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103 also entered Greek <strong>in</strong>scriptions from this same chronological time span. The EDH consists of three databases: the Epigraphic Text Database, the Epigraphic Bibliography (EBH), and the Photographic Database. While the Epigraphic Text Database conta<strong>in</strong>s more than 56,000 <strong>in</strong>scriptions, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g many that were published outside of the standard major editions, the EBH conta<strong>in</strong>s 12,000 bibliographic records concern<strong>in</strong>g monographs, journal articles, and other sources of secondary literature regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>scriptions <strong>in</strong> the EDH, and the Photographic Database <strong>in</strong>cludes more than 11,000 photographs of <strong>in</strong>scriptions from various countries. While all three of these <strong>in</strong>dividual databases can be searched separately, photos and bibliographic <strong>in</strong>formation are often found with<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>scription records. The records for <strong>in</strong>scriptions <strong>in</strong> the EDH are very detailed and typically <strong>in</strong>clude a unique EDH identifier, images, and historical and physical <strong>in</strong>formation, as well as transcriptions. The EDH is also participat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> two major data-<strong>in</strong>tegration projects, EAGLE and the Concordia Initiative. ConcEyst 341 (short for Das Eichstätter Konkordanzprogramm zur griechischen und late<strong>in</strong>ischen Epigraphik) is another large database of Greek and Lat<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>scriptions (from the Roman prov<strong>in</strong>ce of Pontus-Bithynia) available for download onl<strong>in</strong>e. This database is cont<strong>in</strong>uously updated, and both it and a search <strong>in</strong>terface <strong>in</strong> concordance format can be downloaded. While a large number of epigraphic resources onl<strong>in</strong>e are dedicated to Greek and Lat<strong>in</strong>, there are also major epigraphic resources for <strong>in</strong>scriptions <strong>in</strong> other languages. The Bibliotheca Alexandr<strong>in</strong>a has created a “Digital Library of Inscriptions and Calligraphies” 342 that is creat<strong>in</strong>g a comprehensive digital collection of <strong>in</strong>scriptions <strong>in</strong> Ancient Egyptian (Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic, and Coptic scripts), Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Greek. This collection also <strong>in</strong>cludes <strong>in</strong>scriptions bear<strong>in</strong>g the Thamodic, Musnad, and Nabatean scripts. This whole collection of <strong>in</strong>scriptions can be searched and browsed by language. For each <strong>in</strong>scription record, a digital image of the object, build<strong>in</strong>g, or monument from which the <strong>in</strong>scription came is provided, along with a description and historical <strong>in</strong>formation regard<strong>in</strong>g the object, the text of the <strong>in</strong>scription on the object, a transliteration, and often an English translation. This website’s presentation of both the archaeological object on which the <strong>in</strong>scription is found, along with a full-text transliteration, helps emphasize the unique nature of <strong>in</strong>scriptions as both texts and archaeological objects with a context. Another major epigraphical project with a significant concentration outside of Greek and Lat<strong>in</strong> is the “Inscriptions of Israel/Palest<strong>in</strong>e,” 343 which seeks to “collect and make accessible over the Web all of the previously published <strong>in</strong>scriptions (and their English translations) of Israel/Palest<strong>in</strong>e from the Persian period through the Islamic conquest (ca. 500 BCE–640 CE).” Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the website, there are about 10,000 such <strong>in</strong>scriptions, written primarily <strong>in</strong> Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Lat<strong>in</strong>, by Jews, Christians, and pagans. These <strong>in</strong>scriptions are quite varied and have never been collected or published <strong>in</strong> a systematic fashion. This project is a collaborative effort supported by Brown University and a variety of partners, and their goal is to gather all these <strong>in</strong>scriptions together and publish them onl<strong>in</strong>e as a scholarly resource. Each <strong>in</strong>scription will be converted <strong>in</strong>to a tagged XML text that is compatible with EpiDoc, but this project’s markup and DTD have some differences: Rather than treat<strong>in</strong>g the text as the primary object (with the goal of mov<strong>in</strong>g it relatively easily to publication), our mark-up treats the <strong>in</strong>scribed object as primary. The metadata, which is specified with great detail to allow for database-like search<strong>in</strong>g, is all put <strong>in</strong>to the Header. The Header conta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong>formation such as type of object; date range; locations (present, f<strong>in</strong>d, and 341 http://www.ku-eichstaett.de/Fakultaeten/GGF/fachgebiete/Geschichte/Alte Geschichte/Projekte/conceyst/ 342 http://www.bibalex.org/calligraphycenter/InscriptionsLibrary/Presentation/<strong>in</strong>dex.aspxLang=en 343 http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/Inscriptions/
104 orig<strong>in</strong>al); type of <strong>in</strong>scription; language, etc.). Individual “div” sections conta<strong>in</strong> the diplomatic and edited version of the texts, <strong>in</strong> their orig<strong>in</strong>al languages, and an English translation. The source of each is always acknowledged. The DTD already conta<strong>in</strong>s a scheme for richly mark<strong>in</strong>g-up the contents of the texts themselves. We have recently decided only to mark textual and editorial features; content such as names, places, occupations, etc., will be added (perhaps <strong>in</strong> part through automated processes) at a later stage. Almost all of our tags follow, to the extent possible, the accepted TEI and EpiDoc usages. The project creators note that they would like to support a higher level of encod<strong>in</strong>g, but limited staff<strong>in</strong>g and fund<strong>in</strong>g options have made this impossible. A database of about 1,000 <strong>in</strong>scriptions is available, and users can search the <strong>in</strong>scription metadata, the text of the <strong>in</strong>scription and English translation, or both, at the same time us<strong>in</strong>g a variety of options. Another major resource is InscriptiFact, 344 an image database of <strong>in</strong>scriptions and artifacts that has been created as part of the West Semitic Research Project (WSRP) 345 at the University of California. This database provides access to high-resolution images of <strong>in</strong>scriptions (papyri, <strong>in</strong>cised <strong>in</strong>scriptions on stone and clay, cuneiform tablets, stamp seals, etc.) from the Near Eastern and Mediterranean worlds. The archive conta<strong>in</strong>s more than 250,000 images and is updated regularly. For access to the database, an application form must be faxed. Hunt et al. (2005) have described the creation of this database and the standards used <strong>in</strong> detail. InscriptiFact made use of many historical photographs that were often the only source of <strong>in</strong>formation for many <strong>in</strong>scriptions, but also used a number of advanced photographic techniques to better capture images of <strong>in</strong>scriptions on all types of objects and monuments. One major challenge was that fragments of different <strong>in</strong>scriptions or collections of fragments were often scattered among various museums, libraries, and archaeological collections. 346 To address this issue, Hunt et al. advised that a fairly complicated catalog<strong>in</strong>g and data model needed to be developed: Data <strong>in</strong> InscriptiFact are organized around the concept of a text, rather than a digital object or a collection conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g texts. A “text” <strong>in</strong> this context is a virtual object <strong>in</strong> that a given text may not physically exist at any one place <strong>in</strong> its entirety. That is, s<strong>in</strong>ce text fragments are often found <strong>in</strong> scattered locations <strong>in</strong> various collections, InscriptiFact br<strong>in</strong>gs together images of a given text regardless of the location of <strong>in</strong>dividual parts of that text <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>stitutions around the world (Hunt et al. 2005). The authors argued that neither FRBR nor unqualified Dubl<strong>in</strong> Core 347 readily represented the type of metadata required by scholars of ancient texts. They noted that for such scholars, “a text is an <strong>in</strong>tellectual concept” and scholarly catalog<strong>in</strong>g must be created for all of its manifestations and <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>in</strong>formation about the physical objects that conta<strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>scription, the “<strong>in</strong>tellectual work of the <strong>in</strong>scription itself,” as well as photographic images and digital images. Hunt et al. suggested that the FRBR concept of the work could not be used for ancient <strong>in</strong>scriptions s<strong>in</strong>ce scholars have only the <strong>in</strong>scribed physical object (manifestation) and certa<strong>in</strong> texts may have been subdivided <strong>in</strong>to many physical fragments. “It is the job of archaeologists, l<strong>in</strong>guists, epigraphists, philologists, and other specialists to try to reconstruct the orig<strong>in</strong>al text,” Hunt et al. (2005) ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed; “that is, figure out what pieces fit together, how the text is organized, when it was <strong>in</strong>scribed, and what, <strong>in</strong> fact, the 344 http://www.<strong>in</strong>scriptifact.com/ 345 http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/ 346 This is similar to the problem communicated by Ebel<strong>in</strong>g (2007) regard<strong>in</strong>g the need to create “composite” texts for Sumerian cuneiform tablets that were physically fragmented. 347 http://dubl<strong>in</strong>core.org/
