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02 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 men of an inferior class. The Admiralty made it an article of policy to supply the ships of the Channel fleet with steady and capable men, because the services of that fleet were of vital importance to the country. But at the Nore there were a large number of unreliable persons —chiefly quota-men, many of them fresh from prison, and others likely to find their way there if they remained on land. How came it then, that the mutinous spirit appeared first among the better seamen, and that the less reliable men at the Nore remained quiet and orderly for nearly a month after the first outbreak at Spithead ? The explanation is that the vessels at the Nore were not a properly constituted fleet, but rather a chance collection of ships belonging to different fleets. When the Nore mutiny began, Vice-Admiral Buckner, the port-Admiral in Sheerness, had under his command only a dozen ships, and the following list will show that most of them were frigates or sloops :— Guns Commander. Station. Sandwich (Flagship) 90 Vice-Admiral Buckner Great Nore Captain Mosse Director 64 Captain Bligh »> Grampus (Store ship Captain Carue >> armed en flute) Swan 16 Captain Stapp >> Inflexible 64 Captain Ferris i> Champion 24 Captain Raper >> San Fiorenzo 40 Captain Sir Harry Neale Clyde 38 Captain Cunningham >» Little Nore Iris 32 Captain Surridge >» Espion 38 Captain Manley Dixon Sheerness Harbour Niger 32 Captain Foote >> Firm (floating ; battery) 24 Lieut. H. Pine Off Sheerness 1 1. This list is taken from Cunningham, pp. 2-3. Cunningham, who commanded the Clyde at the time of the mutiny, afterwards became a Vice-Admiral, and Commandant of the Dockyard at Chatham. Bligh, the Captain of the Director, had already been through one mutiny, the celebrated revolt on the Bounty.
CHARACTER OF THE NORE FLEET 103 Of the larger ships the Sandwich alone was permanently stationed at the Nore. The Inflexible and the Champion were ready for sea, and were under orders to join the main squadron of the North Sea fleet, which was at Yarmouth under the command of Duncan. The San Fiorenzo had orders to escort the Princess Royal to Germany, after her marriage with the Grand Duke of Wurtemberg ; the Espion and the Niger were refitting in the harbour. The Grampus was preparing for a voyage to the West Indies. Thus the crews were largely strangers to one another, and there could not be, in the fleet as a whole, enough corporate feeling to originate and concert a plan of mutiny. It was for this reason, and not for want of the inclination to revolt, that the causes which produced the mutinies only took effect at the Nore after their work was perfected in the Channel fleet. But when once the example had been set it was readily followed, and the very act of organizing the mutiny probably brought about the community of feeling and the personal acquaintance which had previously been lacking. No documents are left to show exactly how the mutiny was prepared; but there is enough indirect evidence to enable us to discover the general method with certainty. And the conclusion is that the rising at the Nore was, in the beginning, simply an offshoot from the Spithead mutiny. The delegates at Spithead asked the seamen at the Nore to join them in urging the redress of their common grievances, and the Nore mutiny was the answer to this demand. We have seen how unlikely it was that a spontaneous outbreak could occur in the Nore fleet. We may now examine the grounds for believing that the stimulus actually came from Spithead, not only by example, but by direct incitement. In the first place the mutiny at Plymouth, which began on 26 April, was certainly due to representations from the squadron at Spithead. Four
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Sherratt & Hughes Publishers to the
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THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 BY CONRA
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So Albion, round her rocky coast, W
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viii PREFACE Almost the whole polit
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x PREFACE Revolutions are commonly
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xii PREFACE choice of this subject
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— xiv CONTENTS CHAPTER VI. THE MU
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— xvi CONTENTS CHAPTER XV. MEASUR
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— — ; xviii CONTENTS Jephson's
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MAPS. Map of Portsmouth and Spithea
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— — — CONTRACTIONS USED IN TH
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4 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 ebb. 1
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i6 CHAPTER II. The Outbreak. The fl
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44 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 women
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CHAPTER IV. Delay and Suspicion. Ev
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THE DUKE OF BEDFORD'S SPEECH 49 dis
Page 77 and 78: ORDERS OF ist MAY 51 was in clanger
Page 79 and 80: : A RUMOUR OF SEDITION 53 until the
Page 81 and 82: FRESH PREPARATIONS 55 ment. But if
Page 83 and 84: UNREST ON THE ROYAL GEORGE 57 quest
Page 85 and 86: OUTBREAK AT ST. HELENS 59 and deleg
Page 87 and 88: LONDON READY FOR RESISTANCE 61 mine
Page 89 and 90: ; OFFICERS IMPRISONED 63 popular wi
Page 91 and 92: JOHN FLEMING 65 of whom he had a ve
Page 93 and 94: 6; CHAPTER VI. The Mutiny at St. He
Page 95 and 96: DISMISSAL OF OFFICERS 69 On Sunday
Page 97 and 98: SEAMEN ON SHORE 71 company, resign
Page 99 and 100: THE SEAMEN'S BILL PASSED 73 On that
Page 101 and 102: HOWE AT SPITHEAD 75 proclamation of
Page 103 and 104: ; TERMS OF AGREEMENT 77 the officer
Page 105 and 106: —, APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS 79 mis
Page 107 and 108: HOWE AND BRIDPORT 81 with an ample
Page 109 and 110: LATER DISORDERS 83 were of so littl
Page 111 and 112: A DISQUIETING RUMOUR 85 the author
Page 113 and 114: POLICY OF THE ADMIRALTY 87 newspape
Page 115 and 116: — THE GOVERNMENT 89 held by a man
Page 117 and 118: RESPONSIBILITY FOR DELAY 91 fresh o
