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89 The CLAROS data web represents each resource as a SPARQL end po<strong>in</strong>t that is then queried by the SPARQL RDF-query language and returns data as RDF. 289 The two ma<strong>in</strong> problems of this approach, as reported by Kurtz et al. (2009), are semantic <strong>in</strong>tegration (alignment of different data schemas or ideally mapp<strong>in</strong>g to a s<strong>in</strong>gle schema or ontology) and co-reference resolution (ensur<strong>in</strong>g a reference to the same object or entity <strong>in</strong> different databases with different names) is recognized as such. Like EAGLE for epigraphy and APIS for papyrology, CLAROS is support<strong>in</strong>g the federated search<strong>in</strong>g of multiple classical collections. It is their hope that the use of CIDOC-CRM, RDF and SPARQL will allow them to <strong>in</strong>tegrate additional classical art collections by mapp<strong>in</strong>g their unique schemas to the core CIDOC-CRM ontology of CLAROS and add<strong>in</strong>g all necessary entries <strong>in</strong> the co-reference service. The CLAROS project has many goals, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g mak<strong>in</strong>g digital facsimiles of images and reference works available to the general public, provid<strong>in</strong>g scholars access with “datasets of <strong>in</strong>tellectually coherent material easily and swiftly through one multil<strong>in</strong>gual search facility,” enabl<strong>in</strong>g museums to access records about their own collections and those of other museums, and to permit both the public and educational <strong>in</strong>stitutions <strong>in</strong> particular to engage with “high art” <strong>in</strong> new ways. One particular new way of engag<strong>in</strong>g users that they have developed is a system 290 that allow users to query for new or related images to an image of their own that they can upload (either directly from their computer or by select<strong>in</strong>g a web address), and this process is currently based only on image recognition and not textual descriptors. Another <strong>in</strong>trigu<strong>in</strong>g vision of this project is one <strong>in</strong> which members of the public could take images of classical art around the world and upload them to CLAROS clouds for image recognition, identification, and documentation by experts. The current CLAROS Explorer allows users to either browse or search by five major facets: category, place, period, text or contribut<strong>in</strong>g data collection. In addition, two other collection brows<strong>in</strong>g options <strong>in</strong>clude view<strong>in</strong>g a timel<strong>in</strong>e of records <strong>in</strong> the database or brows<strong>in</strong>g a map of places to choose records. The entire CLAROS collection can be searched by keyword us<strong>in</strong>g a “General Search” and a number of search terms can be comb<strong>in</strong>ed by choos<strong>in</strong>g values from each list. Search results can be displayed as a textual list, a series of images, or on a timel<strong>in</strong>e (or results can be viewed as a comb<strong>in</strong>ation of these options, e.g. a list with images). Click<strong>in</strong>g on an <strong>in</strong>dividual result <strong>in</strong> a search list then takes the user to the record for that <strong>in</strong>dividual item <strong>in</strong> its home collection (e.g. the Beazley Research Archive). Classical Geography The potential of digital technologies for the study of geography with<strong>in</strong> the larger context of the digital humanities and with a specific focus on classical geography and archaeology 291 has recently been provided by Stuart Dunn (Dunn 2010). Dunn noted that digital technologies are support<strong>in</strong>g what he labeled “neogeography” a “discipl<strong>in</strong>e” that is collaborative and <strong>in</strong>cludes new sets of tools and methods, but also presents its own challenges: The ‘grand challenge’ for collaborative digital geography therefore, with its vast user base, and its capacity for generat<strong>in</strong>g new data from across the specialist and non-specialist communities, is to establish how its various methods can be used to understand better the construction of the spatial artefact, rather than simply to represent it (Dunn 2010, 56). 289 http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/ 290 http://explore.clarosnet.org/XDB/ASP/clarosExplorerImage.asp 291 A number of public doma<strong>in</strong> reference works have been digitized and are useful for the study of classical geography, such as the Topographical Dictionary of Ancient <strong>Rome</strong> (http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi-b<strong>in</strong>/eos/eos_title.plcallnum=DG16.P72), which has been put onl<strong>in</strong>e by the University of Chicago, and the Tabula Peut<strong>in</strong>geriana, a medieval copy of a Roman map of the empire, http://www.hsaugsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost03/Tabula/tab_<strong>in</strong>tr.html
90 This challenge of not just digitiz<strong>in</strong>g or represent<strong>in</strong>g traditional objects of study onl<strong>in</strong>e but of f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g new ways to use these methods to conduct <strong>in</strong>novative research, create new knowledge, and answer new questions is a recurrent theme throughout the discipl<strong>in</strong>es of digital classics. Several prom<strong>in</strong>ent digital projects that focus on address<strong>in</strong>g these challenges with<strong>in</strong> the realm of classical geography provide the focus of this section. The Ancient World Mapp<strong>in</strong>g Center The Ancient World Mapp<strong>in</strong>g Center (AWMC), 292 an <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary center at the University of North Carol<strong>in</strong>a-Chapel Hill, is perhaps the preem<strong>in</strong>ent organization <strong>in</strong> this field of study. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to its website, the AWMC “promotes cartography, 293 historical geography and geographic <strong>in</strong>formation science as essential discipl<strong>in</strong>es with<strong>in</strong> the field of ancient studies through <strong>in</strong>novative and collaborative research, teach<strong>in</strong>g, and community outreach activities.” This website <strong>in</strong>cludes a number of resources for researchers, but the majority of the website is composed of short research articles written by AWMC staff regard<strong>in</strong>g topics such as new publications available or websites of <strong>in</strong>terest. These articles can be found by brows<strong>in</strong>g the table of contents for the website or the topical <strong>in</strong>dex or by search<strong>in</strong>g. There is also an <strong>in</strong>dex of place names used <strong>in</strong> articles on the website. One other useful resource is a selection of free maps of the classical world that can be downloaded for teach<strong>in</strong>g. The Pleiades Project The Pleiades Project, 294 once solely based at the AWMC but now a jo<strong>in</strong>t project of the AWMC, the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW), 295 and the Stoa Consortium, 296 is one of the largest digital resources <strong>in</strong> classical geography. The Pleiades website allows scholars, students, and enthusiasts to share and use historical geographical <strong>in</strong>formation about the classical world. A major goal of Pleiades is to create an authoritative digital gazetteer of the ancient world that is cont<strong>in</strong>uously updated and can be used to support other digital projects and publications through the use of “open, standards based <strong>in</strong>terfaces” (Elliott and Gillies 2009a). From its beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, Pleiades was <strong>in</strong>tended to be collaborative, and to jo<strong>in</strong> the project and contribute <strong>in</strong>formation a user simply needs to have an e-mail address and to accept a contributor agreement. This agreement leaves all <strong>in</strong>tellectual property rights with contributors but also grants to Pleiades a “CC Attribution Share-Alike License.” Registered users can suggest updates to geographic names, add bibliographic references, and contribute to descriptive essays. While all contributions are vetted, these suggestions then “become a permanent, author-attributed part of future publications and data services” (Elliott and Gillies 2009b). Thus, the Pleiades project provides a light level of “peer review” to all user-contributed data. The content with<strong>in</strong> the Pleiades gazetteer “comb<strong>in</strong>es “pure” data components (e.g., geospatial coord<strong>in</strong>ates) with the products of analysis (e.g., toponymic variants with <strong>in</strong>dicia of completeness, degree of reconstruction and level of scholarly confidence there<strong>in</strong>) and textual argument” (Elliott and Gillies 2009a). In addition, Pleiades <strong>in</strong>cludes content from the Classical Atlas project, an extensive 292 http://www.unc.edu/awmc/ 293 One excellent <strong>in</strong>teractive resource for study<strong>in</strong>g the cartographic history “of the relationships between hydrological and hydraulic systems and their impact on the urban development of <strong>Rome</strong>, Italy” is Aquae Urbis Romae (http://www3.iath.virg<strong>in</strong>ia.edu/waters/) 294 http://pleiades.stoa.org/ 295 ISAW (http://www.nyu.edu/isaw/) is based at New York University and is a “center for advanced scholarly research and graduate education, <strong>in</strong>tended to cultivate comparative and connective <strong>in</strong>vestigations of the ancient world from the western Mediterranean to Ch<strong>in</strong>a, open to the <strong>in</strong>tegration of every category of evidence and relevant method of analysis.” It will feature a variety of doctoral and postdoctoral programs to support groundbreak<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary scholarship. 296 http://www.stoa.org/
