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was Intended to collect a w~de cross sect~onal vlew of the community on health problems of school age ch~ldren Only such of those who were w~ll~ng to talk freely were selected for the dlscuss~on w~th the help of the key informants Each group had 8-10 parhapants These dlscuss~ons were mostly held In the VHN s res~dence They were generally conducted ~n the forenoon around Ila m or In the afternoon around 3 30p m since the partlc~pants were free to take part In the dlscusslons only dunng these hours The dlscusslons were moderated by the lnvestlgator herself and each lasted for about 1-1 5 hours All the d~scuss~ons were recorded on aud~o tapes afler taklng Informal consent from the partlclpants A total of SIX focus group dlscuss~ons were held The groups were as follows - 1 Two groups each comprlslng 8 marr~ed women (25-45 years old) w~th ch~ldren 2 A group of 8 marr~ed men (30-45 years old) w~th ch~ldren 3 A group of 7 school teachers 4 A group of 8 school gofng c'llldren (10-15years old) 5 A group of 7 pararned~cal workers worklng at the PHC In-depth lnterv~ews were held wlth 8 marned women (25-45 years old) who had ch~ldren Attempts were made to Interflew men However these were not successful slnce most of the men felt that they would be unaware of the health problems of ch~ldren Th~s could be due to the fact that ~n the culture of the village mothers were generally respons~ble for ch~laren s health (The general response was How wlll I know? All those thlngs only mothers w~ll know) Care was taken to vlslt the women when they were not very busy w~th thecr household chores so that they were relaxed and free to respcnd Each lnterflew lasted for about 45 mlnutes All the lntervlews were recorded on aud~o tapes w~th the consent of the respondents
(iii) Nonparticipant observation Nonparticlpatory observation was carried out throughout the study by the lnvestlgator and careful record~ng of the ObSe~ati~fl~ were done in the f~eld itself. (iv) Quantitative Based on the analysis of qualitative data, a structured questionnaire was destgned. The questionnaire was prepared in the local language, Tamil, by the investigator and translated into English. The English version was given to a neutral person for retranslating into Tamil. The original and retranslated Tamil versions of the questionnaire were compared and corrected for clanty. The questionnaire was then pretested in the neighboring villages before being introduced in the study vtllage and was used to collect data from randomly selected 80 women and 80 men A total sample slze of 160 was based on logisttcal consideration, particularly slnce luring pretesting of the questionnaire it was found that, each Interview took about 45 m~nutes (including tlme taken for rapport butlding) /b) Other epidemiological methods Data on nutrlt~on, spectrum of illness and health seeklng behavior were obtained from the follow~ng sources,- (i) Rural area Cross sect~onal morbidity survey Cohort study on health issues Records maintained by VHN and PHC (ii) Tertiary care hospital Out patient records
Page 1 and 2:
A Case Study of the Health, Educati
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT "No man is an island
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CONTENTS CHAPTER PAQE No. I. INTROD
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INTRODUCTION The children of today
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phase, there is maximum educational
Page 11 and 12:
Apart from the health and education
Page 13 and 14: Jims Jnd Objectives
Page 15 and 16: (c) To study the diet pattern of ch
Page 17 and 18: OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN This chapt
Page 19 and 20: 3.2 Definltlon of age group for the
Page 21 and 22: (11) Pedlatrlcs Inpatlent ward => O
Page 27 and 28: - Study Qrea Qnd Demography
Page 29 and 30: 4.22 Itrfreslructun, The village is
Page 31 and 32: and India, is given in Table 4.1. O
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 4.1 AGE AND GENDER SPECIFlC D
Page 37 and 38: TABLE 4.4 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD
Page 39: Distributlon of adult village popul
Page 43 and 44: HEALTH STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDRE
Page 45 and 46: of chronic illnesses in children le
Page 47 and 48: Bhasin et a1..1990; Gupta et a1..19
Page 49 and 50: eported by ttie School Heallh Cell,
Page 51 and 52: lb) Anemia (i) Global scenario Nutr
Page 53 and 54: serum vitamin A; iii) ophthalmologi
Page 55 and 56: and elimination of iodine deficienc
Page 57 and 58: in 15.7% of the children screened (
Page 59 and 60: 3 Strives to prov~de a healthy envi
Page 61 and 62: nght attitudes and practices. In or
Page 63: her schooling (XI1 standard) and wa
Page 67 and 68: The height and weight of the chlldr
Page 69 and 70: 5 3.2 Organization of date and anal
Page 71 and 72: eflection of the lower enrollment r
Page 73 and 74: ecommended and the actual intake of
Page 75 and 76: (11) Causes Change of water cold fo
Page 77 and 78: The mean duration of fever was 3.6(
Page 79 and 80: annual ~nc~dence being 6211,000 chi
Page 81 and 82: were all unanimous In saying that t
Page 83 and 84: chlldren from socioeconomically bac
Page 85 and 86: Le generally lower than the values
Page 87 and 88: health problem in school age childr
Page 89 and 90: p91d tltero is widespread use of io
Page 91 and 92: worms spontaneously formed In the s
Page 93: MORBIDITY PATTERN m S= S Year oi pu
Page 97 and 98: 1ABLE 5.3 PREVALENCE OF VITAMIN A D
Page 99 and 100: I'HKVAl.H.NC'lr. O W ItIIIIIIMA I I
Page 101 and 102: METHODS OF SNDY USED FOR DIFFERENT
Page 103 and 104: TABLE 5.8 B ISSUES ADDRESSED BY DWF
Page 105 and 106: TABLE 5.8 B (continued) ISSUES ADDR
Page 107 and 108: TABLE 5.10 A COMPARISON OF MEAN INT
Page 109 and 110: TABLE 5.10 C COMPARISON OF MEAN INT
Page 111 and 112: COMPARISON OF MEAN INTAKE OF THIAMI
Page 113 and 114: COMPARlSON OF MEAN INTAKE OF PROTEI
Page 115 and 116:
TABLE 5.11D COMPARISON OF MEAN INTA
Page 119 and 120:
TABLE 5.13 PHKVALLNC'R OF UIFQEUEN'
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TABLE 5.15 COMPARISON OF PREVALENCE
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TABLE 5.19 PREVALENCE OF NUTRITIONA
Page 126 and 127:
TABLE 5.22 PREVALENCE OF %FECTIOUS
Page 128 and 129:
TABLE 5.23 (continued) COMPARISON O
Page 130 and 131:
TABLE 5.25 ANNUAL INCIDENCE OF DlFF
Page 132 and 133:
TABLE 5.28 ( OMPARISON OF SPEC'IRII
Page 134 and 135:
TABLE 5.29 COMPARISON OF REPORTED S
Page 140 and 141:
TABLE 5.33 BY THE PARAMEDICAI. WORK
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FIGURE 5.2 Comparison of age and ge
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FIGURE 5.5 Monthly variation in the
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FIGURE 5.6 Comparlson of age specif
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FIGURE 5.10 Age specific body mass
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FIGURE 5.14 Prevalence of important
Page 157 and 158:
EDUCATION STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHIL
Page 159 and 160:
6.2.2 Indian Scenario (8) Literact
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32.5% for girls and 15.9% for boys
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summary tables givlng details of th
Page 165 and 166:
namely school records and census It
Page 167 and 168:
school butldlng should be better Th
Page 169 and 170:
(iii) Proportion of children in the
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8, "During groundnut picking season
Page 173 and 174:
6.4.3 Dropout @) Maanitude and ~att
Page 175 and 176:
C, Case Studies Case N0.l Dhanalaks
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,haracter of ch~ldren and help them
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Researchers have not been able to c
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allage, local fesbvals and funct~on
Page 183 and 184:
TABLE 6.3 PERCENTAGE OF GIRLS REACH
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TABLE 6.4 (continued) ('OMPAHISON O
Page 187 and 188:
I TABLE 6.5 A (continued) ' USED FO
Page 189 and 190:
1 TABLE 6.5 B (continued) ISSUES AD
Page 191 and 192:
