Rome Wasn't Digitized in a Day - Council on Library and Information ...

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249 embedded <strong>in</strong> the format, the format is applied to the document. In other words, the content becomes primary aga<strong>in</strong>, and the appearance secondary. This type of focus is very much <strong>in</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g with the ways <strong>in</strong> which ancient documents have reached us: none of their copyists would have argued that the text’s appearance was as important as its content. The appearance will have changed every time the text was copied (Cayless 2010b, 148). Thus a renewed focus on <strong>in</strong>tellectual content rather than physical appearance is not only important from a digital preservation perspective, Cayless argued, but also more <strong>in</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g with how ancient texts were transmitted. In addition, Cayless stated that many ancient texts were transmitted with their commentaries, and that digital texts will need to be able to have their own modern versions of commentaries such as notes and annotations preserved as well. While both PDF and Microsoft Word have <strong>in</strong>flexible annotation models, Cayless noted that XML allows for easier, more flexible text annotation. F<strong>in</strong>ally, Cayless listed five <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g pieces of advice for digital archivists that offer food for thought for any long-term <strong>in</strong>frastructure plann<strong>in</strong>g for the humanities. First, as the future view or use of any work cannot easily be predicted, due care must be taken for preserv<strong>in</strong>g a large variety of digital resources. At the same time, Cayless reiterated how “long-term survival may best be ensured by releas<strong>in</strong>g copies from our control” (Cayless 2010b, 149). Second, as works have vary<strong>in</strong>g cycles of <strong>in</strong>terest, long-term preservation must account for cycles of dis<strong>in</strong>terest that could threaten the survival of a work. Cayless thus advised digital archivists to promote the use of their whole collection, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g their lesser-known items. 702 Third, “self-susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g communities of <strong>in</strong>terest” may prove the most important factor <strong>in</strong> the long-term survival of works, so digital archivists should seek to help connect and facilitate communication between <strong>in</strong>terested users and promote the growth of communities. Fourth, while an entire orig<strong>in</strong>al object may not survive, the <strong>in</strong>tellectual content might still be preserved (e.g., fragmentary texts or derivative works), so Cayless suggested that digital archivists should perhaps worry less about ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>tegrity of digital objects outside of their curatorial control. Fifth, the more copies of a work that exist, the more likely it will be to survive, so digital archivists should extend efforts to obta<strong>in</strong> rights to reproduce digital resources without limitations. Levels of Interoperability and Infrastructure A key issue for any long-term preservation <strong>in</strong>frastructure will be the <strong>in</strong>teroperability of its components, such as different digital repository platforms; diverse types of widely distributed content and heterogeneous data; and <strong>in</strong>dividual digital humanities applications, services, and tools. The ARL report identified the press<strong>in</strong>g need for research libraries to engage with a “larger networked environment” and stressed that digital repositories could no longer be created as isolated collections or silos and <strong>in</strong>stead needed to be designed “<strong>in</strong> ways that allow them to participate <strong>in</strong> higher-level, cross-repository services”(ARL 2009b). In addition, the report by the ARL asserted that by 2015 much technology that was once managed locally would be managed <strong>in</strong> a distributed and virtualized <strong>in</strong>frastructure such as through “cloud comput<strong>in</strong>g,” 703 either through collaboration with<strong>in</strong> and among <strong>in</strong>stitutions or through contract<strong>in</strong>g to 702 Similar arguments were made by Audenaert and Furuta (2010), who revealed that the audience for an orig<strong>in</strong>al source is often the most widely forgotten actor and stated that “consequently, audiences have a significant, if <strong>in</strong>direct, hand <strong>in</strong> a work by determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g what is accepted, what is copied, how it is packaged and which works survive.” 703 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Webopedia (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/c/cloud_comput<strong>in</strong>g.html), cloud comput<strong>in</strong>g is similar to grid comput<strong>in</strong>g, and it “relies on shar<strong>in</strong>g comput<strong>in</strong>g resources rather than hav<strong>in</strong>g local servers or personal devices to handle applications.” Cloud comput<strong>in</strong>g applies supercomput<strong>in</strong>g power to “perform tens of trillions of computations per second, <strong>in</strong> consumer-oriented applications” and accomplishes this by network<strong>in</strong>g “large groups of servers,
250 commercial providers. At the same time, they noted that library standards for <strong>in</strong>teroperation would be <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly overshadowed by more general network standards. As large data sets and other massive amounts of content become available, “research will grow more reliant on the production and use of large collections of data or primary source <strong>in</strong>formation organized <strong>in</strong>to a plethora of repositories operat<strong>in</strong>g at national, discipl<strong>in</strong>ary, and <strong>in</strong>stitutional levels” (ARL 2009b). Thus for researchers of the near future, it will not be necessarily important where a particular digital object or collection lives, but it will be essential that different repositories are able to <strong>in</strong>teract with each other. As the ARL report concludes, “In this environment, <strong>in</strong>teroperation between repositories and service technologies will be a press<strong>in</strong>g priority”(ARL 2009b). Gregory Crane has also argued this po<strong>in</strong>t recently, conclud<strong>in</strong>g that humanists will need networks of repositories, and that the “greatest need is for networked repositories that can <strong>in</strong>tegrate collections and services distributed across the network <strong>in</strong> the short term and can then ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> these collections and services over decades” (Crane 2008). The need for <strong>in</strong>teroperable repository <strong>in</strong>frastructures has been addressed by Aschenbrenner et al. (2008), who have argued that for digital repositories to be successful they must become a natural and an <strong>in</strong>tegrated part of users daily work environments. 