Rome Wasn't Digitized in a Day - Council on Library and Information ...

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175 Simile Timel<strong>in</strong>e 558 and Exhibit 559 ). Even more important, they are provid<strong>in</strong>g consistent “cool URLs” so that these data can be l<strong>in</strong>ked to and widely reused <strong>in</strong> other applications. Only a limited number of the 3,000 attested place names <strong>in</strong> the LGPN currently have KML downloads s<strong>in</strong>ce this format requires latitude and longitude for locations, but the LGPN is work<strong>in</strong>g with Pleiades (as part of the Concordia <strong>in</strong>itiative) to f<strong>in</strong>d these places <strong>in</strong> the Barr<strong>in</strong>gton Atlas and utilize the geolocation <strong>in</strong>formation found with<strong>in</strong> this atlas. All these formats, Matthews and Rahtz expla<strong>in</strong>ed, are created by a simple series of XSL transformations on the TEI XML file. Through the use of consistent standards, therefore, the LGPN was able to demonstrate the potential of l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g their data with many other digital classics projects. As this overview of prosopographical and onomastic resources illustrates, there are a number of prosopographical resources onl<strong>in</strong>e, although far fewer than for other classical discipl<strong>in</strong>es. It appears that none of the projects reviewed other than the LGPN has plans to provide XML versions of their data, or <strong>in</strong>deed to provide any access to their data at all other than through the <strong>in</strong>dividual websites. However, the <strong>in</strong>formation found with<strong>in</strong> these databases, particularly the lists of personal names and their variants, could be extremely useful as tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g data <strong>in</strong> the development of named-entity disambiguation algorithms for historical texts. Similarly, as many of the resources used <strong>in</strong> the creation of these databases (e.g., published collections of documentary texts papyri, <strong>in</strong>scriptions) are <strong>in</strong> the public doma<strong>in</strong> and may have been published onl<strong>in</strong>e (e.g., <strong>in</strong> Google Books or the Internet Archive), <strong>in</strong>dividual name records could likely be l<strong>in</strong>ked to a variety of onl<strong>in</strong>e sources of their attestations. THE USE AND USERS OF RESOURCES IN DIGITAL CLASSICS AND THE DIGITAL HUMANITIES While this review orig<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>in</strong>tended to <strong>in</strong>clude a survey of studies that exam<strong>in</strong>ed how scholars made use of specific digital classics projects and how well these projects met their needs, no such overview studies were located. 560 A number of digital classics resources <strong>in</strong>cluded extensive bibliographies 561 that listed research that had made use of the analog sources (e.g., pr<strong>in</strong>ted collections of <strong>in</strong>scriptions or papyri, published editions of classical texts), but none seemed to <strong>in</strong>clude studies that specifically exam<strong>in</strong>ed whether or how the digital resources were be<strong>in</strong>g used for scholarship. 562 There are many studies that <strong>in</strong>vestigate the <strong>in</strong>formation-seek<strong>in</strong>g habits of humanities scholars, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g how they f<strong>in</strong>d electronic resources or search on the Web, but many of these studies have focused on “traditional” electronic resources such as databases subscribed to by libraries or the use of general search eng<strong>in</strong>es such as Google. 563 One notable exception that focused specifically on humanist use of primary 558 The SIMILE Timel<strong>in</strong>e is an open-source “widget” that can be used create <strong>in</strong>teractive time l<strong>in</strong>es (http://www.simile-widgets.org/timel<strong>in</strong>e/), and LGPN made particular use of TimeMap (http://code.google.com/p/timemap/), a javascript library that was created to “help use Google Maps with a SIMILE timel<strong>in</strong>e.” 559 Exhibit (http://www.simile-widgets.org/exhibit/) is an open-source publish<strong>in</strong>g framework created by the SIMILE project that can be used to easily “create web pages with advanced text search and filter<strong>in</strong>g functionalities, with <strong>in</strong>teractive maps, timel<strong>in</strong>es, and other visualizations.” 560 While some research has been conducted <strong>in</strong>to the use of the Perseus Digital Library, none has been conducted <strong>in</strong> the last 10 years or <strong>in</strong> terms of the current website (Perseus 4.0). For earlier research, see, for example, Marchion<strong>in</strong>i and Crane (1994). 561 See, for example, the bibliography of publications related to Projet Volterra, http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history2/volterra/bibliog.htm 562 For some collections such as the APIS, relevant bibliography of how an <strong>in</strong>dividual papyrus has been used or published is <strong>in</strong>tegrated <strong>in</strong>to records for the papyri. 563 A synthesis of major f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs from over 12 recent studies <strong>in</strong> this area (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g faculty, researchers, graduate students, and undergraduates from various discipl<strong>in</strong>es) has been created by Connaway and Dickey (2010) while Palmer et al. (2009) have offered an analysis of studies that have focused more exclusively on the scholarly practices and <strong>in</strong>formation use of faculty onl<strong>in</strong>e dur<strong>in</strong>g the past 20 years. See also the literature review found <strong>in</strong> (Toms and O’Brien 2008). For two sample recent exam<strong>in</strong>ations of how humanists search for <strong>in</strong>formation on the Web and work with library electronic resources see (Am<strong>in</strong> et al. 2008) and (Buchanan et al. 2005).
