REGIONAL COOPERATION AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
REGIONAL COOPERATION AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION REGIONAL COOPERATION AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
SOME ASPECTS OF TRADE STATISTICS AND REPORTING CONCLUSION The central aim of this analysis was to confirm the assertion that the gravity model, almost fifty years after its first introduction, is still a useful workhorse for researchers. To confirm this affirmation, the analysis formed two different datasets on migration stocks and flows for the fifteen European Union member states as the destination countries and 73 other states that represent sending countries. At the same time this paper introduced an equation that is reminiscent of the generalized gravity equation. Testing showed that the gravity model is, almost fifty years after the first successful implementation, still a useful instrument. The results of the estimation by using the fixed effects estimator for either the entire sample of data or for sub-samples of developing countries, Central and Eastern European countries and EU-15 states clearly showed that GDP per capita of the destination country is a significant proxy variable for wage differentials between two countries and that the population of the destination country is also characteristic as a proxy variable for population differentials between the sending and receiving country. But the results of the estimation less characteristically rejected the supposition that the Gini coefficient of the destination country is a significant proxy variable for income inequality between the sending and destination country. While our dataset (on stocks) covered different stratums of the immigrant population, which involved either highly educated individuals or unskilled immigrant individuals from the sending countries, the introduced proxy variable for income inequality showed either a positive or negative expected sign with mainly insignificant values of the coefficients. We supposed that the Gini coefficient is sensitive measure for income inequality. Nevertheless, the further research, which data will enables differentiation of immigrant’s population by the level of education or by occupation, will either confirms or rejects given hypothesis. Appendix 1: List of the countries of origin of migrants for the bilateral migration data EU: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, CEE: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Developing world: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Byelorussia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, China, Colombia, Congo Republic, Congo the Democratic Republic, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Georgia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Korea Republic, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Malta, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Serbia and Montenegro, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Other countries: Australia, Canada, Japan, Norway, Switzerland, United States 211
PART III: REFERENCES Andersen, Torben M (2005). Migration, Taxation and Educational Incentives. Economics Letters 87(2005), p.p. 399-405. Bergstarnd, Jeffrey H. (1989), The Generalized Gravity Equation, Monopolistic Competition, and the Factor Proportion Theory in International Trade. Review of Economics and Statistics. 71(1) , p.p. 143-153. Breitenffelner Andreas, Cuaresma Jesus Crespo, Mooslechner Peter, Ritzberge-Grünwald Doris (2008). The Impact of EU Enlargement in 2004 and 2007 on FDI Migration Flows. Gravity Analysis of Factor Mobility. Monetary Policy & the Economy, Q2(2008), pp. 101- 120. Bussiere Matthieu, Fidrmuc Jarko and Schnatz Bernd (2005). Trade integration of Central and Eastern European Countries – Lessons from Gravity Model. European Central Bank Working Paper, No. 545. Caetano, Jose Manuel and Galego, Aurora (2005). Trade Flows among CEEC and EU Countries: What Future Perspectives Econ WPA, International Trade No. 0504002. Cheng, I-Hui and Wall, J. Howard (2005). Controlling for Heterogeneity in Gravity Models of trade and Integration. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 87(1), p.p. 49-63. Egger, Peter (1999). The Potential for Trade Between Austria and Five CEE countries. Austrian Economic Quarterly, 1(1999), pp. 55-68 Fuchs, Michaela and Wohlrabe, Klaus (2005). The European Union’s Trade Potentials after the Enlargement in 2004. Institute for Economic Research (IFO) Working Paper No. 21(November 2005). Hatton, T. J. and Williamson, J. G. (2005). Global Migration and the World Economy. Two Century of Policy and Performance, MIT Press. Cambridge, Mass. Helpman, Elhanan and Krugman, R. Paul (1985). Market Structure and Foreign Trade: Increasing returns, imperfect competition and the international economy. Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books Ltd. Linnenmann, Hans (1966). An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows. North Holland, Amsterdam. Marques, Helena (2005). Migration Creation and Diversion in EU: Are CEEs Immigrants Crowding-Out the Rest Lougborough University (UK) Department of Economics WP, 27/04/2005. Pöjhönen, P. (1963). A Tentative Mode for the Volume of Trade between Countries. 212
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PART III:<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Andersen, Torben M (2005). Migration, Taxation and Educational Incentives. Economics<br />
Letters 87(2005), p.p. 399-405.<br />
Bergstarnd, Jeffrey H. (1989), The Generalized Gravity Equation, Monopolistic Competition,<br />
and the Factor Proportion Theory in International Trade. Review of Economics and<br />
Statistics. 71(1) , p.p. 143-153.<br />
Breitenffelner Andreas, Cuaresma Jesus Crespo, Mooslechner Peter, Ritzberge-Grünwald<br />
Doris (2008). The Impact of EU Enlargement in 2004 and 2007 on FDI Migration Flows.<br />
Gravity Analysis of Factor Mobility. Monetary Policy & the Economy, Q2(2008), pp. 101-<br />
120.<br />
Bussiere Matthieu, Fidrmuc Jarko and Schnatz Bernd (2005). Trade integration of Central<br />
and Eastern European Countries – Lessons from Gravity Model. European Central Bank<br />
Working Paper, No. 545.<br />
Caetano, Jose Manuel and Galego, Aurora (2005). Trade Flows among CEEC and EU<br />
Countries: What Future Perspectives Econ WPA, International Trade No. 0504002.<br />
Cheng, I-Hui and Wall, J. Howard (2005). Controlling for Heterogeneity in Gravity Models<br />
of trade and Integration. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 87(1), p.p. 49-63.<br />
Egger, Peter (1999). The Potential for Trade Between Austria and Five CEE countries.<br />
Austrian Economic Quarterly, 1(1999), pp. 55-68<br />
Fuchs, Michaela and Wohlrabe, Klaus (2005). The European Union’s Trade Potentials<br />
after the Enlargement in 2004. Institute for Economic Research (IFO) Working Paper No.<br />
21(November 2005).<br />
Hatton, T. J. and Williamson, J. G. (2005). Global Migration and the World Economy.<br />
Two Century of Policy and Performance, MIT Press. Cambridge, Mass.<br />
Helpman, Elhanan and Krugman, R. Paul (1985). Market Structure and Foreign Trade:<br />
Increasing returns, imperfect competition and the international economy. Brighton:<br />
Wheatsheaf Books Ltd.<br />
Linnenmann, Hans (1966). An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows. North<br />
Holland, Amsterdam.<br />
Marques, Helena (2005). Migration Creation and Diversion in EU: Are CEEs<br />
Immigrants Crowding-Out the Rest Lougborough University (UK) Department of<br />
Economics WP, 27/04/2005.<br />
Pöjhönen, P. (1963). A Tentative Mode for the Volume of Trade between Countries.<br />
212
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