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The Center for Food Safety Engineering 

2005 - 2006 Research Report 

“Collaborating to make our food safer”

The mission of the Center for Food Safety 

Engineering is to develop new knowledge, 

technologies and systems for detection 

and prevention of chemical and microbial 

contamination of foods. 

Through CFSE, Purdue University positions 

itself as a national leader in multidisciplinary 

food safety research. Our multidisciplinary 

approach, including a strong 

engineering component, makes Purdue 

University truly unique.

2005-2006 Research Report 

2 Welcome from the Director 

• Message from Richard Linton, Center Director 

2 Message from USDA 

• Message from our Partnership with USDA-ARS 

3 Researchers developing food pathogen biosensors garner Agriculture Team Award 

3 Center Director captures IFT Myron Solberg Award 

4 Engineering of biosystems for the detection of Listeria Monocytogenes in foods 

• Michael R. Ladisch, Rashid Bashir, Arun Bhunia, J. Paul Robinson 

6 Multiplexed detection of pathogens using fl uorescence resonance energy transfer 

in spatial detection format 

• Bruce Applegate 

7 Optical forward scattering for bacterial colony differentiation and identifi cation 

• Arun K. Bhunia, E. Dan Hirleman, J. Paul Robinson, Bartek Rajwa, Padmapriya Banda 

8 Multi-pathogen screening and/or confi rmation via microarray detection 

• Arun K. Bhunia, Mark Morgan, B.K. Hahm, Viswaprakash Nanduri, Shu-I Tu 

9 Multipathogen screening using immunomicroarray 

• Arun K. Bhunia, Viswaprakash Nanduri, Andrew Gehring 

10 Infrared sensors for rapid detection of select microbial foodborne contaminants 

• Lisa Mauer, Maribeth Cousin, Jay Gore, Jean Guard-Petter, Brad Reuhs, Sivakumar Santhanakrishnan 

11 Infrared sensors for rapid identifi cation of living vs. dead select microbial 

foodborne contaminants 

• Lisa Mauer, Maribeth Cousin, Jay Gore, Brad Reuhs 

12 Development of bioreporter-based chemical biosensor technology for the detection 

of chemical threat agents 

• David Nivens, Michael Franklin, Bruce Applegate, Carlos Corvalan 

13 Scientifi c publications and presentations 

16 Center staff 

Visit us @ www.cfse.purdue.edu

Welcome from the Director 

The Center for Food Safety Engineering (CFSE) at Purdue University, celebrates its 6th 

anniversary. It has been a very successful and exciting year for our interdisciplinary group. 

One of the key highlights was our biosensor team receiving the Purdue University College of 

Agriculture Team Award. This award is given each year to an interdisciplinary team that has 

demonstrated the most signifi cant research impact. Our partnership with USDA-ARS Eastern 

Regional Research Laboratory continues to breed success, leading to 19 peer-reviewed 

research publications, 21 presentations at national meetings, graduation of 5 Masters and Ph.D. 

students, and granting of 3 patents. This past summer, we were invited again to conduct a halfday 

program at the Annual Rapid Methods Workshop held at Kansas State University. 

Dr. Richard H. Linton 

Director of the Center for 

Food Safety Engineering 

Our research teams continue to work on emerging technologies to improve microbial and 

chemical detection. Detection systems are being developed for bacterial foodborne pathogens 

including Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., 

and a wide variety of chemical toxins. We are researching many detection technologies such 

as enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays, polymerase chain reactions, impedance-based 

microbiology, infrared spectroscopy, scanning microscopy, bioluminescense, and DNA/RNA 

probes. Some of the research breakthroughs include detection of live versus dead cells using 

infrared sensing devices, use of light scattering technology to produce images to distinguish 

foodborne pathogens from an agar plate, further development of a biochip for detection of 

Listeria monocytogenes, and signifi cant improvement of techniques to separate microorganisms 

from complex food systems. 

As our center grows, I continue to be amazed with the capabilities and talents of our scientists. 

To learn more about our center, please visit our web site at www.cfse.purdue.edu or feel free to 

contact me directly. 

Message from USDA 

Dr. Shu-I Tu 

Supervisory Research 

Chemist USDA-ARS, 

Eastern Regional 

Research Center 

As the collaboration between the Center for Food Safety Engineering (CFSE) at Purdue 

University and the Eastern Regional Research Center (ERRC) of the Agricultural Research 

Service (ARS) is entering its 7th year, I am grateful to witness the growth and maturation of 

this Congressional initiative. I am proud that the biosensor team of our Purdue colleagues was 

honored by winning the 2006 Purdue University College of Agriculture Team Award. Together, 

our Purdue-ERRC team has earned the reputation as a major contributor to the technology 

advancement of pathogen detection in food, as evident by the invitation from the International 

Workshop on Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology, to conduct a half-day symposium 

on molecular methodologies in August 2006. Furthermore, our team will have a dedicated issue 

of the Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology to report the progress of our 

collaboration team. 

In 2006, ERRC has continued to train visiting postdoctorates and graduate students from CFSE. 

Currently there are two visiting scientists from CFSE working at ERRC to develop phagedisplay 

antibodies, protein microarrays, and Salmonella detection methods using fi ber optics 

and time- resolved fl uorescence. We at ERRC valued the opportunity to be directly involved 

in and contribute to the development of future scientists in the food safety area. This year, the 

ERRC research team has started a 5-year research project to continue its efforts in biosensor 

research. This development assures the commitment by ARS to continue and strengthen the 

collaboration with CFSE for many more years. 

2 

Center for Food Safety Engineering

Researchers developing food pathogen biosensors 

garner Agriculture Team Award 

An interdisciplinary team of scientists, who are inventing new ways to protect our food supply from potentially 

deadly food pathogens, has garnered the 2006 Purdue Agriculture Team Award. 

The Biosensor Detection Team’s 

research focuses on rapidly 

determining whether such microbes 

as Listeria monocytogenes or E. 

coli exist in food, particularly meat 

and milk products. The technologies 

the team has developed include an 

innovative biochip that analyzes 

very small amounts of food and 

does it faster and less expensively 

than current methods. 

The researchers also have found a 

way to take large samples of foods 

and concentrate the microorganisms into small volumes to inject onto the chip. 

“We have a number of different platforms in the team’s research because we have brought together 

many scientifi c disciplines,” said Arun Bhunia, a microbiologist in the Department of Food Science. “The 

interdisciplinary work not only has enabled us to produce these new technologies, but it also has helped us 

better teach and train undergraduate and graduate students in biology, microbiology and engineering. This 

award is a highlight and a result of the teamwork. We could not have achieved the same results if just one 

research specialty had been involved.” 