176 resources, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g digital facsimiles, is Audenaert and Furuta (2010), which will be exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> further detail below. As the discipl<strong>in</strong>e of classics falls under the larger umbrella of the humanities discipl<strong>in</strong>es and this review has primarily focused on open-access digital resources <strong>in</strong> classics, a number of studies that <strong>in</strong>vestigated the use of freely available digital resources <strong>in</strong> the humanities have been chosen for further exam<strong>in</strong>ation to see what general <strong>in</strong>sights might be determ<strong>in</strong>ed. For this reason, this review has exam<strong>in</strong>ed various studies that have explored the citation of electronic resources <strong>in</strong> classics (Dalbello et al. 2006), the behaviors of digital humanists with e-texts (Toms and O’Brien 2008), humanist use of primary source materials <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g digital facsimiles (Audenaert and Furuta 2010), the scholarly creators of digital humanities resources (Warwick et al. 2008b), and the “traditional” scholarly use of digital humanities resources (Harley et al. 2006b, Brown and Greengrass 2010, Meyer et al. 2009, Warwick et al. 2008a). Citation of Digital Classics Resources One method of explor<strong>in</strong>g how digital resources are be<strong>in</strong>g used with<strong>in</strong> a discipl<strong>in</strong>e is to determ<strong>in</strong>e how many citations to different digital resources can be found with<strong>in</strong> “conventional” publications. Pursu<strong>in</strong>g the traditional task of bibliometrics to exam<strong>in</strong>e how and when digital resources are cited <strong>in</strong> scholarly publications is a grow<strong>in</strong>g area of research, and a general methodological approach is described as part of the JISC-funded “Toolkit for the Impact of Digitised Scholarly Resources (TIDSR).” 564 In their efforts to determ<strong>in</strong>e how often five digital projects had been cited, the project team searched for citations to these resources us<strong>in</strong>g Google Scholar, 565 Scopus, 566 and ISI Web of Knowledge. 567 One major issue, they reported, was that bibliometrics “with regard to non-traditional scholarly outputs is that citation habits <strong>in</strong> many fields favour cit<strong>in</strong>g the orig<strong>in</strong>al paper version of a document, even if the only version consulted was electronic.” 568 In fact, they found that of those scholars who published papers as a result of their work with digital materials <strong>in</strong> the five projects, more than one-third cited only the physical item that was represented <strong>in</strong> the collection and made no reference to the digital project; almost half cited the orig<strong>in</strong>al publication but also <strong>in</strong>cluded the URL; and less than one <strong>in</strong> five cited only the digital version. Thus they cautioned aga<strong>in</strong>st simply rely<strong>in</strong>g on bibliometrics to analyze the actual scholarly impact of a digital project. As Project Director Eric Meyer expla<strong>in</strong>ed: This means that rely<strong>in</strong>g on f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g citations to one's digitised resource based on look<strong>in</strong>g for URL's with<strong>in</strong> journal citations is almost certa<strong>in</strong>ly go<strong>in</strong>g to yield an artificially low number because of the uses that don't cite it at all, and because of <strong>in</strong>consistencies <strong>in</strong> how the URLs are cited. Nevertheless, do<strong>in</strong>g regular searches for citations to a collection's material is an important way to establish the impact it is hav<strong>in</strong>g on the scholarly community. 569 Thus, while one way to measure the impact of a resource <strong>in</strong> digital classics is to perform a citation analysis look<strong>in</strong>g for citations to project URLs or references to digital projects <strong>in</strong> article text us<strong>in</strong>g various tools such as Google Scholar, the actual amount of use of different digital projects may be quite higher than can be easily determ<strong>in</strong>ed. Meyer’s po<strong>in</strong>t also illustrates the importance of ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g stable URLs to encourage the citation of resources and their subsequent discovery <strong>in</strong> bibliometric analyses. 564 http://microsites.oii.ox.ac.uk/tidsr/kb/53/bibliometrics-enhanc<strong>in</strong>g-ability-track-projects-scholarly-impacts 565 http://scholar.google.com/ 566 http://www.scopus.com/ 567 http://www.isiknowledge.com/ 568 http://microsites.oii.ox.ac.uk/tidsr/kb/53/bibliometrics-enhanc<strong>in</strong>g-ability-track-projects-scholarly-impacts 569 “What Is Bibliometrics and Scientometrics” Eric T. Meyer. http://microsites.oii.ox.ac.uk/tidsr/kb/48/what-bibliometrics-and-scientometrics
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"Rome Wasn
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ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
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iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
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vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
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viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
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x pursuit of knowledge about the an
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2 and intellectual
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4 associations to work together, an
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6 briefly explore issues that are n
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8 for English translations of Greek
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10 is created of the entire bibliog
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12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
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14 generated by the decision tree p
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16 The image-registration algorithm
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18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
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20 information ret
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22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
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24 algorithms; ins
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26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
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28 One major project to recently em
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30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
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32 and prayers), and edited texts a
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34 Digital critical editions, howev
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36 While these requirements may see
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38 many discrete texts, in<
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40 examine how l<s
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42 The second fact that Rob
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44 “multimedia scholarly editions