Page 119 and 120: CHIEF MOVERS OF THE MUTINY 93 maint
Page 121 and 122: CONDITION OF THE FLEET 95 (viii) De
Page 123 and 124: . CONDITION OF THE FLEET 97 Terribl
Page 125: BOOK III. The Mutiny at the Nore Pa
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Page 150 and 151: I2 4 CHAPTER XL Richard Parker. It
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Page 160 and 161: 134 CHAPTER XIII. The Period of Neg
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CHAPTER XIV. The North Sea Fleet. A
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A DANGEROUS POLICY 167 which the fa
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DELEGATES FROM THE NORE 169 are ver
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COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE NORE 171 pu
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: ; " ORIGIN OF THE MUTINY 173 The
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DEFECTION OF THE FLEET 175 Montague
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; THE FLEET SAILS TO THE NORE 177 s
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MOTIVES OF THE SEAMEN 179 conscious
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BLOCKADE OF THE THAMES 181 governme
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; EFFECT OF THE BLOCKADE 183 the sa
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PIRACY AND PLUNDER 185 which had st
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VIOLENCE OF THE MUTINEERS 187 It wa
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2 THE MUTINY DEGENERATING 189 enter
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THE ENERGY OF DESPAIR 191 of the mu
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MEASURES OF DEFENCE 193 The instruc
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REMOVAL OF BUOYS AND LIGHTS 195 two
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SIR CHARLES GREY 197 any passage of
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CAVALRY AND POLICE 199 patrolled ;
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; PUBLIC OPINION 201 mercantile cla
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EFFECT ON THE GOVERNMENT 203 vessel
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; MEASURES IN PARLIAMENT 205 of pre
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THE FLEET ISOLATED 207 mutinous sho
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209 CHAPTER XVI. The Decline of the
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EFFECT OF ISOLATION 211 the governm
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THE SEAMEN WAVERING 213 delegate, a
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FRESH ATTEMPT TO NEGOTIATE 215 ment
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LORD NORTHESK'S MISSION 217 given Y
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THE LAST NEGOTIATION 219 ment as wo
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SUPPLIES RUNNING LOW 221 already we
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PLAN OF ESCAPE 223 to cover the rea
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: ESCAPE SERIOUSLY INTENDED 225 be
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THE SIGNAL FOR SAILING 227 When Hoc
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PARKER'S TOUR OF THE FLEET 229 ably
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HARANGUES OF THE DELEGATES 231 Bril
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ESCAPE OF THE LEOPARD 233 delegates
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THE REPULSE FOLLOWS THE LEOPARD 235
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THE COLLAPSE BEGINNING 237 the flee
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— BLUE FLAGS 239 same day that a
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END OF THE MUTINY 241 that the last
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243 CHAPTER XVII. The Sequel of the
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— PARKER'S SURRENDER 245 for his
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: PREPARATIONS FOR COURTS-MARTIAL 2
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PARKER'S RESPONSIBILITY 249 his who
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PUNISHMENT OF RINGLEADERS 251 of ke
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RESULTS OF THE MUTINIES 253 from Sp
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THE LOYAL SHIPS 255 prisons. 1 Perh
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— CAUSES OF FAILURE 257 ment were
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BOOK V. The Grievances of the Seame
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; 262 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 br
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264 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 More
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266 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 meat
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268 CHAPTER XIX. Discipline. A thir
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2 7 o THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 of
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; 272 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 179T it
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276 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1T9T prob
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2 7 S THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 179T de
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280 CHAPTER XX. Other Grievances. A
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282 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 and
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2 284 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 A
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286 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 was
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288 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 the
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2Q0 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 179T barg
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292 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 or b
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294 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 179T fast
