Rome Wasn't Digitized in a Day - Council on Library and Information ...

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253 a distributed network of content and services” (Choudhury 2008). Choudhury concluded that for <strong>in</strong>stitutional and consequently digital repositories to be successful they would need to def<strong>in</strong>e themselves as one part of the larger cyber<strong>in</strong>frastructure, not as the <strong>in</strong>frastructure. An additional challenge for creat<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>teroperable <strong>in</strong>frastructure is that many <strong>in</strong>dividual digital humanities applications or tools are very specialized and do not support even limited <strong>in</strong>teroperability. One means of address<strong>in</strong>g this problem, accord<strong>in</strong>g to Stephen Nichols, would to design more digital projects to be “tool-agnostic”: Rather than creat<strong>in</strong>g tools specifically for a given set of material, one can make platforms toolagnostic: mean<strong>in</strong>g simply that the site is designed to accommodate varied content. The capacity of a site to host multiple projects <strong>in</strong>vites collaboration among scholarly groups who would otherwise each be putt<strong>in</strong>g up its own separate site. This <strong>in</strong> turn will promote scholarly communication and collaboration …<strong>in</strong> short, true <strong>in</strong>teroperability. Technically such a model is not difficult to achieve; the problem lies elsewhere: <strong>in</strong> conv<strong>in</strong>c<strong>in</strong>g scholars and IT professionals to th<strong>in</strong>k imag<strong>in</strong>atively and proactively by creat<strong>in</strong>g an ‘ecumenical’ platform for their orig<strong>in</strong>al content, i.e. one that is general <strong>in</strong> its extent and application (Nichols 2009). Cohen et al. (2009) made similar criticisms of the limited amount of tool <strong>in</strong>teroperability, not<strong>in</strong>g that despite the existence of various standards and methods, most tools have been built as “one-off, standalone web applications or pieces of software.” Other issues they listed were the <strong>in</strong>ability to import and export between tools and the difficulty of connect<strong>in</strong>g different tools that perform the same task, cit<strong>in</strong>g as an example the vast proliferation of annotation software over the last five years (e.g., Co- Annotea, Pl<strong>in</strong>y, Zotero). Compound<strong>in</strong>g the problem is that most digital tools work only with limited content collections, often because digital collections lack any way of communicat<strong>in</strong>g with tools such as an API. In terms of creat<strong>in</strong>g larger VREs for the humanities, Voss and Procter have similarly argued that any successful VRE will need to <strong>in</strong>clude both generic and repurposable components that can be used widely. They believed that most research is <strong>in</strong>deed head<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> that direction: “A wide range of commoditised components and systems are available,” Voss and Proctor expla<strong>in</strong>ed, “and efforts are underway to develop <strong>in</strong>teroperability frameworks to foster flexible <strong>in</strong>tegration to form seamless collaborative work environments” (Voss and Procter 2009). The VRE-SDM has followed this approach by mak<strong>in</strong>g use of open-source tools wherever possible (e.g., for annotation and for document view<strong>in</strong>g) and of an exist<strong>in</strong>g VRE tool, the uPortal framework 712 (Bowman et al. 2010). They have used this framework to ensure <strong>in</strong>teroperability with other VREs and virtual learn<strong>in</strong>g environments (VLE) for it allows them to reuse portlets from other projects and also makes their own components easier to reuse. This framework can be customized by users, who can compile their own <strong>in</strong>terfaces us<strong>in</strong>g portlets that offer the tools and services they want. They are us<strong>in</strong>g other, newer standards (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Google gadget/OpenSocial) 713 to support the <strong>in</strong>tegration of various components. “This means that <strong>in</strong> the long-term the VRE will be able to provide tools to researchers across the humanities,” Bowman et al. (2010) proposed; “some, such as the view<strong>in</strong>g and annotation tools, will be relevant to the broadest range of scholars, while other more specialist tools can be added by <strong>in</strong>dividual users or groups as and when needed” (Bowman et al. 2010, 96). As an example, they proposed that the VRE-SDM could deploy both its own tools and those of eSAD to explore collections 712 http://www.jasig.org/uportal 713 http://code.google.com/apis/opensocial
