Rome Wasn't Digitized in a Day - Council on Library and Information ...

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267 collaborat<strong>in</strong>g, contextualiz<strong>in</strong>g, gather<strong>in</strong>g/forag<strong>in</strong>g and manag<strong>in</strong>g data. SEASR SEASR, or the Software Environment for the Advancement of Scholarly Research, has been funded by the Mellon Foundation as a “transformational cyber<strong>in</strong>frastructure technology” and seeks to support two major functions: (1) to enable scholars to <strong>in</strong>dividually and collaboratively pursue computationally advanced digital research <strong>in</strong> a robust virtual work environment; and (2) to support digital humanities developers with a robust programm<strong>in</strong>g environment where they can both rapidly and efficiently design applications that can be shared. SEASR provides a visual programm<strong>in</strong>g environment named Meandre 771 that allows users to develop applications, labeled “flows,” that can then be deployed on an already-exist<strong>in</strong>g robust hardware <strong>in</strong>frastructure. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the project website, Meandre is a “semantic enabled web-driven, dataflow execution environment” It provides “the mach<strong>in</strong>ery for assembl<strong>in</strong>g and execut<strong>in</strong>g data flows -software applications consist<strong>in</strong>g of software components that process data,” as well as “publish<strong>in</strong>g capabilities for flows and components, enabl<strong>in</strong>g users to assemble a repository of components for reuse and shar<strong>in</strong>g.” In other words, digital humanities developers can use Meandre to quickly develop and share software applications to support <strong>in</strong>dividual scholarship and research collaboration as well as reuse applications that have been developed by others, as SEASR ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s an expand<strong>in</strong>g repository of different components and applications. The second major function of SEASR is to provide a virtual work environment where digital humanities scholars can share data and research and a variety of data and text-m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g tools, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g frequent pattern m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, cluster<strong>in</strong>g, text summarization, <strong>in</strong>formation extraction, and named-entity recognition. This work environment allows scholars to access digital materials that are stored <strong>in</strong> a variety of formats, experiment with different algorithms, and use supercomput<strong>in</strong>g power to provide new visualizations and discover new relationships between data. SEASR uses both a service-oriented architecture (SOA) and semantic web comput<strong>in</strong>g 772 to address four key research needs: (1) to transform semi- or unstructured data (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g natural language texts) <strong>in</strong>to structured data; (2) to improve automatic knowledge discovery through analytics; (3) to support collaborative scholarship through a VRE; and (4) to promote open-source development and community <strong>in</strong>volvement through shar<strong>in</strong>g user applications developed through Meandre <strong>in</strong> a community repository. A number of digital humanities projects have used SEASR, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the Networked Environment for Music Analysis (NEMA) 773 and the MONK (Metadata Offer New Knowledge) project. 774 TextGrid TextGrid began work <strong>in</strong> 2006 and has evolved <strong>in</strong>to a jo<strong>in</strong>t project of 10 partners with fund<strong>in</strong>g through 2012. The project is work<strong>in</strong>g to create an <strong>in</strong>frastructure for a VRE <strong>in</strong> the humanities that consists of two key components: (1) a TextGrid repository that will serve as a “long-term archive for research data <strong>in</strong> the humanities, embedded <strong>in</strong> a grid <strong>in</strong>frastructure” and will “ensure long-term availability and access to its research data as well as <strong>in</strong>teroperability”; and (2) a “TextGrid Laboratory” that will serve 771 http://seasr.org/meandre/documentation/ 772 http://seasr.org/documentation/overview/ 773 http://www.music-ir.org/q=node/12 774 http://monkproject.org/. For more on their use of SEASR <strong>in</strong> text m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and named-entity recognition, see Vuillemot et al. (2009).
