PhD Arthur Decae 2010 - Ghent Ecology - Universiteit Gent

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Island endemics: Of the 49 "Mediterranean" species and subspecies listed in Platnick 2003 twelve species (24%) are known exclusively from islands, and only two (N. cellicola and N. maculatipes) species (4%) are recorded from both mainland and island locations 15 . Widespread island endemism is also supported by records, partly as yet unpublished, of endemic Nemesia species from Crete, Corfu, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Elba, Montecristo, Ile d' Alboran, Majorca and Ibiza. Mainland endemics: Local endemism is also found in continental areas. In southern France, where Nemesia was first studied in some detail, Moggridge 1873, 1874 discovered that the Nemesia faunas east and west of the river Rhone differed remarkably in their species composition. East of the Rhone he found N. carminans, N. congener O.P-Cambridge 1874, N. e/eanora O.P-Cambridge 1873 and N. manderstjernae 16 , while west of the Rhone he found N. caementaria (Latreille 1799), N. dubia O.P-Cambridge 1874 and N. simoni. Simon 1914 added N. raripila from the Pyrenees to the Nemesia fauna of southwest France. In a current study of the Nemesia fauna of Portugal (<strong>Decae</strong> & Cardoso in prep.) endemism again seems to be a remarkable feature, because none of the six species collected from various sites throughout Portugal has so far been found in Spain. Since some of the Portuguese collections were made close to the Spanish border, it is unlikely that all these species are absent from Spain, but their presence there still has to be established. This study of the Portuguese Nemesia fauna also shows that the presence of species that had previously been reported from Portugal, but that have their type localities in distant lands (N. dubia from Montpellier, N. meridionalis Costa, 1835 from Naples), could not be reconfirmed, which suggests that the distribution of these species is more restricted than previously supposed. The information presented here on the species of Majorca and Ibiza also underlines the view that local endemism is strong in Nemesia, because the Nemesia fauna of Majorca appears to differ from that of nearby Ibiza, and because it shows that even on an island the size of Majorca, species distributions can be geographically separate (see Fig. 84 for the distributions of N. bristowei and N. randa). Whether Nemesia really is a regional genus composed of numerous locally endemic species, however, requires further investigation. Too little is currently known about the identity of individual species in large parts of the distribution range (Spain, Italy, Balkans, Greece, North Africa) and virtually nothing is known about possible interspecific, let alone phylogenetic, relationships between species. Early suggestions of such relationships (Simon 1914; Frade & Bacelar 1931) were unavoidably speculative owing to the very limited amount of information then available. New collections and the discovery of better diagnostic characters (particularly spermathecae and spinneret morphology) have provided the opportunity for the following fresh speculations on possible interspecific relationships within Nemesia. Based on the morphology of the spermathecae, a broad division between eastern and western Nemesia species may exist. The eastern species characteristically have narrow, elongated spermathecae that are medially "twisted", as illustrated here for N. seldeni (Fig. 53). Western species have simpler built and much broader spermathecae as shown here in Figs. 19, 32, 39, 15 There is some doubt about the correctness of distribution data for the two species reported from both mainland and island locations, first, because the reported distributions are not easily explained and show unlikely disjunctions, and secondly, because these two species, N cellicola (Audouin, 1826) and N. maculatipes Ausserer, 1871, are species that (for different reasons) are easily misidentified. N. cellicola is the type species of the genus, and in early collections, before information on the diversity of Nemesia was available, was reported mistakenly from various wide1y separated locations. Nemesia maculatipes seems to carry its diagnostic character in its name (the maculae on legs and PLS), but it is now clear that the maculate pattern is present in different, only distantly related, Nemesia species and that such species are easily confused. 16 The distinction between the last two species is currently unclear.
Figs 79-82 Trapdoors of Majorcan Nemesia species. 79 N. brauni; 80 N. bristowei, 81 N. seldeni; 82 N. randa. 46, 60 and 67. In the central areas of the distribution range, species with these two different types of spermathecae overlap. Nemesia carminans, which occurs in an area between the river Rhone in south-central France and the city of Genoa in northern Italy, is currently the species with "western-type" spermathecae that extend its distribution range furthest to the east. Nemesia dubia, with a distribution range between Montpellier (southern France) and eastern Spain (Blasco 1986b), is currently the most westward extending species with "eastern- type" spermathecae 17 . It is currently unknown if a similar phenomenon occurs on the north African side of the Mediterranean, but on Mediterranean islands it is evident from what is reported here, that of the seven Balearic species recognized six have "western-type" spermathecae and only N. seldeni has "eastern-type" spermathecae. Interspecific relationships of N. seldeni: Nemesia seldeni appears to belong to a tribe of small (♀ BL = 13-17 mm), wafer-door building Nemesia species that is here designated the maculatipes-group. Typical, but not unique for the species in this group, is the presence of dark pigmented blotches (maculae) on the outer faces of leg-segments (mainly on the femora, patellae and tibiae) and on the outer face of the basal segment of the PLS. Females of the maculatipes-group differ from those of other Nemesia species by a combination of characters that include "eastern-type", twisted, receptacles (not yet established in all species), a relatively elongated carapace, dense pubescence on carapace and legs, distinct color pattern with a 17 Although Blasco 1985 shows more ‘western-type’ spermathecae for N. dubia from Catalonia.
