Rome Wasn't Digitized in a Day - Council on Library and Information ...

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95 The development of this time l<strong>in</strong>e and read<strong>in</strong>g tools to support its use demonstrates how digital technologies offer new ways of read<strong>in</strong>g a text. HESTIA has also produced a number of automatic network maps to analyze how the narrative of Herodotus organized space and relations between places. Barker et al. cautioned, however, that as accurate as such maps may appear <strong>in</strong> GoogleEarth, they can never truly be objective, for “the form chosen to represent space <strong>in</strong>evitably affects its understand<strong>in</strong>g and is <strong>in</strong> itself framed by certa<strong>in</strong> epistemological assumptions” (Barker et al. 2010). This warn<strong>in</strong>g cogently echoes the fears articulated earlier by scholars who created digital reconstructions of archaeological monuments (Beacham and Denard 2003), that users of such visualizations and maps must always be cognizant of the theoretical and <strong>in</strong>terpretative arguments <strong>in</strong>herent <strong>in</strong> such constructions. Nonetheless, the HESTIA project created network maps as a way to better analyze connections made between places <strong>in</strong> the narrative of Herodotus, and they focused on topological (l<strong>in</strong>ks created by human agents) rather than topographic connections (two-dimensional maps). As they put it, “In other words, we are <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> captur<strong>in</strong>g and evaluat<strong>in</strong>g the mental image (or, better, images) of the world conta<strong>in</strong>ed with<strong>in</strong> Herodotus’ narrative, not any supposed objective representation” (Barker et al. 2010). The creators of HESTIA expla<strong>in</strong>ed that the creation of automated network maps was <strong>in</strong> large part designed to <strong>in</strong>crease the impact of the project or to br<strong>in</strong>g Herodotus to new readers on the web. At the same time, the queries and the maps they generated are <strong>in</strong>tended to prompt new questions and analysis rather than provide def<strong>in</strong>itive answers, or, as Barker et al. (2010) accentuated, they “should be regarded as complement<strong>in</strong>g rather than replac<strong>in</strong>g close textual analysis.” In fact, the automated network maps faced a variety of problems with spatial data <strong>in</strong>herited from the Perseus English text as well as the far greater issue that many place names <strong>in</strong> the English translation, and thus <strong>in</strong> the database, are not found <strong>in</strong> the Greek text. As Barker et al. (2010) expla<strong>in</strong>ed, one fundamental difference between Greek and English is that often what was conceptualized of as a “named geographical concept” <strong>in</strong> English was represented <strong>in</strong> Greek as the people who lived <strong>in</strong> that place. For future work, 313 Barker et al. (2010) posited that they would need to further nuance their quantitative approach with qualitative approaches that m<strong>in</strong>e the textual narrative. In sum, this project illustrates not only how the digital objects of other projects can be repurposed <strong>in</strong> new ways but also how a traditional research question <strong>in</strong> classics can be reconceived <strong>in</strong> a digital environment. One of the pr<strong>in</strong>cipal researchers of the HESTIA Project has published other work <strong>in</strong>to the use of technologies such as GIS and network analysis to research questions <strong>in</strong> classical geography (Isaksen 2008). Leif Isaksen’s 314 research <strong>in</strong>to the Roman Baetica <strong>in</strong>tegrates the archaeological and documentary record (Anton<strong>in</strong>e It<strong>in</strong>eraries, Ravenna Cosmography) and demonstrates the potential of us<strong>in</strong>g new technologies to revisit arguments about transportation networks and the Roman Empire. 313 In July 2010, Google announced a number of digital humanities grant awards, one of which was made to Elton Barker of the HESTIA project and to Eric Kansa of OpenContext for the “Google Ancient Places (GAP)” project. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the project blog, (http://googleancientplaces.wordpress.com/2010/10/13/tak<strong>in</strong>g-a-gap-year/), GAP plans to m<strong>in</strong>e the Google Books corpus for locations and place names associated with the ancient world and then provide a variety of ways for scholars to visualize the results (e.g., <strong>in</strong> GoogleEarth or with Google Maps). ). The GAP project is also participat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the PELAGIOS (Pelagios: Enable L<strong>in</strong>ked Ancient Geodata In Open Systems) project (http://pelagiosproject.blogspot.com/p/about.html) along with Pleiades, the Perseus Digital Library, Open Context and several other prom<strong>in</strong>ent projects to <strong>in</strong>troduce L<strong>in</strong>ked Open Data <strong>in</strong>to “onl<strong>in</strong>e resources that refer to places <strong>in</strong> the Ancient World.” 314 Leif Isaksen (2010) also recently presented <strong>in</strong>itial work <strong>in</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g digital methods to analyze the Geographia of Claudius Ptolemy.