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46 different apparatuses. In Bosche
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48 individual text
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50 In these cases we must provide a
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52 First, it utilizes a nearest nei
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54 entirely pre-searched for each l
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56 As this research in</str
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58 the inscription
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60 Text Min<strong
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62 This manual analysis provided a
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64 As illustrated by this def<stron
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66 archaeology as a discipl
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68 funded with public money <strong
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70 for re-use is a simple slogan, b
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72 framework to in
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74 then mapped to the CRM-EH so tha
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76 tDAR also stores all resources <
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78 Many look to their in</s
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80 Although the multidiscipl<strong
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82 computer science can make it pos
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84 were created after this time. A
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86 transparency, accessibility, ava
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88 (Research Archive for Ancient Sc
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90 This challenge of not just digit
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92 Part of the research of the Plei
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94 After correctin
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96 Epigraphy Overview: Epigraphy Da
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98 step, because epigraphic texts s
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100 text and to previous annotation
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102 and squeezes as well as a selec
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104 original); typ
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106 To begin this
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108 better set the in</stro
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110 Another related project that ha
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112 used to point
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114 names in texts
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116 and Manuscripts (VRE-SDM) 378 s
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118 level of storage in</st
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120 simplicity, and sensible file n
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122 compliant DTD and schema. 393 I
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Page 141 and 142: 130 Cayless thus developed a method
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Page 157 and 158: 146 The final majo
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Page 167 and 168: 156 The conclusion drawn from this
Page 169 and 170: 158 and that “is main</st
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Page 177 and 178: 166 Another major methodological is
Page 179 and 180: 168 ancient historians. Network ana
Page 181 and 182: 170 Bradley and Short (2005) have o
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Page 193 and 194: 182 This work tends to focus on des
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Page 197 and 198: 186 “infer user
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Page 223 and 224: 212 across virtual collections of d
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Page 227 and 228: 216 the related MILARQ project, 649
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226 methods,” Cohen et al. expla<
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228 One might have presumed that ou
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230 This lack of deeper understand<
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232 expertise, tools, experience, a
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234 All link<stron
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236 of architecture, tools and serv
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238 reported that eSAD was develop<
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240 semantic tools that would make
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244 A recent ARL report that explor
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246 organizations and fundi
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250 commercial providers. At the sa
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252 representations beyond the bord
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254 such as Vindol
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256 that the question of in
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260 resources and technology overvi
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264 support the main</stron
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266 Interoperability”). 763 The m
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270 This architecture makes it easy
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272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
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274 Editions.” Advances i
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276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
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278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
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280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
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282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
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284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
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286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
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288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
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290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
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292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
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294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
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296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
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298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
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300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
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302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
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304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
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306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
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