The biochip sensor, about the size of a fingernail, can determine if pathogen cells are present and whether 

they are dead or alive. Live cells cause disease, and it requires fewer than 10 cells to cause illness. The 

diagnostic method that includes the biosensor and the cell concentration technology has decreased detection 

time from two to three days to a few hours. 

“The technologies that the Biosensor Detection Team has developed are a major step in protecting food 

throughout the supply system from accidental or purposeful contamination by potentially deadly pathogens,” 

said Randy Woodson, Glenn W. Sample Dean of Agriculture. “This technology eventually will be available to 

many segments of the food-producing industry and will save time and money.” 

Approximately 76 millions cases of food-borne illness occur annually in the United States, according to the 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This results in 325,000 people being hospitalized and 5,500 

deaths, and costs the health-care industry and individuals as much as $23 billion. 

Consumption of pathogen-contaminated food can cause meningitis, encephalitis (swelling of the brain), liver 

abscess, headache, fever and gastrointestinal problems. Listeria monocytogenes has a 20 percent fatality rate 

for those affected. The very young, people 60 and over, pregnant women and those with weakened immune 

systems are most at risk of being sickened by these pathogens. 

Center Director captures 

IFT Myron Solberg Award 

Dr. Richard Linton was the 2006 recipient of Myron Solberg Award presented at 

the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) Annual Meeting in Orlando, Florida. The 

award honors an IFT member for providing world-class excellence in food science 

leadership in the establishment and successful development and continuation 

of industry, government, and academia cooperation. Linton was recognized for 

his outstanding contributions for a) detection and control of foodborne pathogens, 

b) development of education and training programs for food manufacturing and 

retail food establishments, and c) exceptional service to science/industry boards, 

committees, and task forces. 

3 


Ladisch, Bashir, Bhunia and Robinson 

Engineering of biosystems for the detection of Listeria Monocytogenes 

in foods 

Investigators: Michael R. Ladisch (Principal), Rashid Bashir, Arun Bhunia, J. Paul Robinson (College of Engineering) (College of Agriculture) 

Project Rationale 

Pathogenic bacteria cause 90% of reported foodborne illnesses. 

Listeria monocytogenes has emerged as one of the most 

important food pathogens, having a “zero tolerance” in ready-to 

eat processed (lunch) meats and dairy foods. This bacterium 

not only causes serious illness but also is lethal in infants, 

people over 60, and immune-compromised individuals. 

Current methods to detect this bacterium rely upon enrichment to 

increase the number of bacteria present in a sample. The food 

or food extract is incubated in special growth media for 12 to 24 

hours and the resulting culture is tested for L. monocytogenes 

using procedures that require an additional 3 to 24 hours. 

The food industry includes many small food processors and 

producers that do not have in-house microbiological laboratories 

for the purpose of testing for food pathogens. Therefore, many 

companies send out samples for analysis. This adds up to 

another 24 hours to the time that elapses between when the 

food is sampled and the bacterium, if present, is detected. An 

overall time of 2 to 3 days typically elapses from when the food 

is sampled and the test results are available. The elapsed time, 

referred to as “time to result” or TTR, is problematic since some 

foods are consumed before test results would be available. 

Rapid and affordable technologies to detect low numbers of L. 

monocytogenes cells directly from food, and which distinguish 

living from dead cells, are needed. This multi-disciplinary, multidepartmental 

research project is addressing the fundamental 

engineering and science required for development of 

microchip, bio-based assays that are transportable to the fi eld, 

useable in a manufacturing plant environment, and capable of 

rapidly detecting L. monocytogenes at the point of use. This 

research has the goals of (a) microscale detection of Listeria 

monocytogenes on a real-time or near real-time basis with a 

time-to-result of 4 hours, and, (b) reducing the time of culture 

steps with rapid cell concentration and recovery based on 

membrane technology. 

Our multidisciplinary research team is addressing the 

development, engineering and validation of such a microchip 

system that combines bioseparations technology for 

rapid concentration with recovery of microbial cells and 

bionanotechnology to construct systems capable of interrogating 

fl uids for pathogens. Our approach is resulting in a technology 

platform capable of detecting other types of foodborne and 

medically relevant pathogens, even the focus of the research is 

on rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes by a combination 

of technologies that will ultimately give a time to result of hours. 

Project Objectives 

Biochips are needed that are affordable, capable of rapid 

detection of food pathogens, and easy to use by small food 

processors as well as major food companies. The goals and 

associated milestones of our research are: 

• Rapid concentration and recovery of microorganisms from 

food samples for subsequent interrogation of pathogens. 

• Sampling and conditioning fl uids containing the cells while 

maintaining their information content (i.e., the molecules or 

cells that represent possible targets of the chip). 

• Transporting sample fl uids on and/or off the chip so that 

target microbes are captured and retained so that they can 

be probed for presence of pathogens. 

• Interfacing biological molecules (i.e., biomolecules) with 

electronic components. 

• Electronically detecting and amplifying biomolecular 

interactions between target and the biomolecules that form 

the biorecognition components of the chip. 

• Achieving in vitro biospecifi city for the target molecule. 

• Interfacing biochip systems with electronic reading devices. 

4 

Center for Food Safety Engineering 

“Biochips are needed that are affordable, capable of rapid detection of food pathogens, and 

easy to use by small food processors as well as major food companies.”

Ladisch, Bashir, Bhunia and Robinson 

Project Highlights 

The integration of cell concentration and recovery, sample 

introduction to the biochip, parallel detection of pH and 

conductivity, and improvements in specifi city and sensitivity 

have a common basis in rapid detection and quantitation 

of small differences in conductivity or changes in pH. This 

difference is maximized using a low conductivity buffer that will 

support cell viability and growth. The low conductivity growth 

medium (LCGM) that includes compounds such as tryptone, 

yeast extract, glucose, BSA and other constituents to yield a 

low conductivity of 1.2 mS. Proteins expressed by LCGM were 

identifi ed to include superoxide dismentase, thiol peroxidase, 

and unknown lipoproteins. These over-expressed proteins could 

be used as target proteins for development of new antibodies, 

and for direct or indirect measurement on-chip, thereby 

enhancing sensitivity. Overall, the validation of LCGM over the 

last year resulted in the practical impact of increasing sensitivity 

of on-chip detection of L. monocytogenes. 

indicate biological or chemical toxins. Such biomarkers may 

include proteins, peptides, low molecular weight metabolites, 

chemical or bio-toxins, and lipids, as well as nucleic acids. This 

is being studied in the context of on-chip pathogen detection and 

integration of preprocessing steps. The rapid concentration and 

recovery of the microorganisms has advanced with the use of 

hollow-fi ber membranes that are able to process extracts from 

foods that contain the microorganisms, and are amenable to use 

in a hands-off system that ultimately will lead to an automated 

instrument. A team approach is required by the complex 

interactions of the various components – both biological 

and electrical – of the detection system. These include 

dielectrophoresis and antibody-mediated selective capture of 

microorganisms in microfl uidic biochips. The multidisciplinary 

cooperation among the team has enabled signifi cant progress to 

be made in the integration of the various subsystems. 

