Rome Wasn't Digitized in a Day - Council on Library and Information ...

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59 f<strong>in</strong>d all articles that reference Verg. Aen. regardless of the language they are written <strong>in</strong>). They also require, as Romanello admitted, a high level of participation by both classical e-journals and relevant digital collections <strong>in</strong> terms of implement<strong>in</strong>g such microformats and CTS protocols, a situation that seems unlikely. Another approach to the challenge of semantic l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g has been <strong>in</strong>troduced by a project between the Classics Department at Cornell University, which hosts the editor of the L’Année Philologique on the Internet, and Cornell University Library (Ruddy 2009). This project was awarded a plann<strong>in</strong>g grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to explore us<strong>in</strong>g OpenURL 177 to provide l<strong>in</strong>ks from canonical citations <strong>in</strong> L’Année Philologique to their full text <strong>in</strong> both commercial and open-access classics digital libraries. OpenURL was chosen because it provides a uniform l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g syntax that was system- and vendor-<strong>in</strong>dependent and m<strong>in</strong>imized the cost of creat<strong>in</strong>g and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g l<strong>in</strong>ks. Other stated advantages of OpenURL were that it easily allowed both one-to-many l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g and “appropriate copy l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g,” or the ability to l<strong>in</strong>k a user to content they are licensed to see. For example, if a user from outside the library community tried to access a restricted resource such as the TLG, he or she would be directed to the PDL. One of the major project tasks therefore was to create a metadata format that could “reliably reference canonical citations” (Ruddy 2009). The encod<strong>in</strong>g of classical author names was particularly problematic s<strong>in</strong>ce OpenURL metadata presupposes a modern Western name for an author. Ruddy reasoned that any metadata format would have to allow multiple ways of encod<strong>in</strong>g author forms. In terms of citation structure itself, they did not adopt the CTS but <strong>in</strong>stead chose an abstract approach to recognize the typical hierarchical structure of works. In addition to metadata challenges there were a number of implementation issues. With the normal use of OpenURL, the resolution of a l<strong>in</strong>k to a resource is left to a user’s local l<strong>in</strong>k resolver. The type of solution chosen by this project, however, <strong>in</strong>cludes provid<strong>in</strong>g an extra level of detailed knowledge, and, as Ruddy noted, only “uncerta<strong>in</strong> commercial <strong>in</strong>centive for l<strong>in</strong>k resolver vendors.” To solve this issue, Ruddy proposed and consequently created a “doma<strong>in</strong>-specific community-supported knowledge base” that was ultimately titled the Classical Works Knowledge Base (CWKB). 178 The f<strong>in</strong>al prototype solution implemented by the project was to use the CWKB as an <strong>in</strong>termediate resolver/knowledge base that could augment and normalize metadata values, provide specialized l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation, and support access to free resources for users without a local l<strong>in</strong>k resolver. The basic user scenario they envisioned <strong>in</strong>volved a user click<strong>in</strong>g on a canonical text reference <strong>in</strong> a JSTOR article or L’Annee article abstract that was encoded with an OpenURL that would then direct the user to the CWKB (which would provide a normalized authority form of author and title and provide a list of services for that work), then to the local l<strong>in</strong>k resolver (if one was available), and f<strong>in</strong>ally to a HTML page with l<strong>in</strong>k options such as the library catalog, <strong>in</strong>terlibrary loan, text <strong>in</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al language, or text <strong>in</strong> translation. If some users did not have a l<strong>in</strong>k resolver, the service could direct them to appropriate free resources by redirect<strong>in</strong>g them to the CWKB. Ruddy argued that this model could have wide applications, s<strong>in</strong>ce it could be “useful to any discipl<strong>in</strong>e that cites works <strong>in</strong>dependent of specific editions or translations” and also offered one solution for cha<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g l<strong>in</strong>k resolvers and knowledge bases together to provide enhanced services to users. 177 http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/openurl/default.htm 178 http://www.cwkb.org/
60 Text M<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, Quotation Detection, and Authorship Attribution A number of potential technologies could benefit both from automatic citation detection and from the broader use of more standardized citation encod<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> digital corpora; these <strong>in</strong>clude text m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g applications, such as the study of text reuse, as well as quotation detection and authorship attribution. While the research presented <strong>in</strong> this section made use of various text-m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and NLP techniques with unlabeled corpora, digital texts with large numbers of citations either automatically or manually marked up could provide useful tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g data for this k<strong>in</strong>d of work. Regardless of how the <strong>in</strong>formation is detected and extracted, the ability to exam<strong>in</strong>e text reuse, trace quotations, 179 and analyze <strong>in</strong>dividual authors and study different patterns of authorship will be <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly important services expected not only by users of mass-digitization projects but of classical digital libraries as well. The eAQUA project, 180 based <strong>in</strong> Germany, is broadly <strong>in</strong>vestigat<strong>in</strong>g how text-m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g technologies might be used <strong>in</strong> the analysis of classical texts through six specific subprojects (reconstruction of the lost works of the Atthidographers, text reuse <strong>in</strong> Plato, papyri classification, extraction of templates for <strong>in</strong>scriptions, metrical analysis of Plautus, and text completion of fragmentary texts). 181 “The ma<strong>in</strong> focus of this project is to break down research questions from the field of Classics <strong>in</strong> a reusable format fitt<strong>in</strong>g with NLP algorithms,” Büchler et al. (2008) submitted, “and to apply this type of approach to the data from the Ancient sources.” This approach of first determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g how classical scholars actually conduct research and then attempt<strong>in</strong>g to match those processes with appropriate algorithms shows the importance of understand<strong>in</strong>g the discipl<strong>in</strong>e for which you are design<strong>in</strong>g tools. This is an essential po<strong>in</strong>t that is seen throughout this review. The basic vision of eAQUA is to present a unified approach consist<strong>in</strong>g of “Data, Algorithms and Applications,” and this project specifically addresses both the development of applications (research questions) and algorithms (NLP, text m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, co-occurrence analysis, cluster<strong>in</strong>g, classification). Data or corpora from research partners will be imported through standardized data <strong>in</strong>terfaces <strong>in</strong>to an eAQUA portal that is be<strong>in</strong>g developed. This portal will also provide access to all the structured data that are extracted through a variety of web services that can be used by scholars. 