Rome Wasn't Digitized in a Day - Council on Library and Information ...

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41 In this new digital world, where there is an endless amount of edit<strong>in</strong>g to be done, Rob<strong>in</strong>son urged humanists to actively guide the build<strong>in</strong>g of the necessary <strong>in</strong>frastructure by provid<strong>in</strong>g tools, examples of good practice, and key parts of their own editions, s<strong>in</strong>ce, after all, it is <strong>in</strong> their own best <strong>in</strong>terest as well to have a say <strong>in</strong> any <strong>in</strong>frastructure designed for them. He stressed, however, that “there is not and will not be a Wikipedia for editions, nor <strong>in</strong>deed will there ever be any one tool or software environment which does everyth<strong>in</strong>g for everyone. What there might be is a set of tools and resources, built on agreed nam<strong>in</strong>g conventions” (Rob<strong>in</strong>son 2010). He thus argued for basic standards and nam<strong>in</strong>g conventions but aga<strong>in</strong>st any massive universal <strong>in</strong>frastructure. Rob<strong>in</strong>son def<strong>in</strong>ed what he was call<strong>in</strong>g for as “distributed, dynamic and collaborative editions” (Rob<strong>in</strong>son 2009) and argued that: The concept is not that there is a s<strong>in</strong>gle system, a s<strong>in</strong>gle set of software tools, which everybody uses. Instead, across the web we have a federation of separate but co-operat<strong>in</strong>g resources, all with<strong>in</strong> different systems, but all <strong>in</strong>terl<strong>in</strong>ked so that to any user anywhere it appears as if they were all on the one server (Rob<strong>in</strong>son 2009). In fact, Rob<strong>in</strong>son expressed frustration at the fact that most fund<strong>in</strong>g agencies were obsessed with what he considered to be “Grand S<strong>in</strong>gle Solutions.” He saw little utility <strong>in</strong> projects such as SEASR or Bamboo, and summed up his op<strong>in</strong>ion thusly: “Let me say this clearly, as most scholars seem afraid to say it: projects like these are vast wastes of time, effort and money” (Rob<strong>in</strong>son 2009). He argued that the future did not lie with massive, s<strong>in</strong>gle-purpose <strong>in</strong>frastructure, but <strong>in</strong>stead with projects such as Interedition 127 and the Virtual Manuscript Room 128 that are not only seek<strong>in</strong>g ways to create more resources such as manuscript images onl<strong>in</strong>e but also to l<strong>in</strong>k disparate parts (images, tools, transcriptions) that are already onl<strong>in</strong>e together, rather than try to force them all <strong>in</strong>to one new <strong>in</strong>frastructure. The Interedition Project is seek<strong>in</strong>g to create an “<strong>in</strong>teroperable supranational <strong>in</strong>frastructure for digital editions” across Europe that will promote <strong>in</strong>teroperability of the tools and methodologies used <strong>in</strong> the field of digital textual edit<strong>in</strong>g. Still <strong>in</strong> its early stages, this project is work<strong>in</strong>g on a tool called CollateX, 129 “a java library for collat<strong>in</strong>g textual sources” that is the latest version of the tool Collate. Collate was created by Peter Rob<strong>in</strong>son to support the collation of multiple versions of an electronic text <strong>in</strong> order to create scholarly editions, and its functionalities are be<strong>in</strong>g enhanced <strong>in</strong> CollateX (Rob<strong>in</strong>son 2009). In his discussion of Collate, Rob<strong>in</strong>son emphasized that developers of scholarly collation tools should recognize two essential facts, the first and foremost of which is that “scholarly collation is not Diff” and that any attempt to build a collation program that meets all scholars’ needs will meet with failure. He listed two major reasons for this. The first is that while automated programs could easily identify differences between texts, these differences are not necessarily variants; and second, teach<strong>in</strong>g a mach<strong>in</strong>e to determ<strong>in</strong>e the best way to present “any given sequence of variants, at any particular moment” would be a monumental task. One of the features, Rob<strong>in</strong>son argued, that allowed Collate to receive a reasonable measure of uptake was that it “allows the scholar to fix the collation exactly as he or she wants” (Rob<strong>in</strong>son 2009). 127 http://www.<strong>in</strong>teredition.eu/ 128 http://vmr.bham.ac.uk/ 129 https://launchpad.net/collatex
42 The second fact that Rob<strong>in</strong>son felt developers should recognize was that “collation is more than visualization.” While many collation programs can beautifully show variation, Rob<strong>in</strong>son acknowledged, they can present it <strong>in</strong> one format only. For this reason, he designed Collate differently: Aga<strong>in</strong>, one th<strong>in</strong>g I did right with Collate, right back <strong>in</strong> the very beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, was that I did not design the program so it could produce just one output. I designed it so that you could generate what you might call an <strong>in</strong>telligent output. Essentially, this dist<strong>in</strong>guished all the different components of an apparatus - the lemma, the variant, the witness sigil, and much more—and allowed you to specify what might appear before and after each component, and <strong>in</strong> what order the various components might appear (Rob<strong>in</strong>son 2009). Collate allows scholars to output the apparatus <strong>in</strong> forms ready for process<strong>in</strong>g by various analysis programs. At the same time, it has a number of issues that have required the development of CollateX, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g difficulties handl<strong>in</strong>g transpositions and, even more critically, the <strong>in</strong>ability to support collaborative work. A number of smaller research projects are also attempt<strong>in</strong>g to build environments where humanists can work together on texts and digital editions. The Humanities Research Infrastructure and Tools (HRIT) 130 project, based at the Center for Textual Studies and Digital Humanities at Loyola University Chicago, is work<strong>in</strong>g on e-Carrel, a tool that will create a secure and distributed <strong>in</strong>frastructure for access, preservation, and reuse of humanities texts. The e-Carrel tool will also support the use of a collaborative annotation tool and standoff markup. In particular, the creators of e-Carrel want to support <strong>in</strong>teroperability with other humanities text projects and to promote collaborative work on a series of “core texts” that will likely exist as multiversioned documents (Thiruvathukal et al. 2009). In addition to collaborative tools, a number of other tools exist