Our interdisciplinary research approach has enabled us to learn 

about the biology of interactions between microorganisms and 

nutrient-rich foods; mechanisms of their transport and capture 

in microfl uidic systems; expression of biomarkers under 

environmental stress (i.e., conditions during food handling and/ 

or sampling); and characteristics that impact their viability under 

environmental stress. The stress that the microorganisms may 

experience is related to changes in micro-environments during 

the course of sampling and rapid detection protocols. 

Initial runs with milk and vegetables have been carried out to 

begin examining rapid recovery of microorganisms internal 

to the biological tissue as found in various types of foods. 

Ultimately, the fundamental knowledge gained will apply to a 

broad range of samples (water, air, packages, animals, and 

people) for which fl uids are probed to rapidly assess the level 

of risk by interrogating these samples for biomarkers that 

“Listeria monocytogenes has emerged as one of the most important food pathogens, 

having a “zero tolerance” in ready-to eat processed (lunch) meats and dairy foods.” 

5 


Applegate 

Multiplexed detection of pathogens using fluorescence resonance energy 

transfer in spatial detection format 

Investigator: Bruce Applegate (Principal) (College of Agriculture) 


Inadvertent contamination of foods with harmful microorganisms 

can result in multiple problems including loss in productivity, 

expenses related to healthcare, investigation, litigation, 

destruction of vast quantities of agricultural products, and loss 

of human life. To streamline efforts in the circumvention of food 

poisoning-related incidents, FSIS requires a fully automated 

testing system for the rapid throughput analysis of foods for 

contaminant pathogens (E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Listeria 

spp., etc.). Ideally, the testing platform will be a technicianoperated 

instrument that can simultaneously screen food 

samples for the presumptive presence of multiple bacteria 

and, if desired, confi rm their presence and characterize the 

pathogens through identifi cation of virulence-related or other 

genes. This approach would ultimately eliminate the need 

for the time-consuming conventional cell culture/isolation/ 

confi rmation procedures currently used. The specific objective of 

this project is the development of a nucleic acid microarray for 

the detection of multiple PCR products for the identifi cation of 

foodborne pathogens E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. and L. 

monocytogenes, based on molecular beacon technology. This 

project leverages capabilities in DNA microarray technology 

to develop a gene-specifi c assay that does not require costly 

labeling and purifi cation methods to detect the presence of the 

target gene. 


• Construct an initial prototype gene array consisting of 

four marker genes for E. coli O157:H7 utilizing molecular 

beacon probes immobilized on a glass slide. (2005) 

• Determine hybridization conditions and evaluate 

the prototype beacon array utilizing amplifi ed target 

genes.(2005) 

• Contruct microarrays containing four targets from 

Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes from previously 

constructed target probe and amplicon sequences along 

with microarrays including all three sets of probes for the 

simultaneous detection of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. 

and L. monocytogenes. (2006) 

• Design and develop probe and amplicons for 

Campylobacter, Clostridium, and S. aureus. (2006) 

• Develop and integrate a hybridization and PCR control into 

the array to provide quality assurance. (2006) 

• Construct arrays for multiple organisms and evaluate for 

hybridization specifi city. (2006) 

• Evaluate previously developed multiplex PCR reactions 

for simultaneous amplifi cation of multiple pathogen targets 

utilizing the developed microarrays. (2006) 


This project focuses on the integration of the microarray 

work with the previously developed spatial array format. A 

DNA hybridization-based optical biosensor for the detection 

of foodborne pathogens was developed with virtually zero 

probability of a false negative signal. This portable, low-cost 

and real-time assaying biosensor utilizes the color-changing 

molecular beacon as a probe for the optical detection of the 

target sequence. The computer-controlled biosensor exploits the 

target hybridization-induced change of fl uorescence color due 

to the Förster (fl uorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) 

between a pair of spectrally shifted fl uorophores conjugated to 

the opposite ends of a beacon. Unlike the traditional fl uorophorequencher 

beacon design, the presence of two fl uorescence 

molecules allows one to actively visualize both hybridized and 

unhybridized states of the beacon. This eliminates false negative 

signal detection that is characteristic of the fl uorophore-quencher 

beacon for which bleaching of the fl uorophore or washout of 

a beacon is indistinguishable from the absence of the target 

DNA sequence. The two-color design allows us to quantify the 

concentration of the target DNA in a sample down to ≤0.5 ng/μl. 

The new design is suitable for simultaneous reliable detection of 

hundreds of DNA target sequences in one test run using a series 

of beacons immobilized on a single substrate in a spatial format. 

6 


“Inadvertent contamination of foods with harmful microorganisms can result in multiple 

problems including loss in productivity, expenses related to healthcare, investigation, 

litigation, destruction of vast quantities of agricultural products, and loss of human life.”

Bhunia, Hirleman, Robinson, Rajwa and Banda 

Optical forward scattering for bacterial colony differentiation and 

identification 

Investigators: Arun K. Bhunia (Principal), E. Dan Hirleman, J. Paul Robinson, Bartek Rajwa, Padmapriya Banda (College of Agriculture, College of Engineering) 


Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli are the major 

foodborne pathogens of concern in the United States. For the 

detection and evaluation of foods contaminated with Listeria 

monocytogenes or E. coli, USDA/FSIS recommends initial 

enrichment and subsequent plating on a selective agar media, 

which is often followed by further identifi cation procedures. 

These procedures are often time consuming and lengthy, 

taking more than 2-3 days. The present industrial demand is 

to increase the rapidity of the detection assays leading to 

strategies for decreasing bacterial contamination and thus 

reducing the economical loss. Our main objective was to 

reduce the time of identifi cation of these pathogens after 

plating, by developing a simple light scattering sensory method. 

The method has now been improved to differentiate among the 

different strains of Listeria, based on the varying patterns. 

There have been increasing foodborne illnesses, multiple 

outbreaks, product recalls, and loss of lives, resulting from 

pathogens in processed, ready-to-eat food products. Bacterial 

contamination in products not only puts the public at risk, it is 

costly to companies due to loss of production time, product 

recalls and liability. 

• To validate the technology by using naturally or 

deliberately contaminated food samples. 

• To analyze cellular composition, cell arrangement, 

refractive index and colony contents using electron 

microscopy, FT-IR or GC-MS. 

• To analyze the scatter signal images using ‘Standard 

feature extraction’ and ‘Moments of shape analysis’ 

methods. 