268 as the po<strong>in</strong>t of entry to the VRE and provide access to both exist<strong>in</strong>g and new tools. 775 TextGrid is solicit<strong>in</strong>g cont<strong>in</strong>uous feedback on the TextGrid laboratory <strong>in</strong> order to improve it, add new tools, and address <strong>in</strong>terface issues. A beta version of TextGrid laboratory can be downloaded. 776 The TextGrid project has published extensively on their work, and that literature is briefly reviewed here. TextGrid’s <strong>in</strong>itial audience was philologists, and their early work established a “community grid for the collaborative edit<strong>in</strong>g, annotation, analysis, and publication of specialist texts” (Aschenbrenner et al. 2009). Initial research conducted by TextGrid largely focused on this aspect (Dimitriadis et al. 2006, Gietz et al. 2006) of the project, particularly <strong>in</strong> the development of philological editions and services for scholars. More recent research by the TextGrid group has presented detailed <strong>in</strong>formation on the technical architecture of the project and how it relates to the larger world of eHumanities and cyber<strong>in</strong>frastructure (Aschenbrenner et al. 2009, Ludwig and Küster 2008, Ziel<strong>in</strong>ski et al. 2009). The creators of TextGrid ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> that <strong>in</strong> the humanities, the key resources are data, “knowledge about data,” and services, and that the challenge is to process and connect these resources (Aschenbrenner et al. 2009). The <strong>in</strong>tellectual content and the community that uses it are at the core of TextGrid. While the majority of content with<strong>in</strong> TextGrid will be textual, image resources have also been provided by a number of German <strong>in</strong>stitutions, and these two resources will be merged <strong>in</strong>to a “virtual library” us<strong>in</strong>g the Globus toolkit grid <strong>in</strong>frastructure. This will allow TextGrid to provide seamless search<strong>in</strong>g over federated archives while still allow<strong>in</strong>g the data to rema<strong>in</strong> distributed and support<strong>in</strong>g the addition of new organizations (Ludwig and Küster 2008). The authors also discussed the difficulties of creat<strong>in</strong>g digital content that will need to be used and preserved for a time that will outlast any system design: Furthermore, the typical project duration of eHumanities projects and <strong>in</strong> particular that for the elaboration of critical editions, academic dictionaries and large l<strong>in</strong>guistic corpora is often long—many years at least, often decades, sometimes even centuries. The time span dur<strong>in</strong>g which those resources rema<strong>in</strong> pert<strong>in</strong>ent for then current research can be much longer still. In this it by far surpasses the average lifetime of any particular generation of software technology (Ludwig and Küster 2008). They thus po<strong>in</strong>ted out the importance of content stability and of design<strong>in</strong>g content that can be ported <strong>in</strong>to new systems as time passes, s<strong>in</strong>ce digital resources created will likely be used for far longer than the <strong>in</strong>dividual services designed to use them. TextGrid’s developers recommended creat<strong>in</strong>g an open-service environment with robust and general services that can ultimately be used to “form the basis for value added services and, eventually, doma<strong>in</strong> specific services and tailored applications” (Aschenbrenner et al. 2009). The creators of TextGrid thus argued that to be successful, a digital humanities project must first create an open <strong>in</strong>frastructure with fairly generic services while at the same time promot<strong>in</strong>g community creation of specialized applications and workflows that can motivate community participation and greater uptake. In fact, active community build<strong>in</strong>g has been one of TextGrid’s most dynamic tasks dur<strong>in</strong>g both project design and development, and they have designed specific documentation and communication for their three <strong>in</strong>tended user groups (i.e., visitors/users, data providers, and tool developers). TextGrid has designed a service oriented architecture <strong>in</strong> multiple layers: (1) the application environment or TextGrid access po<strong>in</strong>t that is Eclipse based and geared towards philologists; (2) 775 http://www.textgrid.de/en/ueber-textgrid.html 776 http://www.textgrid.de/en/beta.html
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"Rome Wasn
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ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
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iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
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vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
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viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
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x pursuit of knowledge about the an
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2 and intellectual
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4 associations to work together, an
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6 briefly explore issues that are n
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8 for English translations of Greek
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10 is created of the entire bibliog
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12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
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14 generated by the decision tree p
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16 The image-registration algorithm
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18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
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20 information ret
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22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
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24 algorithms; ins
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26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
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28 One major project to recently em
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30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
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32 and prayers), and edited texts a
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34 Digital critical editions, howev
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36 While these requirements may see
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38 many discrete texts, in<
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40 examine how l<s
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42 The second fact that Rob
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44 “multimedia scholarly editions
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46 different apparatuses. In Bosche
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48 individual text
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50 In these cases we must provide a
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52 First, it utilizes a nearest nei
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54 entirely pre-searched for each l
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56 As this research in</str
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58 the inscription
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60 Text Min<strong
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62 This manual analysis provided a
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64 As illustrated by this def<stron
