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31 provides English translations; and (4) it is the “only corpus of any Ancient Middle Eastern language that has been tagged and lemmatized” (Ebel<strong>in</strong>g 2007). These literary texts also differ from adm<strong>in</strong>istrative texts <strong>in</strong> that they spell out the morphology <strong>in</strong> detail and provide a source for cultural and religious vocabulary. The ETSCL, like the CDLI and the BDNTS, conta<strong>in</strong>s transliterations of Sumerian, where the orig<strong>in</strong>al cuneiform has been converted <strong>in</strong>to and is represented by a sequence of Roman characters. As noted above, it also conta<strong>in</strong>s English translations, and transliterations and translations are l<strong>in</strong>ked at the paragraph level. This supports a parallel read<strong>in</strong>g of the orig<strong>in</strong>al text and translation. In addition, the entire corpus is marked up <strong>in</strong> TEI (P4) with some extensions <strong>in</strong> order to accommodate textual variants and l<strong>in</strong>guistic annotations, which, Ebel<strong>in</strong>g admitted, had “sometimes stretched the descriptive apparatus to the limit.” One challenge of present<strong>in</strong>g the text and transliteration side-by-side <strong>in</strong> the ETSCL was that the transliteration was often put together from several fragmentary sources. This was solved by us<strong>in</strong>g the tagpair and from the TEI. The “type” attribute is used to <strong>in</strong>dicate whether it is a primary or secondary variant. A special format was also developed for encod<strong>in</strong>g broken and damaged texts. One major advance of the ETSCL for corpus studies is that the transliterations were lemmatized with an automatic morphological parser (developed by the PSD Project) and the output was then proofread. While this process took a year, it also supports lemmatized search<strong>in</strong>g of the ETSCL, and when a user clicks on an <strong>in</strong>dividual lemma <strong>in</strong> the ETSCL it can launch a search <strong>in</strong> the PSD and vice versa. In sum, the ETSCL serves as a “diachronic, annotated, transliterated, bil<strong>in</strong>gual, parallel corpus of literature or as an all-<strong>in</strong>-one corpus” (Ebel<strong>in</strong>g 2007). The further development of l<strong>in</strong>guistic analysis and corpus search tools for the ETSCL has also been detailed by Tablan et al. (2006): The ma<strong>in</strong> aim of our work is to create a set of tools for perform<strong>in</strong>g automatic morphological analysis of Sumerian. This essentially entails identify<strong>in</strong>g the part of speech for each word <strong>in</strong> the corpus (technically, this only <strong>in</strong>volves nouns and verbs which are the only categories that are <strong>in</strong>flected), separat<strong>in</strong>g the lemma part from the clitics and assign<strong>in</strong>g a morphological function to each of the clitics (Tablan et al. 2006). The authors used the open-source GATE (General Architecture for Text Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g), 106 which was developed at the University of Sheffield, and found that one of the biggest problems <strong>in</strong> evaluat<strong>in</strong>g the success of their methods was that they lacked a morphological gold standard for Sumerian aga<strong>in</strong>st which to evaluate their data. Many of the challenges faced by the ETSCL thus illustrate some of the common issues faced when creat<strong>in</strong>g corpora for historical languages, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a lack of lexical resources and gold standard tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and evaluation data, the difficulties of automatic process<strong>in</strong>g, and the need to represent physically fragmented sources. A recently started literary text project is the SEAL (Sources of Early Akkadian Literature) 107 corpus, which is composed of Akkadian (Babylonian and Assyrian) literary texts from the third and second centuries BC that were documented on cuneiform tablets. The goal of this project, which is funded by the German Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (GIF), is to “compile a complete and <strong>in</strong>dexed corpus of Akkadian literary texts from the 3rd and 2nd Millennia BCE.” They hope that this corpus will form the basis for both a history and a glossary of early Akkadian literature. Around 150 texts are available and they are organized by genre classifications (such as epics, hymns, 106 http://gate.ac.uk/ 107 http://www.seal.uni-leipzig.de/
32 and prayers), and edited texts are downloadable as PDFs. While no images of the tablets are given, those texts that are available as downloads <strong>in</strong>clude basic catalog <strong>in</strong>formation, transliterations, an English translation, a commentary, and a full bibliography. There are also various <strong>in</strong>dexes to the texts, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g words, deity and personal names, and geographical names (there are separate <strong>in</strong>dexes for epics and <strong>in</strong>cantations). Another grow<strong>in</strong>g research project is the Persepolis Fortification Archive Project (PFAP), 108 which is based at the University of Chicago’s Oriental Institute. Archaeologists from the Institute work<strong>in</strong>g at Persepolis <strong>in</strong> the 1930s exposed ru<strong>in</strong>s of the palaces of Darius, Xerxes, and their successors and found tens of thousands of clay tablets <strong>in</strong> a fortification wall. These tablets were adm<strong>in</strong>istrative records produced around 500 BC. This archive is be<strong>in</strong>g made available for study through PFA Onl<strong>in</strong>e. 109 Primary access to the PFA Onl<strong>in</strong>e is made available through OCHRE (Onl<strong>in</strong>e Cultural Heritage Research Environment) and requires the Java Runtime Environment to be used. S<strong>in</strong>ce 2002, the PFA project has captured and edited almost 2,000 digital images of Elamite tablets, created and edited high resolution digital images of more than 600 Aramaic tablets among a variety of other research, 110 and has created a blog to track their progress. 111 In addition to us<strong>in</strong>g OCHRE, the PFAP makes digital material available through InscriptiFact and is <strong>in</strong> the process of submitt<strong>in</strong>g images and texts to the CDLI and to Achemenet. 