704 This requires shared standards, description schemas, and <strong>in</strong>frastructure, a task that, they argued, is beyond <strong>in</strong>dividual <strong>in</strong>stitutions and that will not be accomplished through the creation of “local repository islands”: Once it is possible to compose repository components through standard <strong>in</strong>terfaces, repository managers can <strong>in</strong>vestigate which tasks they should take on themselves and which tasks to outsource to suitable service providers. This creates a much-needed competitive market where services can be plugged <strong>in</strong> with greater ease and for less cost. … However, for those new perspectives to manifest, the members of the repository community need to move closer together and develop a collaborative agenda (Aschenbrenner et al. 2008). They also noted that many useful opportunities already existed <strong>in</strong> terms of promot<strong>in</strong>g repository <strong>in</strong>teroperability, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g scalable and on-demand generic storage <strong>in</strong>frastructures, large-scale file-level process<strong>in</strong>g for content analysis, more useful <strong>in</strong>tegration of application environments, and a variety of lightweight preservation services such as “l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g to community-wide format registries and migration services.” Romary and Armbruster (2009) have made similar arguments (with a focus on research publications) and concluded that digital repositories (thematic, geographical, or <strong>in</strong>stitutional) will be successful and see major uptake only if they are organized as large, central repositories (often organized by discipl<strong>in</strong>e such as Arxiv.org 705 ) that can support faster dissem<strong>in</strong>ation, better services, and more effective preservation and digital curation. Centralized digital repositories, they also argued, will need to become part of the larger scholarly <strong>in</strong>frastructure that is develop<strong>in</strong>g: The specific vision that we have advocated <strong>in</strong> this paper goes <strong>in</strong>to the direction of provid<strong>in</strong>g scientists with digital scholarly workbenches which, through a better coord<strong>in</strong>ation of technical <strong>in</strong>frastructures and adapted editorial support will provide both the quality and flexibility that is usually those with low-cost consumer PC technology, with specialized connections to spread data-process<strong>in</strong>g chores across them. This shared IT <strong>in</strong>frastructure conta<strong>in</strong>s large pools of systems that are l<strong>in</strong>ked together.” Virtualization technologies are frequently used to implement cloud comput<strong>in</strong>g. In terms of academic projects, Fedorazon has recently explored the use of cloud comput<strong>in</strong>g to support digital repositories us<strong>in</strong>g Amazon Web Services and Fedora (Flanders 2009). A recent study by Constance Malpas of OCLC has also provided an important look at the future of cloud comput<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> academic libraries (Malpas 2011). 704 Recent research by Cather<strong>in</strong>e Marshall has offered <strong>in</strong>itial analysis <strong>in</strong>to scholarly writ<strong>in</strong>g and archiv<strong>in</strong>g practices through <strong>in</strong>terviews with scientists <strong>in</strong> order to determ<strong>in</strong>e how to make the practice of scholarly archiv<strong>in</strong>g a more <strong>in</strong>tegral part of the research process (Marshall 2008). 705 http://arxiv.org/
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"Rome Wasn
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ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
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iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
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vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
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viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
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x pursuit of knowledge about the an
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2 and intellectual
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4 associations to work together, an
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6 briefly explore issues that are n
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8 for English translations of Greek
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10 is created of the entire bibliog
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12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
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14 generated by the decision tree p
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16 The image-registration algorithm
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18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
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20 information ret
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22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
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24 algorithms; ins
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26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
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28 One major project to recently em
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30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
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32 and prayers), and edited texts a
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34 Digital critical editions, howev
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36 While these requirements may see
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38 many discrete texts, in<
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40 examine how l<s
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42 The second fact that Rob
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44 “multimedia scholarly editions
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46 different apparatuses. In Bosche
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48 individual text
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50 In these cases we must provide a
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52 First, it utilizes a nearest nei
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54 entirely pre-searched for each l
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56 As this research in</str
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58 the inscription
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60 Text Min<strong
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62 This manual analysis provided a
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64 As illustrated by this def<stron
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66 archaeology as a discipl
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68 funded with public money <strong
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70 for re-use is a simple slogan, b