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66 archaeology as a discipl
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68 funded with public money <strong
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70 for re-use is a simple slogan, b
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72 framework to in
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74 then mapped to the CRM-EH so tha
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76 tDAR also stores all resources <
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78 Many look to their in</s
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80 Although the multidiscipl<strong
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82 computer science can make it pos
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84 were created after this time. A
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86 transparency, accessibility, ava
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88 (Research Archive for Ancient Sc
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90 This challenge of not just digit
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92 Part of the research of the Plei
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94 After correctin
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96 Epigraphy Overview: Epigraphy Da
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98 step, because epigraphic texts s
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100 text and to previous annotation
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102 and squeezes as well as a selec
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104 original); typ
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106 To begin this
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108 better set the in</stro
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110 Another related project that ha
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112 used to point
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114 names in texts
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116 and Manuscripts (VRE-SDM) 378 s
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118 level of storage in</st
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120 simplicity, and sensible file n
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122 compliant DTD and schema. 393 I
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124 While the advanced document-rec
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126 Another significant manuscript
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128 compelled to operate in
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130 Cayless thus developed a method
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132 must consider commercial and en
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134 standard developed for the desc
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136 to standard catalogs, identific
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138 present an extension and comb<s
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140 scholars in th
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142 described as the amicitia papyr
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144 to a full text transcription wh
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146 The final majo
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148 One is toward openness; the oth
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150 this idea of personal ownership
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152 prototype 512 in</stron
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154 other assertions made about par
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156 The conclusion drawn from this
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158 and that “is main</st
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160 philology available at the webs
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162 descriptions that provides scho
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164 of multilingua
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166 Another major methodological is
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168 ancient historians. Network ana
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170 Bradley and Short (2005) have o
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172 “apparently disconnected and
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174 sources used and their abbrevia
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176 resources, inc
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178 materials could be found, a rec
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180 or more documents (69 percent)
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182 This work tends to focus on des
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184 A related poin
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186 “infer user
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188 accessed; few providers, if any
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190 information so
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192 features. In addition, while pa
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194 postdoctoral students, who were
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196 computers by ancient historians
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198 Demos (a growin</strong
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200 database of this encyclopedia c
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202 academia.” At the same time,
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206 science and use ICT occasionall
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208 also declared that the m<strong
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210 were exceptionally diverse, as
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212 across virtual collections of d
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214 tradition of European literatur
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Page 247 and 248: 236 of architecture, tools and serv
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Page 255 and 256: 244 A recent ARL report that explor
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Page 269 and 270: 258 Linguistic Com
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Page 273 and 274: 262 According to B
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Page 281 and 282: 270 This architecture makes it easy
Page 283 and 284: 272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
Page 285 and 286: 274 Editions.” Advances i
Page 287 and 288: 276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
Page 289 and 290: 278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
Page 291 and 292: 280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
Page 293 and 294: 282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
Page 295 and 296: 284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
Page 297 and 298: 286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
Page 299 and 300: 288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
Page 301 and 302: 290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
Page 303 and 304: 292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
Page 305 and 306: 294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
Page 307 and 308: 296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
Page 309 and 310: 298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
Page 311 and 312: 300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
Page 313 and 314: 302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
Page 315 and 316: 304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
Page 317 and 318: 306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
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