112 Around 15,000 high-quality images of approximately 515 Persepolis documents are currently available through InscriptiFact, and the PFAP is add<strong>in</strong>g images to this database. While InscriptiFact presents access to images and object-level metadata, access to the PFA Onl<strong>in</strong>e through OCHRE also presents images l<strong>in</strong>ked to text editions (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g transliterations and translations), catalog<strong>in</strong>g, and analytical <strong>in</strong>formation. As <strong>in</strong>dicated by this overview, the challenge of work<strong>in</strong>g with cuneiform tablets and the languages represented by them is an area of active and grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terest. One theme also illustrated throughout the document-recognition section was the importance of creat<strong>in</strong>g digital editions of texts that represent variant read<strong>in</strong>gs and make editorial decisions transparent, two topics that receive further discussion <strong>in</strong> the next section. Digital Editions and Text Edit<strong>in</strong>g Introduction Two of the most extensive and frequently debated questions <strong>in</strong> the field of digital classics, and <strong>in</strong>deed <strong>in</strong> all of the digital humanities, are how to build an <strong>in</strong>frastructure that supports the creation of “true” digital critical editions, and what constitutes a “digital critical edition.” Several long-stand<strong>in</strong>g projects serve as examples of creat<strong>in</strong>g digital editions for the entire corpus of an author (Chicago Homer), 113 for the selected works of an author (Homer and the Papyri, 114 Homeric Multitext 115 ) or for <strong>in</strong>dividual 108 http://ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/PFA_Onl<strong>in</strong>e/ 109 http://ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/ochre6.jspproject=65801673-ad89-6757-330b-fd5926b2a685 110 http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/pfa/ 111 http://persepolistablets.blogspot.com/ 112 http://www.achemenet.com/ 113 http://www.library.northwestern.edu/homer/ 114 http://chs.harvard.edu/wb/86/wo/XNM7918Nrebkz3KQV0bTHg/4.0.0.0.19.1.7.15.1.1.0.1.2.0.4.1.7.1.0.0.1.3.3.1 115 http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageRtn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=1169
Page 1 and 2: "Rome Wasn
Page 3 and 4: ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
Page 5 and 6: iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
Page 7 and 8: vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
Page 9 and 10: viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
Page 11 and 12: x pursuit of knowledge about the an
Page 13 and 14: 2 and intellectual
Page 15 and 16: 4 associations to work together, an
Page 17 and 18: 6 briefly explore issues that are n
Page 19 and 20: 8 for English translations of Greek
Page 21 and 22: 10 is created of the entire bibliog
Page 23 and 24: 12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
Page 25 and 26: 14 generated by the decision tree p
Page 27 and 28: 16 The image-registration algorithm
Page 29 and 30: 18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
Page 31 and 32: 20 information ret
Page 33 and 34: 22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
Page 35 and 36: 24 algorithms; ins
Page 37 and 38: 26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
Page 39 and 40: 28 One major project to recently em
Page 41: 30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
Page 45 and 46: 34 Digital critical editions, howev
Page 47 and 48: 36 While these requirements may see
Page 49 and 50: 38 many discrete texts, in<
Page 51 and 52: 40 examine how l<s
Page 53 and 54: 42 The second fact that Rob
Page 55 and 56: 44 “multimedia scholarly editions
Page 57 and 58: 46 different apparatuses. In Bosche
Page 59 and 60: 48 individual text
Page 61 and 62: 50 In these cases we must provide a
Page 63 and 64: 52 First, it utilizes a nearest nei
Page 65 and 66: 54 entirely pre-searched for each l
Page 67 and 68: 56 As this research in</str
Page 69 and 70: 58 the inscription
Page 71 and 72: 60 Text Min<strong
Page 73 and 74: 62 This manual analysis provided a
Page 75 and 76: 64 As illustrated by this def<stron
Page 77 and 78: 66 archaeology as a discipl
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Page 81 and 82: 70 for re-use is a simple slogan, b
Page 83 and 84: 72 framework to in
Page 85 and 86: 74 then mapped to the CRM-EH so tha
Page 87 and 88: 76 tDAR also stores all resources <
Page 89 and 90: 78 Many look to their in</s
Page 91 and 92: 80 Although the multidiscipl<strong
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82 computer science can make it pos
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84 were created after this time. A
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86 transparency, accessibility, ava
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88 (Research Archive for Ancient Sc
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90 This challenge of not just digit
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92 Part of the research of the Plei
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94 After correctin
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96 Epigraphy Overview: Epigraphy Da
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98 step, because epigraphic texts s
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100 text and to previous annotation
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102 and squeezes as well as a selec
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104 original); typ
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106 To begin this
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108 better set the in</stro
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110 Another related project that ha
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112 used to point
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114 names in texts
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116 and Manuscripts (VRE-SDM) 378 s
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118 level of storage in</st
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120 simplicity, and sensible file n
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122 compliant DTD and schema. 393 I
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124 While the advanced document-rec
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126 Another significant manuscript
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128 compelled to operate in
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130 Cayless thus developed a method
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132 must consider commercial and en
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134 standard developed for the desc
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136 to standard catalogs, identific
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138 present an extension and comb<s
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140 scholars in th
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142 described as the amicitia papyr
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144 to a full text transcription wh
