Recent advances in plant hepatoprotectives - CIMAP Staff - Central ...

RECENT ADVANCES IN PLANT HEPATOPROTECTIVES
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751
O
O
15
O
14 16
HO 13
O
11 12
1
20
2 9
8
10
HO 3 4 6 7
OH
4
HO
OO
OH
OH
OH
5
O
HO
O
O
O
HO
HO
OO
OH
OH
OH
6
7
OH
Figure 3. Structures of andrographolide (4), neoandrographolide (5), andrographoside (6), and andrograpanin (7).
natalensis. 53 Andrographolide has shown choleretic activity in the rats and guinea pigs, stimulating
bile production. 54
Andrographolides are distributed throughout the viscera when consumed orally and 90% is
excreted within 48 hr of consumption. Four main metabolites (Fig. 4) of andrographolide as
sulphonates (M-1, M-2, M-3, and M-4) were isolated from rat urine and feces after 48 hr of oral
administration at room temperature. 55
D. Mode of Action
Andrographolide, andrographoside, and neoandrographolide protect liver against the hepatotoxins
by reducing the levels of the lipid oxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA), and by maintaining
high levels of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH). 56 The lowering of MDA formation revealed the
free radical scavenging properties of diterpene lactones. On the other hand, neoandrographolide has
12
O
O
SO 3 H
HO
O
O
SO 3 H
H
HO
O
SO 3 H
HO
M-1, 12R;
M-2, 12S
CH 2 OH
HO
HO
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
M-3 M-4
Medicinal Research Reviews DOI 10.1002/med
Figure 4. Metabolites of andrographolide.