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141 palaeographical expertise can the tool or its modules <strong>in</strong>corporate” Ciula asked, add<strong>in</strong>g that “if the use of the tool itself contributes to def<strong>in</strong>e, ref<strong>in</strong>e and enrich the underly<strong>in</strong>g method, to what extent can this process be fed back <strong>in</strong>to the tool and make it more sophisticated” (Ciula 2009). The iterative process of model<strong>in</strong>g scholarly expertise <strong>in</strong> a computational manner and creat<strong>in</strong>g a tool that can both utilize this <strong>in</strong>itial knowledge and feed new knowledge back <strong>in</strong>to the system has also been explored by the eSAD project <strong>in</strong> their development of an <strong>in</strong>terpretation support system for papyrologists (Tarte 2011, Olsen et al. 2009). In sum, Ciula hoped that the functionality of the SPI could be turned <strong>in</strong>to a paleographical module that could be utilized as a web service as part of larger <strong>in</strong>frastructure that might be used <strong>in</strong> the “creation and annotation of digital editions.” Other necessities Ciula proposed for a larger digital research <strong>in</strong>frastructure <strong>in</strong>cluded the need for documentation and transparency, the use of standards, systems that were extensible and <strong>in</strong>teroperable, and more fund<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary research. Papyrology As described by Bauer et al. (2008) papyrology “focuses on the study of ancient literature, correspondence, legal archives, etc. as preserved <strong>in</strong> papyri.” Both <strong>in</strong>dividual papyri collections and massive <strong>in</strong>tegrated databases of papyri can be found onl<strong>in</strong>e. In fact, digital papyrology is considered to be a relatively “mature” digital discipl<strong>in</strong>e. 458 “Repositories for certa<strong>in</strong> primary sources, such as papyri, are already play<strong>in</strong>g an important role <strong>in</strong> ensur<strong>in</strong>g access to digital surrogates of artifacts,” Harley et al. (2010) observed, add<strong>in</strong>g that “<strong>in</strong> the study of written evidence, these databases of annotated primary sources could also play an important role as digital critical editions.” As noted <strong>in</strong> the discussion of <strong>in</strong>scriptions, the amount of scholarly edit<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>in</strong>terpretation that often goes <strong>in</strong>to the production of onl<strong>in</strong>e images and transcriptions of papyri should be considered ak<strong>in</strong> to the act of creat<strong>in</strong>g a critical scholarly edition. The discipl<strong>in</strong>e of papyrology began to take shape <strong>in</strong> the late 1880s and 1890s, accord<strong>in</strong>g to an article by Ann E. Hanson, and the importance of these sources for the study of the ancient world was quickly recognized: A direct and immediate contact with the ancient Mediterranean was be<strong>in</strong>g established, as texts, unexam<strong>in</strong>ed s<strong>in</strong>ce antiquity, were be<strong>in</strong>g made available to the modern world. To be sure, this writ<strong>in</strong>g paper of the ancients had been used not only for elegant rolls of Greek literature, but also for quite everyday purposes <strong>in</strong> a variety of languages, accounts, letters, petitions, medic<strong>in</strong>al recipes. Still, it was the copies of Greek literature which had not survived <strong>in</strong> the manuscript traditions that were particularly prized <strong>in</strong> the early days, for these were the more accessible to scholars tra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> the authors of the canon (Hanson 2001). Papyri thus offered access not just to works of lost literature but also to the documents of daily life. In the late-n<strong>in</strong>eteenth and early-twentieth centuries, many European and American libraries began to create collections of papyri such as from Tebtunis, 459 Oxyrhynchus, 460 and Herculaneum, 461 collections that are <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly becom<strong>in</strong>g available onl<strong>in</strong>e. Despite some competition for collections, Hanson noted there was a considerable amount of collegiality between scholars and collectors that was 458 For example, the 26 th International Conference on Papyrology has three separate sessions on “Digital Technology and Tools of the Trade” (http://www.stoa.org/p=1177). 459 http://tebtunis.berkeley.edu/ 460 http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy 461 http://www.herculaneum.ox.ac.uk/papyri.html
142 described as the amicitia papyrologorum, and this collaborative nature of papyrological research cont<strong>in</strong>ues today. This section exam<strong>in</strong>es a number of digital papyri projects onl<strong>in</strong>e 462 and looks at several significant research projects seek<strong>in</strong>g to develop new technologies for the analysis of papyri and to create digital research <strong>in</strong>frastructures for papyrology. Digital Papyri Projects The largest papyri projects to be found onl<strong>in</strong>e are those that serve as aggregators, union catalogs, or portals to other papyri collections. The Advanced Papyrological Information System (APIS) 463 is one of the oldest and largest papyri databases onl<strong>in</strong>e and, accord<strong>in</strong>g to its website, “is a collections-based repository host<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation about and images of papyrological materials (e.g., papyri, ostraca, wood tablets, etc) located <strong>in</strong> collections around the world.” This repository conta<strong>in</strong>s physical descriptions, extensive bibliographic <strong>in</strong>formation, digital images, and English translations for many of the texts. In some cases, l<strong>in</strong>ks are provided to the orig<strong>in</strong>al-language texts. As of March 2010, the APIS “union catalog” <strong>in</strong>cluded 28,677 records and 18,670 images from more than 20 collections of papyri with the largest be<strong>in</strong>g Columbia, Duke, New York University, Pr<strong>in</strong>ceton, University California, Berkeley, the University of Michigan, and Yale. 464 The APIS <strong>in</strong>cludes both published and unpublished material and is currently hosted by New York University. The collection can be searched by keyword across the whole collection or with<strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>dividual papyri collection. Individual documents can also be searched for by publication number, collection number, or APIS number. There are also a number of brows<strong>in</strong>g features, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g by subject word, documentary or literary type, writ<strong>in</strong>g material, and language (Arabic, Aramaic, Coptic, Demotic, Greek, Lat<strong>in</strong>, Hebrew, Hieratic [Egyptian], Hieroglyphic, Italian, Middle Persian, Parthian, and Syriac). An advanced search offers even more options. Each <strong>in</strong>dividual papyrus record <strong>in</strong>cludes an APIS identifier, title, language, physical description, notes, and digital images where available. Some records also <strong>in</strong>clude a l<strong>in</strong>k back to the orig<strong>in</strong>al papyri collection database for fuller <strong>in</strong>formation that may be provided there. The APIS is <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the larger digital classics research project Integrat<strong>in</strong>g Digital Papyrology (IDP). The potential for projects such as the APIS received early recognition from papyrologists such as Ann Hanson. “This wealth of electronically searchable materials means that more possibilities can be explored at every phase <strong>in</strong> the process of prepar<strong>in</strong>g a papyrus for publication,” Hanson asserted, “from f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g parallels to assist read<strong>in</strong>g to the contextualization of a papyrus' message back <strong>in</strong>to the circumstances that seemed to have occasioned its writ<strong>in</strong>g” (Hanson 2001). She also praised the fact that the APIS was greatly expand<strong>in</strong>g access to both papyri and papyrological <strong>in</strong>formation, particularly through its l<strong>in</strong>ks to translations, and stated that mak<strong>in</strong>g digital resources available to an audience beyond the academic world was a goal for which all projects should strive. 