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146 The final majo
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148 One is toward openness; the oth
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150 this idea of personal ownership
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152 prototype 512 in</stron
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154 other assertions made about par
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156 The conclusion drawn from this
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158 and that “is main</st
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160 philology available at the webs
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162 descriptions that provides scho
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164 of multilingua
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166 Another major methodological is
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168 ancient historians. Network ana
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170 Bradley and Short (2005) have o
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172 “apparently disconnected and
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174 sources used and their abbrevia
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176 resources, inc
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178 materials could be found, a rec
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180 or more documents (69 percent)
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182 This work tends to focus on des
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184 A related poin
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186 “infer user
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188 accessed; few providers, if any
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190 information so
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192 features. In addition, while pa
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194 postdoctoral students, who were
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196 computers by ancient historians
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198 Demos (a growin</strong
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200 database of this encyclopedia c
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202 academia.” At the same time,
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204 granted their views of the pote
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206 science and use ICT occasionall
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208 also declared that the m<strong
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210 were exceptionally diverse, as
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212 across virtual collections of d
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214 tradition of European literatur
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216 the related MILARQ project, 649
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218 initial fund<s
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220 SPQR—Supportin</stron
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222 environments in</strong
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224 become less “localized” wit
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226 methods,” Cohen et al. expla<
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228 One might have presumed that ou
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230 This lack of deeper understand<
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232 expertise, tools, experience, a
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234 All link<stron
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236 of architecture, tools and serv
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238 reported that eSAD was develop<
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240 semantic tools that would make
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242 Sustainable Pr
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244 A recent ARL report that explor
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246 organizations and fundi
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248 throughout this review, i.e., o
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250 commercial providers. At the sa
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252 representations beyond the bord
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254 such as Vindol
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256 that the question of in
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258 Linguistic Com
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260 resources and technology overvi
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262 According to B
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264 support the main</stron
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266 Interoperability”). 763 The m
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268 as the point o
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270 This architecture makes it easy
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272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
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274 Editions.” Advances i
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276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
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278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
Page 291 and 292:
280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
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282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
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284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
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286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
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288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
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290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
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292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
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294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
Page 307 and 308:
296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
Page 309 and 310:
298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
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300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
Page 313 and 314:
302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
Page 315 and 316:
304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
Page 317 and 318:
306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
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