TABLE 6.8 ('OMPARISON OP CAUSKS OF
Page 193 and 194:
TABLE 6.10 COMPARISON OF CAUSES OF
Page 195 and 196:
TABLE 6.12 COMPARISON OF CAllSES OF
Page 197 and 198:
FIGURE 6.1 Literacy rates in female
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FIGURE 6.3 Comparison of age and ge
Page 201 and 202:
FIGURE 6.5 Comparison of proportion
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FIGURE 6.7 Dropout pattern in glrls
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SOCIAL STATUS OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDRE
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tremendous Increase in the enrollme
Page 214 and 215:
children had lower contact rates th
Page 216 and 217:
female ch~ldren showed that between
Page 218 and 219:
was felt that more information coul
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detalls of the~r actlv~ties In the
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sectlon For each Issue, the observa
Page 224 and 225:
"eglected the smaller of the twlns
Page 226 and 227:
many (53 1%) preferred to take them
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(11) Data from tertiary care hospit
Page 230 and 231:
so However, some (22 5O/0) were w~l
Page 232 and 233:
(i~) Cohort 3 In the cohort, 54 out
Page 234 and 235:
(i) Work The daily actlvlty pattern
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not interfere with a girl's educati
Page 238 and 239:
The following are some of the state
Page 240 and 241:
was collected from 99 familles The
Page 242 and 243:
on the Issue of school age g~rls (U
Page 244 and 245:
een found that in some parts of the
Page 246 and 247:
48 0% In glrls and 52 0% In boys Th
Page 248 and 249:
as an excuse to stop thelr girls fr
Page 250 and 251:
stud~es compared to boys, although
Page 252 and 253:
TABLE 7.1 A METHOD OF STUDY USED FO
Page 254 and 255:
I TABLE 7.1 A (continued) METHOD OF
Page 256 and 257:
TABLE 7.1 B(conthued) \IPllIOIfi I
Page 258 and 259:
TABLE 7.1 B(coatlnued) ISSUES ADDRE
Page 260 and 261:
TABLE 7.2 A RELATIVE DISTRlBUTION O
Page 262 and 263:
TABLE 7.3 COMPARISON OF TIME INTERV
Page 264 and 265:
TABLE 7.6 COMPARISON OF DAILY ACTIV
Page 266 and 267:
TABLE 7.8 COMPARISON OF COST ALLOCA
Page 268 and 269:
TABLE 7.10 ( O~~PARISON OF ANNUAL c
Page 270 and 271:
TABLE 7.12 A COMPARISON OF ANNUAL R
Page 272 and 273:
FIGURE 7.1 Distribution of daily ac
Page 274 and 275:
FIGURE 7.3 Distribution of work pat
Page 279 and 280:
Summary And Concliusions
Page 281 and 282:
data for certaln Issues were obtaln
Page 283 and 284:
(ii) Other epidemiological methods
Page 285 and 286:
VHN and PHC records I. The records
Page 287 and 288:
expected the school to do everyth~n
Page 289 and 290:
stopplng from school They felt that
Page 291 and 292:
jc) Health care and the air1 child
Page 293 and 294:
Data from Government Chest Clinic,
Page 295 and 296:
hlgher than In boys, the difference
Page 297 and 298:
(lv) Cost of household consumption
Page 300 and 301:
RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the flndln
Page 302 and 303:
9.4 Recommondatins for future resea
Page 304 and 305:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayit~wnl, V K . Agntwo
Page 306 and 307:
Bamji. M.S.. Sarma. R.K.V.. Radhaia
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Bundy, D.A.P., Guyatt, H.L. (1996).
Page 310 and 311:
Ghildiyal. R., Desai. B.N.. Joshi.
Page 312 and 313:
Kapoor, G., Aneja, S. (1992). Nutri
Page 314 and 315:
Nagoba. B.S.. Basutkar, S.H.. Bhat.
Page 316 and 317:
Ramakrlshnan, R.. Rao. T.V . Prasad
Page 318 and 319:
Sharma, R.G., Mishra. Y.C., Vennal,
Page 320 and 321:
Umeh. R.E.. Chijloke, C.P.. Okonkwo
Page 323:
* Not to be Rlled In the fleld " Co
Page 327 and 328:
School children-Girl Chlld S.A Form
Page 329 and 330:
School children Girl child S.A ID.
Page 331 and 332:
Form to be filled up during follow
Page 333 and 334:
h. I'arliril,nlio~~ ill 1111usrhol
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.%A / WirJa 11. as! tad uq.& ~a .WA
Page 343:
6. jlb na,/J s- Sr .?ud;~O3unmn~t 0
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