The design and development of the BARDOT system was 

the major accomplishment during the year 2005-2006. This 

was a signifi cant accomplishment since it provided a platform 

for using a simple laser beam to scatter the bacterial colonies 

growing on an agar plate and simultaneously capturing and 

storing the images using a CCD camera attached to the 

instrument. The computer-stored images were used for image 

analysis. This system was able to differentiate genus Listeria, 

Salmonella and Vibrio with 89-98% accuracy. Furthermore, 

species within genus Listeria can be differentiated with 92-94% 

accuracy, Salmonella with 95-98% accuracy, and Vibrio with 

84-90% accuracy. 


• To improve the BARDOT (Bacteria Rapid Detection 

using Optical Scattering Technology) design, including 

supporting physics-based models, for more repeatability 

and maximum discrimination of forward scattering 

signatures of colonies. 

• To acquire scatter images of colonies of select foodborne 

bacterial colonies including pathogens. 

• To analyze the bacterial colonies of different foodborne 

bacteria on non-selective and selective agar media. 

“the BARDOT system… provided a platform for using a simple laser beam to 

scatter the bacterial colonies growing on an agar plate and simultaneously 

capturing and storing the images…” 

7 


Bhunia, Morgan, Hahm, Nanduri and Tu 

Multi-pathogen screening and/or confirmation via microarray detection 

Investigators: Arun K. Bhunia (Principal), Mark Morgan, B.K. Hahm, Viswaprakash Nanduri, Shu-I Tu (College of Agriculture) (USDA-ARS, ERRC) 


Foodborne disease is one of the most common causes of 

morbidity and mortality in the world, and more than 200 

known diseases are transmitted through food. In the United 

States there are about 76 million cases each year, of which 

325,000 require hospitalization and 5,000 die. The foodborne 

pathogens of concern are E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Listeria 

monocytogenes, Toxoplasma and Campylobacter. Therefore, 

detection of these pathogenic bacteria during food processing 

and storage is crucial for the microbiological safety and 

prevention of possible outbreaks. 

Antibody-based detection methods are regarded as rapid and 

effi cient and are widely used in conventional ELISA and dipstick 

methods. In recent years, antibodies have been successfully 

used in biosensor tools for rapid detection. Therefore, 

specifi city and avidity of a given antibody for the target bacteria 

is extremely important, specifi cally those originating from 

stressful environments of food. We have also learned that 

stress can affect antigen expression on bacterial cells thus 

affecting antibody-based detection. 

The goals of this project were to: (a) develop specifi c antibodies 

for Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and E. coli 

O157:H7, (b) analyze effect of environmental and physiological 

stresses on antigen expression and antibody based detection, 

and (c) to develop antibody-based microarray system for 

simultaneous detection of multi-pathogens. 


• Develop antibody specifi c for L. monocytogenes, 

Salmonella enterica and E. coli O157:H7. 

• Determine the effect of environmental and physiological 

stresses on antigen expression. 

• Develop sandwich ELISA for each pathogen. 

• Determine the selective enrichment media affecting the 

antibody-based detection of stress-exposed Listeria 

monocytogenes. 

• Development of pathogen enrichment and detection 

device (PEDD). 


Two polyclonal antibodies, PAb Lm404 and LmC369, were 

demonstrated to be specifi c for Internalin B (InlB) and 

actin polymerization protein (ActA) of L. monocytogenes, 

respectively. These antibodies could be potentially used for 

specifi c detection of this bacterium. These antibodies showed 

differential expression of antigens in different enrichment 

broths: selective media (like BLEB, UVM and FB) suppressed 

PAb Lm 404 reactive InlB expression whereas only FB 

suppressed Lm C369 reactive ActA expression. PAb Lm404 

could be used only when bacteria are cultured in non selective 

media while PAb-Lm C369 could be used in an immunoassay 

with bacteria directly taken from selective enrichment broth. 

Surface localization of these two epitopes was confi rmed by 

immuno-electron microscopy. 

Once completed, this would allow development of a detection 

kit for multiple pathogens, thus saving time and money for 

product testing and also helping regulatory agencies for 

evaluation of a product for key food pathogens. 

8 


“Foodborne disease is one of the most common 

causes of morbidity and mortality in the world…”

Bhunia, Hirleman, Robinson, Banda, Rajwa and Bayraktar 

Multipathogen screening using immunomicroarray 

Investigators: Arun K. Bhunia (Principal), Viswaprakash Nanduri, Andrew Gehring (College of Agriculture) 


Antibody-based methods are widely used for the detection 

of most pathogenic bacteria, and are regarded as rapid and 

effi cient. Their application to a conventional ELISA assay and 

further adaptation in modern biosensor tools shows promise in 

rapid detection. Most assays are developed for detection of a 

single target pathogen or toxin. Therefore, it is very expensive 

to test for multiple pathogens from a single product because 

separate assay methods need to be used, thus adding cost 

and labor per test. Also, large laboratory space is required 

to perform separate tests for each target pathogen because 

separate enrichment reagents and procedures need to be 

applied for different pathogens. If a single test is available that 

can detect multiple pathogens enriched in a single enrichment 

broth, this will not only reduce cost but also will be convenient 

and provide results in a short period of time. This would also 

benefi t the regulatory agencies when evaluating food products 

for key food pathogens. 

In the last decade, several rapid detection methods, such as 

antibody-based, nucleic acid-based, and biochemical-based, 

were developed. Even though these methods have shortened 

the analysis time compared to the conventional detection 

method, still we have to allow time for selective enrichment 

of samples prior to employing rapid detection methods. An 

antibody-based method such as ELISA requires at least 106 

CFU/ml for detection. Thus, to achieve that level of cells, it 

is important to use proper enrichment media for detection 

of foodborne pathogens. Furthermore, cell injury or stress 

encountered during food processing may affect cell numbers. 


The overall objective of this project is to develop 

immunomicroarray for concurrent detection of viable cells of 

three pathogens; L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and 

Salmonella enterica. 

The specifi c objectives are: 

• Development of microarray assay in 96-well plate and 

glass slide using sandwich immunoassay for three 

pathogens. 

• Optimizing growth and enrichment of three pathogens 

(healthy or stressed) spiked in model food samples in a 

selective enrichment broth for use with microarray. 


Our group has developed a selective enrichment medium for 

simultaneous growth and detection of Escherichia coli O157: 

H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella. The media, 

designated SEL (Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria) was formulated 

using Buffered Listeria Enrichment Broth (BLEB) base and 

various combinations of antibiotics: acrifl avine, cycloheximide, 

fosfomycin and nalidixic acid. Initial testing indicated that 

this medium supports the growth of E. coli O157:H7, L. 

monocytogenes and S. enteritidis well, and the growth rate of 

each is comparable to the respective selective enrichment broth 

such as modifi ed EC medium for E. coli, RV for Salmonella and 

FB for Listeria. 