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"Rome Wasn
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ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
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iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
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vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
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viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
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x pursuit of knowledge about the an
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2 and intellectual
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4 associations to work together, an
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6 briefly explore issues that are n
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8 for English translations of Greek
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10 is created of the entire bibliog
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12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
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14 generated by the decision tree p
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16 The image-registration algorithm
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18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
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20 information ret
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22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
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24 algorithms; ins
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26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
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28 One major project to recently em
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30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
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32 and prayers), and edited texts a
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34 Digital critical editions, howev
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36 While these requirements may see
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Page 55 and 56: 44 “multimedia scholarly editions
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Page 119 and 120: 108 better set the in</stro
Page 121 and 122: 110 Another related project that ha
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Page 127 and 128: 116 and Manuscripts (VRE-SDM) 378 s
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Page 135 and 136: 124 While the advanced document-rec
Page 137 and 138: 126 Another significant manuscript
Page 139 and 140: 128 compelled to operate in
Page 141 and 142: 130 Cayless thus developed a method
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140 scholars in th
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142 described as the amicitia papyr
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144 to a full text transcription wh
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146 The final majo
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148 One is toward openness; the oth
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150 this idea of personal ownership
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152 prototype 512 in</stron
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154 other assertions made about par
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156 The conclusion drawn from this
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160 philology available at the webs
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162 descriptions that provides scho
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164 of multilingua
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168 ancient historians. Network ana
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170 Bradley and Short (2005) have o
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174 sources used and their abbrevia
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176 resources, inc
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178 materials could be found, a rec
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180 or more documents (69 percent)
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182 This work tends to focus on des
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186 “infer user
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188 accessed; few providers, if any
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190 information so
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192 features. In addition, while pa
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194 postdoctoral students, who were
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196 computers by ancient historians
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198 Demos (a growin</strong
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200 database of this encyclopedia c
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202 academia.” At the same time,
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206 science and use ICT occasionall
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214 tradition of European literatur
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222 environments in</strong
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226 methods,” Cohen et al. expla<
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232 expertise, tools, experience, a
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236 of architecture, tools and serv
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238 reported that eSAD was develop<
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240 semantic tools that would make
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242 Sustainable Pr
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244 A recent ARL report that explor
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246 organizations and fundi
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248 throughout this review, i.e., o
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250 commercial providers. At the sa
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252 representations beyond the bord
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254 such as Vindol
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256 that the question of in
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260 resources and technology overvi
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270 This architecture makes it easy
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272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
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274 Editions.” Advances i
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276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
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278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
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280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
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282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
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284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
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286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
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288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
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290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
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292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
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294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
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296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
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298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
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300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
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302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
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304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
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306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
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