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• Discouraged persons, • Nomads, • Other disadvantaged persons as appropriate (i.e. drug addicts, victims of domestic violence, parents of working children, temporary/seasonal workers especially in agriculture, children who are implicated in a crime and their families), • Employers and other employees at the workplace, • Staff of İŞKUR, other relevant institutions and NGOs. 5.7 Description of the Operation and background: According to the 2009 Poverty Study conducted by TURKSTAT based on Household Budget Survey results, poverty rate is 18, 08 percent, which corresponds to 12.7 million people, in Turkey. Poverty is more widespread in rural areas (38, 69 percent) than in urban areas (8, 86 percent). Poverty increases with household size and especially with the number of dependent children and decreases as education level increases. Parallel to the cross-country evidence, poverty rate is the lowest (6, 05 percent) among wage/salary earners and the highest among the unemployed (19, 51 percent). Although poverty is closely related with social exclusion, social exclusion represents a more comprehensive approach where both monetary and non-monetary factors are taken into consideration. For instance, although a poor person is more likely to be socially excluded, a socially excluded person does not have to be poor. An example may be a disabled person who is socially excluded due to reasons other than poverty (such as physical reasons, prejudices against them or having less chances in life due to low access to education). Thus, it may be argued that social exclusion has a wider perspective than monetary poverty in explaining people’s living conditions and difficulties that they face. Therefore, by and large, target groups of this Operation are those who are poor, at risk of poverty and/or socially excluded. Although the needs of target groups referred in section 5.6 above differ, it is well known that common characteristics of all disadvantaged persons are being poor or at risk of poverty resulted primarily by low chances of being employed, living in gecekondu areas, working in unregistered and/or temporary jobs and having low education and skills. Therefore, active labour market policies that would support their access to labour market should be at the centre of an attempt to ensure their inclusion in the social life. Unlike other unemployed 4
and inactive people, disadvantaged persons need additional supports before being involved in active measures. As in the case of poverty, being employed still stands as the best response to social exclusion simply because a sustainable and decent employment opportunity makes it easier to be integrated in the social life. There are no concrete data and statistics regarding labour market situation and poverty of disadvantaged groups, apart from disabled people. According to TURKSTAT Statistical Year 2010, the labour force participation rate for disabled people is 22.29 percent; while the unemployment rate for the disabled people is 13.11 percent in 2002. However, it is not difficult to conclude that labour market conditions (both labour market participation and unemployment rates) in terms of disadvantaged persons are more severe than the average by taking into account their low level of education and skills intensified with the social prejudices preventing their equal access to the labour market. In Turkey, social assistances, social services and public employment services have been provided by different institutions for their target groups defined by their own legislation. A summary of public institutions providing social services, social assistances, public employment services and other services are provided in Box 1 below. Box 1: Main Service Providers in the Field - Ministry of Labour and Social Security (ÇSGB) is the main institution for designing employment policy. - ÇSGB General Directorate of Labour provides services for disadvantaged persons, particularly for women, disabled and working children. - Turkish Employment Agency (İŞKUR), an affiliated institution of ÇSGB, is the public employment institution that provides a wide range of services including ALMPs (vocational and on-the-job trainings, job and vocational guidance services, job search assistance and jobcoaching services), collecting, analyzing and reporting labour market data at national and regional levels, coordinating Labour Market Information and Consultation Board, making needs analyses of labour in order to define the demand for and supply of labour, and conducting work and occupation analyses. It provides these services for all job seekers with a special emphasis to people with disabilities and ex-convicts deriving from its legislation. 5
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