Additionally, selective agents in media can delay growth and 

recovery of stressed or injured cells. Thus, currently used 

selective media may not be suitable for use with modern 

detection methods. Furthermore, current trends emphasize the 

detection of multiple targets with a single device. To achieve 

that, a medium that can allow selective enrichment of multiple 

pathogens is desirable. 

“If a single test is available that can detect multiple pathogens enriched 

in a single enrichment broth, this will not only reduce cost but also will be convenient 

and provide results in a short period of time.” 

9 


Mauer, Cousin, Gore, Guard-Petter, Reuhs and Santhanakrishnan 

Infrared sensors for rapid detection of select microbial foodborne 

contaminants 

Investigators: Lisa Mauer (Principal), Maribeth Cousin, Jay Gore, Jean Guard-Petter, Brad Reuhs, Sivakumar Santhanakrishnan 

(College of Agriculture, College of Engineering) 


Conventional detection methods take at least 24 to 48 hours to 

differentiate and identify microorganisms; therefore, measures 

taken to counteract food contamination must wait at least that 

long. To facilitate timely intervention measures, the food industry 

needs more rapid detection methods and a sensor able to 

accurately and rapidly identify low levels of microbial foodborne 

contaminants within food systems or culture media. We are 

investigating the effi cacy of infrared (IR) technology as a means 

for rapid detection of select bacterial pathogens. To accomplish 

this goal, we: (a) Created a library of Fourier-transform infrared 

(FT-IR) spectra of bacterial cell wall components and whole 

cells needed for pathogen identification and differentiation. (b) 

Developed FT-IR methods for identifi cation and quantifi cation 

of these pathogens from water, cultural media, and select 

foods. This included standardizing sampling procedures, 

quantifi cation methods, and spectral analysis procedures, as 

well as developing an overall chemometric approach for the 

analysis of FT-IR data. (c) Designed an IR sensor based on the 

most promising few-wavelength algorithms developed using 

FT-IR data generated from research activities in the fi rst two 

objectives. 


• Create a library of FT-IR spectra of bacterial cell 

wall components and whole cells (from Salmonella, 

Campylobacter jejuni, and Escherichia coli O157:H7) 

needed for cell identifi cation and differentiation. 

• Develop FT-IR methods for cell identifi cation and 

quantifi cation in water, cultural media, and foods. 

• Develop a limited wavelength approach for cell 

identifi cation. 

• Build and validate an IR sensor based on the most 

promising few-wavelength algorithm developed using FT- 

IR techniques selected in the fi rst two milestones. 


We successfully completed the development of sample 

preparation techniques for FTIR spectral collection and data 

analysis that are able to both quantify and identify Salmonella 

and E. coli O157:H7 from mixtures of bacteria in culture media 

and select food items. To develop this approach, we evaluated 

a variety of sample preparation methods, FTIR data collection 

methods, and analytical approaches for raw spectra. Further 

development of this approach enabled the design of a sensor 

that can be used in a production or retail facility to characterize 

a food sample as contaminated or free of select pathogenic 

bacteria in less time than current methods for detection. 

10 


“To facilitate timely intervention measures, the food industry 

needs more rapid detection methods…”

Mauer, Cousin, Gore and Reuhs 

Infrared sensors for rapid identification of living vs. dead select microbial 

foodborne contaminants 

Investigators: Lisa Mauer (Principal), Maribeth Cousin, Jay Gore, Brad Reuhs (College of Agriculture, College of Engineering) 


To keep the food supply safe, food production, processing, 

and retail establishments must be able to identify microbial 

foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella, Campylobacter 

jejuni, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. The CDC estimates that 

annual foodborne-related outbreaks result in 76 million cases 

of illness, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths. 

To facilitate timely intervention measures, the food industry 

needs rapid detection methods. Our group has developed 

such a system, using an infrared (IR) sensor, that is able 

to accurately identify low levels of microbial foodborne 

contaminants. In this phase of the study we have tested the 

fi eld instrument, and we have applied the technology to a 

second problem: distinguishing live bacterial cells from dead 

cells. To accomplish this goal, we developed FT-IR methods 

and analytical approaches to differentiate between living and 

dead cells of Salmonella spp. strains and E. coli O157:H7 in 

water, culture media, and select foods. This is important in both 

the determination of contamination potential in fresh products 

and the effi cacy of decontamination efforts. We also validated 

a miniature IR sensor for detecting the live bacteria. In this part 

of the project we addressed sample handling procedures, the 

time needed for detection, detection limits, and wavelength 

bands and algorithms appropriate for the sensor design. 


• Use an existing library of FT-IR spectra of bacterial cellwall 

components and whole cells of E. coli O157:H7 and 

E. coli K12, as well as Salmonella, for cell identifi cation 

and differentiation of live versus dead cells in water, 

cultural media, and foods. This milestone also involves 

the application and improvement of capture (fi ltration, etc), 

concentration, and enrichment techniques. 

• Apply a limited wavelength technique that has already 

been developed for cell identifi cation in the validation of 

a fi eld-size IR using the most promising few-wavelength 

algorithm developed during FT-IR techniques evaluations 

in the previous project. 


In the studies using variations on the selective and nonselective 

capture of live versus dead cells of E. coli O157: 

H7 and E. coli K12, and the subsequent spectral analyses, 

we showed that live cells could easily be distinguished from 

dead cells, especially when the cells were killed by the harsh 

techniques commonly used in the food industry (e.g., heat, 

salt, UV, etc). In contrast, the use of antibiotics that disrupt 

metabolism with out physical damage to the cell resulted in less 

distinct spectral separation of dead cells, but differentiation was 

still possible. Importantly, a relatively quick multi-step procedure 

allowed for a quantitative analysis of the relative abundance of 

dead versus live cells of E. coli O157:H7. 

“Our group has developed such a system, using an infrared (IR) sensor, that is able to 

accurately identify low levels of microbial foodborne contaminants.” 

11 


Nivens, Franklin, Applegate and Corvalan 

Development of bioreporter-based chemical biosensor technology for the 

detection of chemical threat agents 

Investigators: David Nivens (Principal), Michael Franklin, Bruce Applegate, Carlos Corvalan (College of Agriculture) 


Our nation must not only protect against environmental sources 

of pollution that can contaminate the food supply but also 

guard against deliberate acts of terrorism intended to degrade 

human health and/or weaken our economic base. The overall 

goal for our interdisciplinary research is the development of a 

core bioreporter-based chemical biosensor (BCB) platform 

for the eventual production of inexpensive biosensors to 

detect chemical agents that threaten our environment and 

our food supply. The BCB platform consists of an enclosure/ 

microenvironment system that contains minimal nutrients, 

genetically-modifi ed bioreporters, and in some applications 

an analytical transducer. The technology exploits the abilities 

of living microorganisms: (i) to sense and react to chemical 

stimuli; (ii) to be genetically manipulated to contain reporter 

genes; and (iii) to form biofi lms that promote survival. 

