of a larger technological<br />
unit (desulphurization plant). The development <strong>and</strong> application of environmental<br />
technologies of <strong>the</strong> first generation are, to a decisive degree, a result of legal<br />
requirements. <strong>Environmental</strong> technologies of <strong>the</strong> first generation can be clearly<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> technologies of <strong>the</strong> second generation are technologies that<br />
are primarily used <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> production of goods or <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> delivery services but have<br />
4 Agenda 21 – a programm<strong>in</strong>g document of <strong>the</strong> UNO approved at <strong>the</strong> Rio de Janeiro conference <strong>in</strong> 1992<br />
5 end-of-pipe technologies – end technologies that are used for h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g waste <strong>and</strong> pollution (e.g. separators, waste water<br />
treatment plants, l<strong>and</strong>fills, <strong>in</strong>c<strong>in</strong>eration plants, waste treatment plants) <strong>and</strong> are not an <strong>in</strong>dispensable part of <strong>the</strong> production<br />
technology
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