to support the creation of digital editions. Among them is “Edition Production & Presentation Technology” (EPPT), 131 a set of XML tools designed to assist editors <strong>in</strong> creat<strong>in</strong>g image-based electronic editions. The EPPT is a stand-alone application that editors can <strong>in</strong>stall on their own computers and that supports more effective “imagebased encod<strong>in</strong>g” or where users l<strong>in</strong>k descriptive markup (such as a TEI transcription of a manuscript) to material evidence (an image of that manuscript) through XML. Templates are automatically generated from the data of <strong>in</strong>dividual projects so that scholars and students need little tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> TEI/XML to get started. EPPT has two basic tools for <strong>in</strong>tegrat<strong>in</strong>g images and text, ImagText (with OverLay) and xTagger, and enables very precise l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g of both full images and image sections with structural and descriptive metadata. To create a basic image-based edition, a user simply needs images, correspond<strong>in</strong>g pla<strong>in</strong> text, and a document type def<strong>in</strong>ition (DTD). Consequently, EPPT can be used to create image-based editions us<strong>in</strong>g images and data available <strong>in</strong> different archives, and can also be used by scholars to “prepare, collate and search” variant manuscript versions of texts. A number of projects, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the Roman de la Rose and Electronic Boethius, 132 have already made use of this tool. A related project <strong>in</strong> terms of desired functionality is TILE (Text Image L<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g Environment), 133 a collaborative project of the Maryland Institute for Technology <strong>in</strong> the Humanities, 134 the Digital Humanities Observatory (DHO), 135 and Indiana University Bloom<strong>in</strong>gton. This project is seek<strong>in</strong>g to 130 http://text.etl.luc.edu/HRIT_CaTT/overview.php 131 http://www.eppt.org/eppt/. For more on the technical approach beh<strong>in</strong>d the EPPT and us<strong>in</strong>g XML for “image-based electronic editions,” see Dekhytar et al. (2005). 132 http://beowulf.engl.uky.edu/~kiernan/eBoethius/<strong>in</strong>lad.htm 133 http://mith.umd.edu/tile/ 134 http://mith.<strong>in</strong>fo/ 135 http://dho.ie/
Page 1 and 2: "Rome Wasn
Page 3 and 4: ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
Page 5 and 6: iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
Page 7 and 8: vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
Page 9 and 10: viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
Page 11 and 12: x pursuit of knowledge about the an
Page 13 and 14: 2 and intellectual
Page 15 and 16: 4 associations to work together, an
Page 17 and 18: 6 briefly explore issues that are n
Page 19 and 20: 8 for English translations of Greek
Page 21 and 22: 10 is created of the entire bibliog
Page 23 and 24: 12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
Page 25 and 26: 14 generated by the decision tree p
Page 27 and 28: 16 The image-registration algorithm
Page 29 and 30: 18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
Page 31 and 32: 20 information ret
Page 33 and 34: 22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
Page 35 and 36: 24 algorithms; ins
Page 37 and 38: 26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
Page 39 and 40: 28 One major project to recently em
Page 41 and 42: 30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
Page 43 and 44: 32 and prayers), and edited texts a
Page 45 and 46: 34 Digital critical editions, howev
Page 47 and 48: 36 While these requirements may see
Page 49 and 50: 38 many discrete texts, in<
Page 51: 40 examine how l<s
Page 55 and 56: 44 “multimedia scholarly editions
Page 57 and 58: 46 different apparatuses. In Bosche
Page 59 and 60: 48 individual text
Page 61 and 62: 50 In these cases we must provide a
Page 63 and 64: 52 First, it utilizes a nearest nei
Page 65 and 66: 54 entirely pre-searched for each l
Page 67 and 68: 56 As this research in</str
Page 69 and 70: 58 the inscription
Page 71 and 72: 60 Text Min<strong
Page 73 and 74: 62 This manual analysis provided a
Page 75 and 76: 64 As illustrated by this def<stron
Page 77 and 78: 66 archaeology as a discipl
Page 79 and 80: 68 funded with public money <strong
Page 81 and 82: 70 for re-use is a simple slogan, b
Page 83 and 84: 72 framework to in
Page 85 and 86: 74 then mapped to the CRM-EH so tha
Page 87 and 88: 76 tDAR also stores all resources <
Page 89 and 90: 78 Many look to their in</s
Page 91 and 92: 80 Although the multidiscipl<strong
Page 93 and 94: 82 computer science can make it pos
Page 95 and 96: 84 were created after this time. A
Page 97 and 98: 86 transparency, accessibility, ava
Page 99 and 100: 88 (Research Archive for Ancient Sc
Page 101 and 102: 90 This challenge of not just digit
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92 Part of the research of the Plei
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94 After correctin
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96 Epigraphy Overview: Epigraphy Da
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98 step, because epigraphic texts s
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100 text and to previous annotation
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102 and squeezes as well as a selec
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104 original); typ
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106 To begin this
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108 better set the in</stro
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110 Another related project that ha
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112 used to point
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114 names in texts
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116 and Manuscripts (VRE-SDM) 378 s
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118 level of storage in</st
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120 simplicity, and sensible file n
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122 compliant DTD and schema. 393 I
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124 While the advanced document-rec
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126 Another significant manuscript
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128 compelled to operate in
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130 Cayless thus developed a method
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132 must consider commercial and en
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134 standard developed for the desc
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136 to standard catalogs, identific
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138 present an extension and comb<s
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140 scholars in th
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142 described as the amicitia papyr