Enclosures/microenvironment systems will be developed to 

facilitate resuscitation of microorganisms from storage and 

sustain them within biofi lms in an optimal sensing state for 

the detection of chemical agents. Our research involves the 

construction of bioreporters that are used in a novel biosensor 

confi guration to detect an organic pesticide (paraquat), a toxic 

metal (arsenic), and aromatic compounds (solvents). This 

research is expected to enable the development of BCB 

technology for rapid, selective and sensitive detection of many 

chemical threat agents. After core technology is developed, 

inexpensive application-specifi c devices will be designed for 

potential use by farmers and/or scientists in a testing laboratory 

to identify environmental contamination or product tampering in 

both point-of-use and long-term monitoring applications. 


• Develop prototype enclosure(s) that contains a microenvironment 

that supports bio-reporting biofilms and in 

some applications contains a transducer(s) to facilitate 

rapid detection and long-term monitoring of biological 

responses to toxic compounds. 

• Develop biofi lm bioreporters for use in the enclosure/ 

micro-environment for the detection of arsenic, paraquat, 

and aromatic solvents. 

• Combine constructed bioreporters with the prototype 

enclosure/micro-environments and obtain concentrationdependent 

bioreporter response data for detection of a 

chemical threat agent in food. 

• Use empirical data to develop models for understanding 

the nature of bacterial responses for improving the 

analytical performance of the biosensors. 


We have nearly completed the infrastructure for the core 

bioreporter-based sensor technology that will allow the 

development of application-specifi c sensors: (1) selection and 

testing of host strains, (2) constructing genetic systems that can 

be effi ciently and rapidly inserted into the genome of the host 

strain, (3) development of test systems to understand natural 

and confi ned biofi lms, (4) selection of appropriate transducers, 

and (5) development of mathematical models for testing. 

12 


“Our research involves the construction of bioreporters that are used in a 

novel biosensor confi guration to detect an organic pesticide (paraquat), a toxic 

metal (arsenic), and aromatic compounds (solvents).”

Scientific Publications and Presentations 

Peer Reviewed Journal Publications (2005-2006) 

• Bayraktar, B., Banada, P.P., Hirleman, E.D., Bhunia, A.K., Robinson, J.P., Rajwa. B. Bacterial phenotype identifi cation using Zernike 

moment invariants. Proceedings of the Society for PhotoOptical Instrumentation Engineers. v. 6080. p. 155-162 (2006). 

• Burgula, Y., Khali, D., Krishnan, S.S., Cousin, M.A., Gore, J.P., Reuhs, B. L., Mauer, L. J. Detection of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella 

Typhimurium Using Filtration followed by FT-IR Spectroscopy. Journal of Food Protection. 69:8. p. 1777-1784 (2006). 

• Chen, W-T., Hendrickson, R. L., Huang, C-P., Sherman, D., Geng, T., Bhunia, A. K., Ladisch, M. R. “Mechanistic Study of Membrane 

Concentration and Recovery of Listeria monocytogenes,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 89, 263-273 (2005). 

• Chen, W-T., Geng, T., Bhunia, A. K., Ladisch, M. R. “Membrane for Selective Capture of the Microbial Pathogen Listeria 

monocytogenes,” AIChE J., 51(12), 3305-3308 (2005). 

• Hahm, B. K., Bhunia, A. K. Effect of environmental stresses on antibody-based detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, 

Salmonella enterica subsp. Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Applied Microbiology. v. 100. p. 1017-1027 

(2006). 

• Huang, T. T., Taylor, D. G., Sedlak, M., Mosier, N. S., Ladisch, M. R. “Microfi ber-directed Boundary Flow in Press-fi t Microdevices 

Fabricated from Self-adhesive Hydrophobic Surfaces,” Analytical Chemistry, 77, 3671-3675 (2005). 

• Jedlica, S.S., McKenzie, J.L., Leavesley, S.J., Little, K.M., Webster, T.J., Robinson, J.P., Nivens, D.E., Rickus, J.L. Surface features of solgel 

derived silica infl uence protein conformation and neuronal differentiation. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 16:3221-3230 

(2006). 

• Kim, H., Kane, M. , Kim, S., Dominguez, W., Applegate, B. Savikhin, S. A molecular beacon DNA microarray system for rapid 

detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 that eliminates the risk of a false negative signal. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. In 

press (2006). 

• Kim, K.-P., Jagadeesan, B., Burkholder, K., Jaradat, Z.W., Wampler, J.L., Lathrop, A.A., Morgan, M.T., Bhunia, A.K. Adhesion 

characteristics of Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) – expressing Escherichia coli to Caco-2 cells and of recombinant LAP to 

eukaryotic receptor Hsp60 as examined in a surface plasmon resonance sensor. FEMS Microbiology Letters. v. 256. p. 324- 

332 (2006). 

• Kim, S. S., Huang, T. T., Fisher, T. S., Ladisch, M. R., “Effects of Carbon Nanotube Structure on Protein Adsorption,” IMECE 2005- 

2008 1395, Proceedings of IMECE 2005, 2005 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 

Orlando, FL, November 5-100 (2005). 

• Kim, S., Kim, H., Reuhs, B.L., Mauer, L.J. Differentiation of outer membrane proteins from Salmonella enterica serotypes using 

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. Letters in Applied Microbiology. v. 42. p. 229-234 (2006). 

• Kim, S., Burgula, Y., Ojanen-Reuhs, T., Cousin, M.A., Reuhs, B.L., Mauer, L.J. Differentiation of crude lipopolysaccharides from 

Escherichia coli strains using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. Journal of Food Science. v. 71. p. 

57-61 (2006). 

• Lim, K. S., Chang, W.J., Koo, Y.M., Bashir, R., “Reliable Fabrication Method of Transferable Micron Scale Metal Pattern for 

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Metallization”, Lab. Chip. v. 1. 578 – 580 (2006). 

• Yang, L., Banada, P.P., Liu, Y.S., Bhunia, A.K., Bashir, R. Conductivity and pH dual detection of growth profi le of healthy and 

stressed Listeria monocytogenes. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. v. 92. p. 685-693 (2005). 

• Yang, L., Banada, P., Chatni, M. R., Lim, K, Ladisch, M., Bhunia, A., Bashir, R. “A MultiFunctional Micro-Fluidic System for 

Dielectrophoretic Concentration Coupled with Immuno-Capture of Low Number of Listeria monocytogenes”, Lab on a chip, 

appeared online. DOI: 10.1039/b607061m (2006). 