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"Rome Wasn
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ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
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iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
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vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
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viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
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x pursuit of knowledge about the an
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2 and intellectual
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4 associations to work together, an
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6 briefly explore issues that are n
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8 for English translations of Greek
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10 is created of the entire bibliog
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12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
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14 generated by the decision tree p
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16 The image-registration algorithm
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18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
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20 information ret
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22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
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24 algorithms; ins
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26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
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28 One major project to recently em
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30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
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32 and prayers), and edited texts a
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34 Digital critical editions, howev
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36 While these requirements may see
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38 many discrete texts, in<
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40 examine how l<s
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42 The second fact that Rob
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44 “multimedia scholarly editions
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46 different apparatuses. In Bosche
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48 individual text
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50 In these cases we must provide a
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Page 99 and 100: 88 (Research Archive for Ancient Sc
Page 101 and 102: 90 This challenge of not just digit
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Page 119 and 120: 108 better set the in</stro
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Page 127 and 128: 116 and Manuscripts (VRE-SDM) 378 s
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Page 133 and 134: 122 compliant DTD and schema. 393 I
Page 135 and 136: 124 While the advanced document-rec
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Page 141 and 142: 130 Cayless thus developed a method
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154 other assertions made about par
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156 The conclusion drawn from this
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160 philology available at the webs
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162 descriptions that provides scho
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164 of multilingua
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168 ancient historians. Network ana
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170 Bradley and Short (2005) have o
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172 “apparently disconnected and
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174 sources used and their abbrevia
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176 resources, inc
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178 materials could be found, a rec
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180 or more documents (69 percent)
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182 This work tends to focus on des
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184 A related poin
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186 “infer user
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188 accessed; few providers, if any
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190 information so
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192 features. In addition, while pa
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194 postdoctoral students, who were
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196 computers by ancient historians
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198 Demos (a growin</strong
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200 database of this encyclopedia c
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202 academia.” At the same time,
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206 science and use ICT occasionall
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214 tradition of European literatur
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226 methods,” Cohen et al. expla<
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232 expertise, tools, experience, a
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236 of architecture, tools and serv
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238 reported that eSAD was develop<
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240 semantic tools that would make
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244 A recent ARL report that explor
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246 organizations and fundi
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248 throughout this review, i.e., o
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250 commercial providers. At the sa
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252 representations beyond the bord
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254 such as Vindol
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260 resources and technology overvi
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272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
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274 Editions.” Advances i
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276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
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278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
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280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
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282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
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284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
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286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
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288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
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290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
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292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
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294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
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296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
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298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
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300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
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302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
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304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
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306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
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