182 One area of active research that is be<strong>in</strong>g conducted by the eAQUA project is the use of citation detection and textual reuse <strong>in</strong> the TLG corpus to <strong>in</strong>vestigate “the reception of Plato as a case study of textual reuse on ancient Greek texts” (Büchler and Geßner 2009). In their work, they first extracted word-by-word citations by comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g n-gram overlaps and significant terms for several works of Plato; second, they loosened the constra<strong>in</strong>ts on syntactic word order to f<strong>in</strong>d citations. The authors emphasized that develop<strong>in</strong>g appropriate visualization tools is essential to study textual reuse s<strong>in</strong>ce textm<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g approaches to corpora typically produce a huge amount of data that simply cannot be explored manually. Their paper thus offers several <strong>in</strong>trigu<strong>in</strong>g visualizations, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g highlight<strong>in</strong>g the differences <strong>in</strong> citations to works of Plato across time (from the Neo-Platonists to the Middle 179 Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary research on quotation identification and track<strong>in</strong>g has been reported for Google Books (Schilit and Kolak 2008). 180 http://www.eaqua.net/en/<strong>in</strong>dex.php 181 The computational challenges of automatic metrical analysis and fragmentary texts have received some research attention. For metrical analysis, see Deufert et al. (2010), Eder (2007), Fusi (2008) and Papakitsos (2011) For fragmentary texts, see Berti et al. (2009) and Romanello et al. (2009b). The use of digital technology for <strong>in</strong>scriptions and papyri is covered <strong>in</strong> their respective sections. 182 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the W3C, a web service can be def<strong>in</strong>ed as “a software system designed to support <strong>in</strong>teroperable mach<strong>in</strong>e-to-mach<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>teraction over a network. It has an <strong>in</strong>terface described <strong>in</strong> a mach<strong>in</strong>e-processable format (specifically WSDL). Other systems <strong>in</strong>teract with the Web service <strong>in</strong> a manner prescribed by its description us<strong>in</strong>g SOAP messages, typically conveyed us<strong>in</strong>g HTTP with an XML serialization <strong>in</strong> conjunction with other Web-related standard.” (http://www.w3.org/TR/ws-arch/#whatis). Two important related standards are SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), a “lightweight protocol <strong>in</strong>tended for exchang<strong>in</strong>g structured <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>in</strong> a decentralized, distributed environment” (http://www.w3.org/TR/soap12-part1/) and WSDL (Web Services Description Language), an “XML format for describ<strong>in</strong>g network services as a set of endpo<strong>in</strong>ts operat<strong>in</strong>g on messages conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g either document-oriented or procedure-oriented <strong>in</strong>formation.” (http://www.w3.org/TR/wsdl)
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"Rome Wasn
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ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
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iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
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vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
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viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
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x pursuit of knowledge about the an
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2 and intellectual
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4 associations to work together, an
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6 briefly explore issues that are n
Page 19 and 20: 8 for English translations of Greek
Page 21 and 22: 10 is created of the entire bibliog
Page 23 and 24: 12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
Page 25 and 26: 14 generated by the decision tree p
Page 27 and 28: 16 The image-registration algorithm
Page 29 and 30: 18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
Page 31 and 32: 20 information ret
Page 33 and 34: 22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
Page 35 and 36: 24 algorithms; ins
Page 37 and 38: 26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
Page 39 and 40: 28 One major project to recently em
Page 41 and 42: 30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
Page 43 and 44: 32 and prayers), and edited texts a
Page 45 and 46: 34 Digital critical editions, howev
Page 47 and 48: 36 While these requirements may see
Page 49 and 50: 38 many discrete texts, in<
Page 51 and 52: 40 examine how l<s
Page 53 and 54: 42 The second fact that Rob
Page 55 and 56: 44 “multimedia scholarly editions
Page 57 and 58: 46 different apparatuses. In Bosche
Page 59 and 60: 48 individual text
Page 61 and 62: 50 In these cases we must provide a
Page 63 and 64: 52 First, it utilizes a nearest nei
Page 65 and 66: 54 entirely pre-searched for each l
Page 67 and 68: 56 As this research in</str
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Page 73 and 74: 62 This manual analysis provided a
Page 75 and 76: 64 As illustrated by this def<stron
Page 77 and 78: 66 archaeology as a discipl
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Page 83 and 84: 72 framework to in
Page 85 and 86: 74 then mapped to the CRM-EH so tha
Page 87 and 88: 76 tDAR also stores all resources <
Page 89 and 90: 78 Many look to their in</s
Page 91 and 92: 80 Although the multidiscipl<strong
Page 93 and 94: 82 computer science can make it pos
Page 95 and 96: 84 were created after this time. A
Page 97 and 98: 86 transparency, accessibility, ava
Page 99 and 100: 88 (Research Archive for Ancient Sc
Page 101 and 102: 90 This challenge of not just digit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Part of the research of the Plei
Page 105 and 106: 94 After correctin
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Page 113 and 114: 102 and squeezes as well as a selec
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Page 117 and 118: 106 To begin this
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110 Another related project that ha
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112 used to point
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114 names in texts
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116 and Manuscripts (VRE-SDM) 378 s
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118 level of storage in</st
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120 simplicity, and sensible file n
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122 compliant DTD and schema. 393 I
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124 While the advanced document-rec
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126 Another significant manuscript
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128 compelled to operate in