“Our partnership with USDA-ARS Eastern Regional Research Laboratory continues to 

breed success, leading to 19 peer-reviewed research publications, 21 presentations at national 

meetings, graduation of 5 Masters and Ph.D. students, and granting of 3 patents.” 

13 


Scientific Publications and Presentations 

Abstracts for Major Papers/Posters Presented (2005-2006) 

• Bashir, B. “BioMEMS and Bionanotechnology and Applications to Diagnostics”, Plenary Session Monday Oct 31st, Topical 

Conference “Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology (Bionanotechnology)”, AIChE Annual Meeting. Cincinnati, OH. 2005 

(invited). 

• Bashir, R. BioMEMS and Bionanotechnology and Applications to Diagnostics, in N.A. Peppas and J.Z. Hilt, eds., “Advances in 

Bionanotechnology”, pp. 1-5, AIChE, New York, NY. 2005 (invited). 

• Bayraktar, B., Banada, P. P., Hirleman, E. D., Bhunia, A. K., Robinson, J. P., Rajwa, B. Feature Extraction, Identifi cation and 

Classifi cation of Listeria colonies from light scatter patterns. 14th Annual GLIIFCA Meeting. 2005. 

• Bayraktar, B., Banada, P.P., Hirleman, E D, Bhunia, A.K., Robinson, J.P., Rajwa, B. Feature extraction from light-scatter patterns of 

Listeria colonies for identifi cation and classification. Journal of Biomedical Optics. 2006. v. 11 paper no. 034006. 

• Burgula, Y., Cousin, M.A., Reuhs, B.L., Mauer, L.J. Differentiation of Live vs. Dead cells of E. coli O157:H7 based upon incubation 

and immunomagnetic separation. Institute of Food Technologists’ Annual Meeting and Food Expo. Orlando, FL. 2006. 

• Burgula, Y., Cousin, M.A., Applegate, B., Linton, R., Reuhs, B.L., Mauer, L.J. Effects of processing treatments on FT-IR based 

classifi cation of dead E. coli K12 cells in comparison to live cells. Institute of Food Technologists’ Annual Meeting and Food 

Expo. Orlando, FL. 2006. 

• Burkholder, K.M., Bhunia, A.K. Interaction of Salmonella with cultured intestinal cell lines during heat stress. American Society 

for Microbiology General Meeting. 2005. p. 445. Abstract No. P-041. 

• Gomez, R., Bashir, R. “Microscale Impedance-Based Detection of Bacterial Metabolism”, in Encyclopedia of Rapid 

Microbiological Methods, Volume 3, Series Editor, Michael J. Miller, Davis Healthcare International Publishing (DHI). 2006. 

pp. 333-362. 

• Huff, K., Banada, P.P., Bayraktar, B, Bae, E, Rajwa, B, Robinson, J.P., Hirleman, E.D. Bhunia, A.K. Detection and Identifi cation of 

Foodborne Pathogens in Genus and Species Levels Using a Non-invasive Modifi ed Light Scatterometer-BARDOT. American 

Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting. 2006. Abstract no. P-075. 

• Jagadeesan, B., Burkholder, K., Wampler, J.L., Bhunia, A.K. Interaction of Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) with human Hsp60 on 

the surface of stressed epithelial cells. American Society for Microbiology General Meeting. 2006. p. 48. Abstract No. B-103. 

• Kwan S.L., Chang, W.J., Koo, Y.M., Bashir, R. “Embedding Microscale Metal Patterns In Polydimethylsiloxane Substrate” Ninth 

International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (μTAS), Boston Marriott Copley Place, 

Boston, Massachusetts, USA October 9th - 13th, 2005. 

• Lathrop, A.A., Bhunia, A.K. Expression of Listeria monocytogenes InlB and ActA surface proteins under different growth media. 

American Society for Microbiology General Meeting. 2005. p. 446, Abstract No. P-046. 

• Paarlberg, K., Burgula, Y., Cousin, M.A., Reuhs, B.L., Mauer, L.J. Development of a FT-IR spectral library for select microorganisms. 

Institute of Food Technologists’ Annual Meeting and Food Expo. Orlando, FL. 2006. Abstract. 

• Shen, X., Nivens, D.E., Corvalan, C.M. Predicting analytical response in bioreporter-based sensors for food and agriculture 

systems. Institute for Food Technologists, Orlando, FL. 2006. Session number 020B. 

14 


“At the Center for Food Safety Engineering, we direct our

Thesis/Dissertations (2005-2006) 

• Burgula, Y., “Detection of select foodborne pathogens using FT-IR spectroscopy,” Ph.D. Dissertation. 2006. Purdue 

University. 294p. 

• Chen, W., Biomedical Engineering, “Engineering and Analysis of Immobilized Enzyme System in Microfl uidic Device,” Ph.D. 

Dissertation. 2006. Purdue University. 135 p. 

• Davis, K.D. “Assessment of molecular virulence gene profi ling and antibodies for rapid detection of pathogenic Escherichia 

coli isolates.” Ph.D. Dissertation. 2005. Purdue University. 138 p. 

• Lathrop, A.A. “Development of Listeria monocytogenes specifi c antibodies using a proteomic/genomics approach and 

expression of antibody-specifi c antigens InlB and ActA under different environments.” Ph.D. Dissertation. 2005. Purdue 

University. 142 p. 

• Nagel, A.C. “Development and analysis of bioreporters in biofi lms,” Masters Thesis. 2006. Purdue University. (In Progress) 

Books and Book Chapters (2005-2006) 

• Amass, S.F., Bhunia, A.K., Chaturvedi, A.R., Dolk, D.R., Peeta, S., Atallah, M.J. editors. Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, IN. 

Advances in Homeland Security Vol. 1. The Science of Homeland Security, 2006. p. 109-149. 

• Bhunia, A.K. Detection of signifi cant bacterial pathogens and toxins of interest in homeland security. 

Invited Lectures and Seminars (2005-2006) 

• Bhunia, A.K. Bacterial Pathogen Detection: Micro/Nano-Technology Approaches. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 

Calcutta, West Bengal, India (Dec 21, 2005). 

• Bhunia, A.K. Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenesis: Intestinal Phase of Infection. Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, 

Assam, India (Dec 5, 2005). 

• Bhunia, A.K. Microbiology Meets Nanotechnology. Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India (Dec 5, 2005). 

• Bhunia, A.K. Optical immunosensors and cell-based detection for Listeria monocytogenes. International Rapid Methods 

Workshop, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (July, 2006). 

• Bhunia, A.K. Pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes and its detection strategies using micro/nano sensors. Department of 

Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana (Nov 4, 2005). 

• Ladisch, M. R., “Microfl uidic Characterization of Press Fit Microdevices,” University of Akron, Akron, OH (October 21, 2005). 