462 This section focuses on some of the larger projects as there are numerous <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g projects such as <strong>in</strong>dividual university collections that have been digitized such as Harvard’s “Digital Papyri at the Houghton Library” (http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/collections/papyrus/<strong>in</strong>dex.html) or the Rylands Papyri digitized by the University of Manchester (http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/eresources/imagecollections/university/papyrus/#d.en.98702). There are also websites that have been dedicated to <strong>in</strong>dividual papyrus fragments of particular <strong>in</strong>terest such as “Edw<strong>in</strong> Smith’s Surgical Papyrus” (http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/proj/ttp/flash/smith/smith.html), and research projects that are currently focused on the papyri of an <strong>in</strong>dividual author such as Philodemus (http://www.classics.ucla.edu/<strong>in</strong>dex.php/philodemus). 463 http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/projects/digital/apis/<strong>in</strong>dex.html 464 Some of these collections <strong>in</strong>clude large onl<strong>in</strong>e databases that provide separate access to their collection, such as the University of Michigan (PMichhttp://www.lib.umich.edu/papyrus-collection) and Berkeley (Tebtunis- http://tebtunis.berkeley.edu/).
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"Rome Wasn
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ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
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iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
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vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
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viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
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x pursuit of knowledge about the an
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2 and intellectual
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4 associations to work together, an
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6 briefly explore issues that are n
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8 for English translations of Greek
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10 is created of the entire bibliog
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12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
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14 generated by the decision tree p
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16 The image-registration algorithm
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18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
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20 information ret
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22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
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24 algorithms; ins
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26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
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28 One major project to recently em
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30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
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32 and prayers), and edited texts a
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34 Digital critical editions, howev
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36 While these requirements may see
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38 many discrete texts, in<
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40 examine how l<s
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42 The second fact that Rob
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44 “multimedia scholarly editions
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46 different apparatuses. In Bosche
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48 individual text
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50 In these cases we must provide a
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52 First, it utilizes a nearest nei
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58 the inscription
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60 Text Min<strong
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62 This manual analysis provided a
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66 archaeology as a discipl
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68 funded with public money <strong
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70 for re-use is a simple slogan, b
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72 framework to in
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74 then mapped to the CRM-EH so tha
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76 tDAR also stores all resources <
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78 Many look to their in</s
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80 Although the multidiscipl<strong
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82 computer science can make it pos
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84 were created after this time. A
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86 transparency, accessibility, ava
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88 (Research Archive for Ancient Sc
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Page 141 and 142: 130 Cayless thus developed a method
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192 features. In addition, while pa
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196 computers by ancient historians
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202 academia.” At the same time,
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206 science and use ICT occasionall
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214 tradition of European literatur
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220 SPQR—Supportin</stron
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226 methods,” Cohen et al. expla<
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232 expertise, tools, experience, a
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236 of architecture, tools and serv
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240 semantic tools that would make
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244 A recent ARL report that explor
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246 organizations and fundi
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250 commercial providers. At the sa
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252 representations beyond the bord
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272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
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274 Editions.” Advances i
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276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
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278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
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280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
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282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
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284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
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286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
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288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
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290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
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292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
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294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
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296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
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298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
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300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
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302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
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304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
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306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
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