96 Epigraphy Overview: Epigraphy Databases, Digital Epigraphy, and EpiDoc Epigraphy has been def<strong>in</strong>ed as the study of “<strong>in</strong>scriptions or epigraphs engraved <strong>in</strong>to durable materials (e.g., stone)” (Bauer et al. 2008). This digitally advanced discipl<strong>in</strong>e 315 is well represented onl<strong>in</strong>e by numerous projects as well as by a relatively mature encod<strong>in</strong>g standard, EpiDoc. 316 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the Corpus Inscription Lat<strong>in</strong>arum (CIL) project, “Inscriptions, as direct evidence from the ancient world, are among the most important sources for <strong>in</strong>vestigat<strong>in</strong>g Roman history and everyday life <strong>in</strong> all their aspects.” 317 Bodard (2008) has offered further explanation of the importance of <strong>in</strong>scriptions for classical scholarship: Inscriptions, ancient texts <strong>in</strong>scribed on stone or other durable materials, are an important source of access to various ancient societies, and particularly the worlds of ancient Greece and <strong>Rome</strong>. These texts survive <strong>in</strong> large numbers, and are widely used by historians as one of the primary sources of direct evidence on the history, language, rituals, and practices of the ancient world. Words <strong>in</strong>scribed on stone, a skilful and expensive process, may tend to be élite texts … (Bodard 2008). Bodard stated that <strong>in</strong> addition to official documents there are many other types of <strong>in</strong>scriptions, such as gravestones and curse tablets, all of which give <strong>in</strong>sight <strong>in</strong>to the everyday life of ord<strong>in</strong>ary people. Cayless et al. (2009) gave an overview of the state of the art <strong>in</strong> digital epigraphy 318 and the future of epigraphy as a discipl<strong>in</strong>e. They stated that while most epigraphic publications were still published only <strong>in</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>t, by 2017 this situation would have changed. The discipl<strong>in</strong>e of epigraphy grew greatly dur<strong>in</strong>g the eighteenth and n<strong>in</strong>eteenth centuries, Cayless et al. observed, as a standard education for gentlemen <strong>in</strong> both Lat<strong>in</strong> and Greek, and travel <strong>in</strong> the eastern Mediterranean, <strong>in</strong>creased. Many <strong>in</strong>scriptions were transcribed by nonclassical scholars, but a scientific approach for transcrib<strong>in</strong>g gradually developed as did standards for publication, albeit <strong>in</strong> a rather haphazard manner. In the early 1930s, a set of publish<strong>in</strong>g protocols called the Leiden conventions (Van Gron<strong>in</strong>gen 1932) was agreed upon, conventions that have been discussed and updated ever s<strong>in</strong>ce, accord<strong>in</strong>g to Cayless et al. (2009). The Leiden conventions have been described as “a type of semantic encod<strong>in</strong>g, which consists of various brackets, underdots and other mark<strong>in</strong>gs relat<strong>in</strong>g to miss<strong>in</strong>g or broken characters, uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty, additions and corrections made by the editor of an ancient text” (Roued 2009). Despite the creation of these conventions, Roued (2009) noted that editions published before 1931 used vary<strong>in</strong>g conventions, and even after the creation of Leiden, not all parts of the conventions were applied evenly. One major issue with standard pr<strong>in</strong>t publication <strong>in</strong> epigraphy, Cayless et al. observed, was that it “tended to emphasize the role of epigraphy with<strong>in</strong> archaeology and history, and to distance it from the study of text and language.” Bodard (2008) has also emphasized this unique feature of <strong>in</strong>scriptions: The texts themselves are an awkward category, neither poetry, history, or philosophy, nor even <strong>in</strong> the same category as literature preserved by the direct manuscript tradition, but documentary texts with very little beauty or elegance of language. The objects on which the texts are <strong>in</strong>scribed, the stelae, statues, wall panels, tablets, and grave monuments, are studied by archaeologists and art historians for whom the written texts are little more than a footnote, if 315 For one look at an earlier approach to “digital epigraphy” and its advantages for Egyptology, see Manuelian (1998). 316 http://epidoc.sourceforge.net/ 317 http://cil.bbaw.de/cil_en/dateien/forschung.html 318 For an overview of state-of-the-art digital research methods specifically for Lat<strong>in</strong> epigraphy, see Feraudi-Gruénais (2010).
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"Rome Wasn
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ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
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iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
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vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
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viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
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x pursuit of knowledge about the an
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2 and intellectual
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4 associations to work together, an
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6 briefly explore issues that are n
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8 for English translations of Greek
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10 is created of the entire bibliog
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12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
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14 generated by the decision tree p
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16 The image-registration algorithm
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18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
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20 information ret
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22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
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24 algorithms; ins
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26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
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28 One major project to recently em
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30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
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32 and prayers), and edited texts a