• Ladisch, M. R., “Rapid Prototyping of Microfl uidic Separation Platforms,” North Carolina State University (February 3, 2006). 

Patents Granted (2005-2006) 

• Bhunia, A.K., Hahm, B.K., Morgan, M.T. Pathogen enrichment detection device and methods of use. Ref. No. 64303.P1US 

(2005). 

• Hirleman, E.D., Guo, S., Bhunia, A.K., Bae, E. System and method for rapid detection and characterization of bacterial colonies 

using forward light scattering. Ref. No. 64142.00.US (2005). 

• Ladisch et al, Cell Concentration and Pathogen Recovery, 11/081 378 (2005). 

efforts toward detecting problems and protecting consumers.” 

15 


Center Staff 

Dr. Richard H. Linton 

Director 

765.494.6481 

linton@purdue.edu 

Staff 

Kevin T. Hamstra, Multimedia Technical Specialist 

• 765.496.3833 • khamstra@purdue.edu 

Kiya A. Smith, Center Coordinator 

• 765.496.3827 • kiya@purdue.edu 

Dr. W. R. (Randy) Woodson, Dean of Agriculture 

• 765.494.8391 • woodson@purdue.edu 

Dr. Shu-I Tu 

Supervisory Research Chemist 

215.233.6466 

stu@arserrc.gov 

USDA-ARS 

Dr. Jeffrey Brewster • 215.233.6447 • jeffrey.brewster@ars.usda.gov 

Dr. John P. Cherry • 215.233.6595 • john.cherry@ars.usda.gov 

Dr. Pina Fratamico • 215.233.6525 • pina.fratamico@ars.usda.gov 

Dr. Andrew Gehring • 215.233.6491 • andrew.gehring@ars.usda.gov 

Dr. Peter Irwin • 215.233.6420 • peter.irwin@ars.usda.gov 

Dr. James A. Lindsay • 301.504.4674 • jal@ars.usda.gov 

Dr. John B. Luchansky • 215.233.6620 • john.luchansky@ars.usda.gov 

Dr. George Paoli • 215.233.6671 • george.paoli@ars.usda.gov 

Dr. Gary Richards • 302.857.6419 • grichards@errc.ars.usda.gov 

Dr. Christopher Sommers • 215.836.3754 • chris.sommers@ars.usda.gov 

Dr. Howard Zhang • 215.233.6583 • howard.zhang@ars.usda.gov 

Dr. Bruce Applegate 

PI 

765.496.7920 

applegab@purdue.edu 

Co-PIs 

Dr. Michael Kane • mdkane@purdue.edu 

Dr. Lynda Perry • lperry@purdue.edu 

Staff / Graduate Students 

Preciaus Heard • pheard@purdue.edu 

Dr. Arun K. Bhunia 

PI 

765.494.5443 

bhunia@purdue.edu 

Co-PIs 

Padmapriya Banada • 765.496.3826 • pbanada@purdue.edu 

Bulent Bayraktar • 765.494.0757 • bayrakta@ecn.purdue.edu 

Andrew Gehring • agehring@errc.ars.usda.gov 

B. K. Hahm • 765.496.7356 • hahm@purdue.edu 

E. Dan Hirleman • 765.494.5688 • e.daniel.hirleman.1@purdue.edu 

Mark Morgan • 765.494.1180 • mmorgan@purdue.edu 

Viswaprakash Nanduri • vnanduri@purdue.edu 

Bartek Rajwa • 765.494.0757 • rajwa@fl owcyt.cyto.purdue.edu 

J. Paul Robinson • 765.494.6449 • jpr@fl owcyt.cyto.purdue.edu 

Shu-I Tu • 215.233.6466 • stu@errc.ars.usda.gov 


EuiWon Bae • 765.494.4762 • baee@ecn.purdue.edu 

Pratik Banerjee • 765.496.7356 • pbanerje@purdue.edu 

Karleigh Huff • khuff@purdue.edu 

Hyochin Kim • 765.496.7354 • kim399@purdue.edu 

16 


Dr. Michael Ladisch 

PI 

765.494.7022 

ladisch@purdue.edu 

Co-PIs 

Padmapriya Banada • 765.496.3826 • pbanada@purdue.edu 

Rashid Bashir • basher@purdue.edu 

Arun Bhunia • 765.494.5443 • bhunia@purdue.edu 

Xingya Liu • 765.494.7052 • xingya@purdue.edu 

Nathan Mosier • 765.494.7025 • mosiern@purdue.edu 

J. Paul Robinson • 765.494.6449 • jpr@fl owcyt.cyto.purdue.edu 

Miroslav Sedlak • 765.494.3699 • sedlak@purdue.edu 


Ben Baker • babaker@purdue.edu 

Adam Burton • amburton@purdue.edu 

Jeremiah Bwatwa • jbwatwa@purdue.edu 

Katherine Gregory • klgregor@purdue.edu 

Balamurugan Jegadeeshan • baa@purdue.edu 

Mark Kim • mjkim@purdue.edu 

Yi-Shao Liu • yishao@purdue.edu 

Brandon Manier • bmanier@purdue.edu 

Chris (Heyjin) Park • 765.494.7031 • parkhc@purdue.edu 

Alex Serafin • ajserafi @purdu.edu 

Hunter Vibbert • hvibbert@ecn.purdue.edu 

Angela Valadez • 765.496.3824 • valadeza@purdue.edu 

Dr. Lisa Mauer 

PI 

765.494.9111 

mauer@purdue.edu 


Yashodar Burgula • 765.496.3805 • yash@purdue.edu 

Dr. David E. Nivens 

PI 

765.494.0460 

dnivens@purdue.edu 

Co-PIs 

Bruce Applegate • 765.496.7920 • applegab@purdue.edu 

Carlos Corvalan • 765.494.8262 • corvalac@purdue.edu 

Michael Franklin • 406.994.5658 • umbfm@montana.edu 


Bonnie Co • 765.496.1805 • cob@purdue.edu 

Claudia Ionita • 765.496.7354 • cionita@purdue.edu 

Aaron Nagel • 765.496.3832 • acnagel@purdue.edu 

David Schroeder • 765.496.1805 • dlschroe@purdue.edu 

Xinyuu Shen • 765.496.3825 • shenx@purdue.edu 

17 


It is the policy of the Purdue University Center for Food Safety Engineering, that all persons shall have equal 

opportunity and access to the programs and facilities without regard to race, color, sex, religion, national origin, 

age, marital status, parental status, sexual orientation or disability. 

Purdue University is an Affirmative Action employer. 

The Center for Food Safety Engineering 

Purdue University 

Food Science Building 

745 Agriculture Mall Drive 

West Lafayette, IN 47909 

Non-profit 

Organization 

U.S. Postage 

PAID 

Purdue 

University

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