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144 to a full text transcription wh
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146 The final majo
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148 One is toward openness; the oth
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150 this idea of personal ownership
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152 prototype 512 in</stron
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154 other assertions made about par
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156 The conclusion drawn from this
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158 and that “is main</st
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160 philology available at the webs
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162 descriptions that provides scho
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164 of multilingua
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166 Another major methodological is
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168 ancient historians. Network ana
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170 Bradley and Short (2005) have o
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172 “apparently disconnected and
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174 sources used and their abbrevia
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176 resources, inc
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178 materials could be found, a rec
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180 or more documents (69 percent)
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182 This work tends to focus on des
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184 A related poin
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186 “infer user
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188 accessed; few providers, if any
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190 information so
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192 features. In addition, while pa
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194 postdoctoral students, who were
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196 computers by ancient historians
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198 Demos (a growin</strong
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200 database of this encyclopedia c
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202 academia.” At the same time,
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204 granted their views of the pote
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206 science and use ICT occasionall
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208 also declared that the m<strong
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210 were exceptionally diverse, as
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212 across virtual collections of d
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214 tradition of European literatur
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216 the related MILARQ project, 649
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218 initial fund<s
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220 SPQR—Supportin</stron
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222 environments in</strong
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224 become less “localized” wit
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226 methods,” Cohen et al. expla<
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228 One might have presumed that ou
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230 This lack of deeper understand<
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232 expertise, tools, experience, a
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234 All link<stron
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236 of architecture, tools and serv
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238 reported that eSAD was develop<
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240 semantic tools that would make
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242 Sustainable Pr
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244 A recent ARL report that explor
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246 organizations and fundi
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248 throughout this review, i.e., o
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250 commercial providers. At the sa
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252 representations beyond the bord
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254 such as Vindol
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256 that the question of in
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258 Linguistic Com
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260 resources and technology overvi
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262 According to B
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264 support the main</stron
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266 Interoperability”). 763 The m
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268 as the point o
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270 This architecture makes it easy
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272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
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274 Editions.” Advances i
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276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
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278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
Page 291 and 292:
280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
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282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
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284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
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286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
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288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
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290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
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292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
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294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
Page 307 and 308:
296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
Page 309 and 310:
298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
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300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
Page 313 and 314:
302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
Page 315 and 316:
304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
Page 317 and 318:
306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
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