254 such as V<strong>in</strong>dolanda and the LGPN. By us<strong>in</strong>g standards and tools that can be reused by various digital humanities projects, the VRE-SDM hoped to encourage other projects “to present their own tools and services for reuse with<strong>in</strong> the environment.” Their model of creat<strong>in</strong>g both a customizable and extendable architecture has been followed by other projects such as TextGrid and DARIAH. The vary<strong>in</strong>g challenges of <strong>in</strong>teroperability (content, metadata, software, hardware, services, tools) are be<strong>in</strong>g addressed by all the major digital humanities cyber<strong>in</strong>frastructure projects, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Bamboo, CLARIN, DARIAH, and TextGrid, all of which are discussed <strong>in</strong> further detail below, but a brief overview of their vary<strong>in</strong>g approaches to <strong>in</strong>teroperability is given here. The Bamboo project plans to develop a services platform that will host and deliver shared services for arts and humanities research, and these services will run on the “cloud.” The project also plans to adopt common standards and reuse other services and technology whenever possible (Ka<strong>in</strong>z 2009). CLARIN is us<strong>in</strong>g Grid and Semantic Web technologies to ensure a full <strong>in</strong>tegration of services and resources and semantic <strong>in</strong>teroperability, respectively. Their ultimate goal is to create a “virtual, distributed research <strong>in</strong>frastructure” through a federation of trusted digital archives that will provide resources and tools (typically through web services) and provide users with a secure log on (Váradi et al. 2008). Similarly, DARIAH is explor<strong>in</strong>g the use of Fedora and the IRODS data grid technology to create a distributed research <strong>in</strong>frastructure that is secure, customizable, and extendable (Blanke 2010). A recent article by Aschenbrenner et al. (2010) has further exam<strong>in</strong>ed how the DARIAH <strong>in</strong>frastructure will support the federation of various digital archives, an important task s<strong>in</strong>ce research questions with<strong>in</strong> the humanities often require materials that are stored <strong>in</strong> different locations. To support robust <strong>in</strong>teraction between different agents <strong>in</strong> an open-repository environment, they have broken down “<strong>in</strong>teractions for repository federation” <strong>in</strong>to three layers: physical, logical and conceptual. They have also identified six attributes of <strong>in</strong>teroperability that must be addressed by any federated system: (1) digital object encod<strong>in</strong>g (e.g., “byte serialization” for characters); (2) digital object syntax (“the str<strong>in</strong>gs and statements that can be used to express semantics,” e.g., XML grammars); (3) semantics for digital objects (“the mean<strong>in</strong>g of terms and statements <strong>in</strong> a certa<strong>in</strong> context,” e.g., metadata formats, controlled vocabularies, or ontologies); (4) protocols (how different <strong>in</strong>tellectual entities relate to one another with<strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>formation system, e.g., OAI-ORE, the METS standard 714 ); (5) patterns (“identifies recurr<strong>in</strong>g design problems <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation systems and present a well-proven generic approach for its solution, consist<strong>in</strong>g of the constituent components, their responsibilities and relationships,” e.g., harvest<strong>in</strong>g through OAI-PMH); and (6) architectures (“specifies the overall structure, capabilities of and <strong>in</strong>teractions between system components to achieve an overall goal”) (Aschenbrenner et al. 2010). In their approach to <strong>in</strong>teroperability, or as they more specifically def<strong>in</strong>e it to promote larger, federated eHumanities systems, the creators of TextGrid have suggested the creation of federated semantic service registries, or registries that provide descriptions of the services and resources <strong>in</strong>dividual digital humanities projects or systems provide so that they can be discovered and potentially reused both by users and other systems. Aschenbrenner et al. (2009) posited that “standardized descriptions of services and other resources will be a precondition for build<strong>in</strong>g shared, federated registries” and will have the added benefit of “enabl<strong>in</strong>g a central query <strong>in</strong>terface.” Such a registry, they proposed, would require a doma<strong>in</strong> ontology that they have prelim<strong>in</strong>arily developed. Aschenbrenner et al. (2009) also observed that <strong>in</strong> the past few years what they def<strong>in</strong>ed as “eHumanities Digital Ecosystems” have sprung up <strong>in</strong> great numbers. “The big challenge ahead,” they concluded, “is now to see how these 714 For a useful overview of how METS and OAI-ORE differ and how they might be mapped <strong>in</strong> order to support greater levels of <strong>in</strong>teroperability, see McDonough (2009).