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72 framework to in
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74 then mapped to the CRM-EH so tha
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76 tDAR also stores all resources <
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78 Many look to their in</s
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80 Although the multidiscipl<strong
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82 computer science can make it pos
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84 were created after this time. A
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86 transparency, accessibility, ava
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88 (Research Archive for Ancient Sc
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90 This challenge of not just digit
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92 Part of the research of the Plei
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94 After correctin
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96 Epigraphy Overview: Epigraphy Da
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98 step, because epigraphic texts s
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100 text and to previous annotation
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102 and squeezes as well as a selec
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104 original); typ
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106 To begin this
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108 better set the in</stro
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110 Another related project that ha
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112 used to point
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114 names in texts
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116 and Manuscripts (VRE-SDM) 378 s
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118 level of storage in</st
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120 simplicity, and sensible file n
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122 compliant DTD and schema. 393 I
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124 While the advanced document-rec
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126 Another significant manuscript
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128 compelled to operate in
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130 Cayless thus developed a method
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132 must consider commercial and en
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134 standard developed for the desc
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136 to standard catalogs, identific
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138 present an extension and comb<s
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140 scholars in th
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142 described as the amicitia papyr
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144 to a full text transcription wh
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146 The final majo
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148 One is toward openness; the oth
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150 this idea of personal ownership
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152 prototype 512 in</stron
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154 other assertions made about par
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156 The conclusion drawn from this
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158 and that “is main</st
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160 philology available at the webs
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162 descriptions that provides scho
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164 of multilingua
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166 Another major methodological is
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168 ancient historians. Network ana
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170 Bradley and Short (2005) have o
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172 “apparently disconnected and
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174 sources used and their abbrevia
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176 resources, inc
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178 materials could be found, a rec
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180 or more documents (69 percent)
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182 This work tends to focus on des
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184 A related poin
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186 “infer user
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188 accessed; few providers, if any
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190 information so
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192 features. In addition, while pa
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194 postdoctoral students, who were
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196 computers by ancient historians
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Page 247 and 248: 236 of architecture, tools and serv
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Page 255 and 256: 244 A recent ARL report that explor
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Page 269 and 270: 258 Linguistic Com
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Page 275 and 276: 264 support the main</stron
Page 277 and 278: 266 Interoperability”). 763 The m
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Page 281 and 282: 270 This architecture makes it easy
Page 283 and 284: 272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
Page 285 and 286: 274 Editions.” Advances i
Page 287 and 288: 276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
Page 289 and 290: 278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
Page 291 and 292: 280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
Page 293 and 294: 282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
Page 295 and 296: 284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
Page 297 and 298: 286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
Page 299 and 300: 288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
Page 301 and 302: 290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
Page 303 and 304: 292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
Page 305 and 306: 294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
Page 307 and 308: 296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
Page 309 and 310: 298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
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300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
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302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
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304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
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306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
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