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34 Digital critical editions, howev
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36 While these requirements may see
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38 many discrete texts, in<
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40 examine how l<s
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42 The second fact that Rob
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Page 119 and 120: 108 better set the in</stro
Page 121 and 122: 110 Another related project that ha
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Page 127 and 128: 116 and Manuscripts (VRE-SDM) 378 s
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Page 133 and 134: 122 compliant DTD and schema. 393 I
Page 135 and 136: 124 While the advanced document-rec
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Page 139 and 140: 128 compelled to operate in
Page 141 and 142: 130 Cayless thus developed a method
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146 The final majo
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150 this idea of personal ownership
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152 prototype 512 in</stron
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154 other assertions made about par
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156 The conclusion drawn from this
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160 philology available at the webs
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162 descriptions that provides scho
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164 of multilingua
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168 ancient historians. Network ana
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170 Bradley and Short (2005) have o
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172 “apparently disconnected and
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174 sources used and their abbrevia
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176 resources, inc
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178 materials could be found, a rec
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180 or more documents (69 percent)
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182 This work tends to focus on des
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184 A related poin
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186 “infer user
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188 accessed; few providers, if any
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190 information so
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192 features. In addition, while pa
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194 postdoctoral students, who were
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196 computers by ancient historians
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198 Demos (a growin</strong
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200 database of this encyclopedia c
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202 academia.” At the same time,
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206 science and use ICT occasionall
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214 tradition of European literatur
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216 the related MILARQ project, 649
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220 SPQR—Supportin</stron
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222 environments in</strong
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226 methods,” Cohen et al. expla<
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232 expertise, tools, experience, a
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236 of architecture, tools and serv
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238 reported that eSAD was develop<
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240 semantic tools that would make
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242 Sustainable Pr
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244 A recent ARL report that explor
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246 organizations and fundi
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248 throughout this review, i.e., o
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250 commercial providers. At the sa
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252 representations beyond the bord
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254 such as Vindol
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260 resources and technology overvi
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266 Interoperability”). 763 The m
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270 This architecture makes it easy
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272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
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274 Editions.” Advances i
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276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
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278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
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280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
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282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
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284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
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286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
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288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
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290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
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292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
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294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
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296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
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298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
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300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
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302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
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304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
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306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
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