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"Rome Wasn
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ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
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iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
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vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
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viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
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x pursuit of knowledge about the an
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2 and intellectual
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4 associations to work together, an
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6 briefly explore issues that are n
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8 for English translations of Greek
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10 is created of the entire bibliog
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12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
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14 generated by the decision tree p
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16 The image-registration algorithm
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18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
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20 information ret
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22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
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24 algorithms; ins
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26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
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28 One major project to recently em
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30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
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32 and prayers), and edited texts a
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34 Digital critical editions, howev
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36 While these requirements may see
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38 many discrete texts, in<
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40 examine how l<s
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42 The second fact that Rob
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44 “multimedia scholarly editions
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46 different apparatuses. In Bosche
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48 individual text
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50 In these cases we must provide a
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52 First, it utilizes a nearest nei
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54 entirely pre-searched for each l
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56 As this research in</str
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58 the inscription
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60 Text Min<strong
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62 This manual analysis provided a
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64 As illustrated by this def<stron
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66 archaeology as a discipl
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68 funded with public money <strong
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70 for re-use is a simple slogan, b
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72 framework to in
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74 then mapped to the CRM-EH so tha
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76 tDAR also stores all resources <
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78 Many look to their in</s
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80 Although the multidiscipl<strong
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82 computer science can make it pos
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84 were created after this time. A
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86 transparency, accessibility, ava
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88 (Research Archive for Ancient Sc
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90 This challenge of not just digit
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92 Part of the research of the Plei
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94 After correctin
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96 Epigraphy Overview: Epigraphy Da
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98 step, because epigraphic texts s
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100 text and to previous annotation
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102 and squeezes as well as a selec
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104 original); typ
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106 To begin this
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108 better set the in</stro
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110 Another related project that ha
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112 used to point
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114 names in texts
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116 and Manuscripts (VRE-SDM) 378 s
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118 level of storage in</st
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120 simplicity, and sensible file n
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122 compliant DTD and schema. 393 I
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124 While the advanced document-rec
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126 Another significant manuscript
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128 compelled to operate in
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130 Cayless thus developed a method
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132 must consider commercial and en
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134 standard developed for the desc
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136 to standard catalogs, identific
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138 present an extension and comb<s
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140 scholars in th
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142 described as the amicitia papyr
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144 to a full text transcription wh
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146 The final majo
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148 One is toward openness; the oth
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150 this idea of personal ownership
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152 prototype 512 in</stron
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154 other assertions made about par
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156 The conclusion drawn from this
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158 and that “is main</st
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160 philology available at the webs
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162 descriptions that provides scho
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164 of multilingua
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166 Another major methodological is
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168 ancient historians. Network ana
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170 Bradley and Short (2005) have o
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172 “apparently disconnected and
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174 sources used and their abbrevia
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176 resources, inc
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178 materials could be found, a rec
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180 or more documents (69 percent)
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182 This work tends to focus on des
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184 A related poin
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186 “infer user
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188 accessed; few providers, if any
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190 information so
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192 features. In addition, while pa
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194 postdoctoral students, who were
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196 computers by ancient historians
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198 Demos (a growin</strong
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200 database of this encyclopedia c
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Page 223 and 224: 212 across virtual collections of d
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Page 227 and 228: 216 the related MILARQ project, 649
Page 229 and 230: 218 initial fund<s
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Page 241 and 242: 230 This lack of deeper understand<
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Page 245 and 246: 234 All link<stron
Page 247 and 248: 236 of architecture, tools and serv
Page 249 and 250: 238 reported that eSAD was develop<
Page 251 and 252: 240 semantic tools that would make
Page 253 and 254: 242 Sustainable Pr
Page 255 and 256: 244 A recent ARL report that explor
Page 257 and 258: 246 organizations and fundi
Page 259 and 260: 248 throughout this review, i.e., o
Page 261 and 262: 250 commercial providers. At the sa
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Page 269 and 270: 258 Linguistic Com
Page 271 and 272: 260 resources and technology overvi
Page 273 and 274: 262 According to B
Page 275 and 276: 264 support the main</stron
Page 277 and 278: 266 Interoperability”). 763 The m
Page 279 and 280: 268 as the point o
Page 281 and 282: 270 This architecture makes it easy
Page 283 and 284: 272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
Page 285 and 286: 274 Editions.” Advances i
Page 287 and 288: 276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
Page 289 and 290: 278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
Page 291 and 292: 280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
Page 293 and 294: 282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
Page 295 and 296: 284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
Page 297 and 298: 286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
Page 299 and 300: 288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
Page 301 and 302: 290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
Page 303 and 304: 292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
Page 305 and 306: 294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
Page 307 and 308: 296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
Page 309 and 310: 298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
Page 311 and 312: 300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
Page 313 and 314: 302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
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304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
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306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
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