Page 1 and 2: Diversity and distribution of mygal
Page 3 and 4: Voor Jean-Pierre MAELFAIT Ik heb je
Page 5 and 6: Contents (page numbers and running
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 1 General introduction. Art
Page 9 and 10: diversity (Penney et. al. 2003) all
Page 11 and 12: Recently the Mediterranean has acqu
Page 13 and 14: 2. The African-Arabic Continent Aro
Page 15 and 16: Mediterranean. Recently a very dive
Page 17 and 18: The funnel-web spiders of the famil
Page 19 and 20: Coyle (1981) also negates the commo
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 Trapdoor spiders of the g
Page 23 and 24: The questions of whether these spec
Page 25 and 26: Genus Nemesia Audouin, 1826 Nemesia
Page 27 and 28: parts as in N. santeugenia (Fig. 46
Page 29 and 30: 1.01-1.08, more than twice as wide
Page 31 and 32: and femora; all metatarsi and tibia
Page 33 and 34: The "teeth" on the edge of the door
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 33-39: Nemesia randa sp. n., f
Page 37 and 38: santeulalia), the broken POP in the
Page 39 and 40: urrow runs almost vertically into t
Page 41 and 42: Variation (n= 6): Adult females sma
Page 43 and 44: Figs. 54-60 Nemesia santeulalia sp.
Page 45 and 46: Figs. 61-67: Nemesia ibiza sp. n.,
Page 47: Behavior: Some spiders were found t
Page 51 and 52: urrow by N. santeugenia. Based on t
Page 53 and 54: Abstract The occurrence of the trap
Page 55 and 56: Distribution of species. Although o
Page 57 and 58: Patellar spine formulae. PSPvar (n=
Page 59 and 60: Patellar spine formulae. PSP [p=0-0
Page 61 and 62: PMS reduced digitiform. PLS spigots
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 45 with Blasco 1986 p.346 Fig.
Page 65 and 66: the northern-most parts of the coun
Page 67 and 68: also in Catalonia (type locality ea
Page 69 and 70: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figs. 1-
Page 71 and 72: 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Page 73 and 74: 49 50 51 52 53 54 Figs 49-54 Estima
Page 75 and 76: Abstract A new genus, Iberesia, is
Page 77 and 78: median spinnerets (PMS) and consequ
Page 79 and 80: Carapace: pattern indistinct (Fig.
Page 81 and 82: Iberesia castillana (Frade & Bacela
Page 83 and 84: Bacelar 1931 based on their study o
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 5 Sub-generic diversity and
Page 87 and 88: precondition for extracting valuabl
Page 89 and 90: Results MDS analysis of full data-s
Page 91 and 92: Brachythele & Raveniola Holonemesia
Page 93 and 94: Holonemesia Simon 1914 (Figs. 3, 5,
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 6 Cladogram of Holonemesia ind
Page 97 and 98: Fig. 12 Geographic distribution of
Page 99 and 100:
Raven & Schwendinger 1995, Iberesia
Page 101 and 102:
Character List 1. All characters ar
Page 103 and 104:
29 Nemesia carminans 0000100 001010
Page 105 and 106:
47 Nemesia sp.capistrano 1000000 11
Page 107 and 108:
Fig. 19 Strict consensus cladogram
Page 109 and 110:
Fig. 21 Strict consensus cladogram
Page 111 and 112:
Abstract. The presence and origin o
Page 113 and 114:
Material & Methods The material stu
Page 115 and 116:
Ummidia algarve new species Figs. 2
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spines with the exception of one di
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Tar Met Tib Pat Fem Total Palp 2.9
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Variation. Total sizes (BL) in the
Page 123 and 124:
Discussion Simon (1903 pp. 887-888)
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Acknowledgements This study would n
Page 127 and 128:
Abstract The genus Cyrtocarenum Aus
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Doleschall 1871 from Sardinia and o
Page 131 and 132:
Figs.4-7: Methods of measurements.
Page 133 and 134:
Figs. 8-15: 8-9 Right palp tibia, d
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Basal segment dark reddish brown. S
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Measurements: CL=8.1; CW=7.9; SL=6.
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syntopically (sample in the Sencken
Page 141 and 142:
Chapter 8 General Conclusions. Rewo
Page 143 and 144:
Material and Methods In order to ev
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genera are classified in the subfam
Page 147 and 148:
Knowledge of possible Saharan and s
Page 156 and 157:
Summary All chapters contained in t
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dieren er een onderkomen gevonden w
Page 160 and 161:
Literature Ager D.V. 1980. The Geol
Page 162 and 163:
Decae A. E. 1983. A preliminary rev
Page 164 and 165:
Hu J. L. & A. H. Li. 1987. The spid
Page 166 and 167:
Platnick N.I. 1976. Drifting Spider
Page 168 and 169:
Wiehle H.1960. Der Embolus des män
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PhD Arthur Decae 2010 - Ghent Ecology - Universiteit Gent

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