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296 THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797 comp
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The characteristic mutinied in CHAP
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ADDRESS TO THE NATION 301 guineas t
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2 DESIRE FOR LIBERTY 303 In additio
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4 1 HOSTILITY TO THE GOVERNMENT 305
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— CONTEMPORARY OPINIONS 307 persi
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REPORT ON SEDITIOUS SOCIETIES 309 e
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INFLUENCE ON LOYAL SEAMEN 311 conte
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ORIGIN OF THE MUTINIES 3*3 conjectu
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315 CHAPTER XXIII. The Authors of t
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QUOTA-MEN 317 of the ringleaders at
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REVOLUTIONARIES IN THE FLEET 319 hi
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THOMAS JEPHSON 321 dered when the C
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CITIZEN DEAN 323 that he had questi
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CHARACTER OF THE SOCIETIES 325 I796
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" LACK OF DIRECT EVIDENCE 327 Secre
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UNITED IRISHMEN 329 definite, howev
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WOLFE TONE'S PROCLAMATION 331 indep
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POLICY OF UNITED IRISHMEN 333 issue
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VAGUE EXPECTATIONS 335 different fo
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WOLFE TONE'S DIARY 337 Marine, mean
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FINANCIAL SUPPORT 339 The resources
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AN INCIDENT IN PORTSMOUTH 341 betwe
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REPORTS FROM A SPY 343 June 10th, '
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DISSIPATED EFFORTS 345 were in port
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THE MAGISTRATES' REPORT 347 have se
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RUMOURS OF SUPPORT 349 encouraged t
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WHITBREAD AND THE MUTINEERS 351 Whi
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1 VIEWS OF THE MORNING CHRONICLE 35
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355 CHAPTER XXVI. Summary of the Ca
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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS 357
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359 APPENDIX A. DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRAT
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PETITIONS 361 slops of every descri
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; PETITIONS 363 therefore beg leave
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SPENCER'S DIARY 365 their respectiv
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SPENCER'S DIARY 367 them that the p
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NEGOTIATIONS IN PORTSMOUTH 369 orde
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NEGOTIATIONS IN PORTSMOUTH 371 thei
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; NEGOTIATIONS IN PORTSMOUTH 373 he
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NEGOTIATIONS IN PORTSMOUTH 375 incr
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; JOHN FLEMING'S LETTER 377 His int
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THE BOARD IN SHEERNESS 379 that hou
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THE BOARD IN SHEERNESS 381 9 a.m. I
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REPORTS OF A POLITICAL CLUB 383 the
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REPORTS OF A POLITICAL CLUB 385 as
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— —; SONGS OF THE MUTINEERS 387
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SONGS OF THE MUTINEERS 389 Hark the
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— 39i APPENDIX B. NOTE ON PARKER'
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; 393 APPENDIX C. LIST OF AUTHORITI
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LIST OF AUTHORITIES 395 the Admiral
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LIST OF AUTHORITIES 397 Robinson, C
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; ; INDEX [Abbreviations : Letters
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; ; INDEX 4°3 Captains, influence
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;; INDEX 405 Sovereign, 76; opinion
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; ; Maria (victualling ship), 184,
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; ; INDEX 409 Petty Officers, attit
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; ; INDEX 4i surgeons, 322, 323. So
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SHEERNESS and THE NORE. ey,Suuthamp
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— — 2 MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY PUB
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— — — — MANCHESTER UNIVERSI
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— — — — 6 MANCHESTER UNIVER
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: — —— — MANCHESTER UNIVERS
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MAM HESTER UNIYERSITY PUBLICATIONS
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MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS
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; io MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY PUBLICAT
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12 MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIO
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1 4 MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY PUBLICATI
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16 MANCHESTEB UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIO
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— W 20 MANCHESTEB UNIVERSITY PUII
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