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130 Cayless thus developed a method
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132 must consider commercial and en
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134 standard developed for the desc
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136 to standard catalogs, identific
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138 present an extension and comb<s
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140 scholars in th
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142 described as the amicitia papyr
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144 to a full text transcription wh
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146 The final majo
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148 One is toward openness; the oth
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150 this idea of personal ownership
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152 prototype 512 in</stron
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154 other assertions made about par
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156 The conclusion drawn from this
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158 and that “is main</st
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160 philology available at the webs
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162 descriptions that provides scho
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164 of multilingua
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166 Another major methodological is
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168 ancient historians. Network ana
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170 Bradley and Short (2005) have o
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172 “apparently disconnected and
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174 sources used and their abbrevia
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176 resources, inc
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178 materials could be found, a rec
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180 or more documents (69 percent)
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182 This work tends to focus on des
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184 A related poin
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186 “infer user
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188 accessed; few providers, if any
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190 information so
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192 features. In addition, while pa
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194 postdoctoral students, who were
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196 computers by ancient historians
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198 Demos (a growin</strong
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200 database of this encyclopedia c
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202 academia.” At the same time,
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204 granted their views of the pote
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206 science and use ICT occasionall
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208 also declared that the m<strong
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210 were exceptionally diverse, as
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212 across virtual collections of d
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214 tradition of European literatur
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216 the related MILARQ project, 649
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218 initial fund<s
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220 SPQR—Supportin</stron
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222 environments in</strong
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226 methods,” Cohen et al. expla<
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228 One might have presumed that ou
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230 This lack of deeper understand<
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232 expertise, tools, experience, a
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234 All link<stron
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236 of architecture, tools and serv
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238 reported that eSAD was develop<
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240 semantic tools that would make
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242 Sustainable Pr
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244 A recent ARL report that explor
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246 organizations and fundi
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248 throughout this review, i.e., o
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250 commercial providers. At the sa
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252 representations beyond the bord
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254 such as Vindol
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256 that the question of in
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258 Linguistic Com
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260 resources and technology overvi
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262 According to B
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264 support the main</stron
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266 Interoperability”). 763 The m
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268 as the point o
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270 This architecture makes it easy
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272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
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274 Editions.” Advances i
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276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
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278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
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280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
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282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
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284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
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286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
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288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
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290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
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292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
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294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
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296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
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298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
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300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
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302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
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304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
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306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
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